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Digital Loaning System for itinet Incorporated

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Introduction

The role of information technology today have an

increased demand of its usefulness and spread throughout

the world faster than anyone could imagine. Today in our

country and around the world, people now use many

alternative technologies that took ease of peoples daily

works and it also decreased the energy consumption used in

daily life.

Here in the Philippines, there are several loaning

agencies and each of them have their own way of running

their system, but even though they have their own

management systems, all of them have some common problems

on handling the transactions like their customerspersonal

records and keeping it secured all together.

Imagine a business establishment that does not use

modern technology on its management, transactions, and even

physical works. There would be a lesser amount of

efficiency in handling the operations of a certain

establishment and therefore has the inclination of having a

poor effectiveness and even worse, a down business.


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That's why the proponents decided to create a system

that can provide effective solutions to those problems by

having a new loaning system that provides faster, better

and more reliable way of making loan transactions using

Database Management System and an automated SMS functions.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study was focused on the Digital

Loaning System for Citinet Incorporated using the Database

Management System (DBMS) and Short Messaging System (SMS).

Specifically, it sought answers to the following

questions.

1.What are the common problems encountered in the existingsystem?

2.How may the propose system be developed and describedbased on the following stages of SDLC:

2.1 Software Analysis;

2.2 Software Design;

2.3 Software Development;

2.4 System Testing; and

2.5 Maintenance;


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3.How may the proposed system be assessed by therespondents for the characteristics of the system:

3.1 Accuracy;

3.2 Efficiency;

3.3 Speed;

3.4 Functionality; and

3.5 Maintainability;

Objective of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to make an

alternative way of handling loan registration, loan

transactions and payment of a certain loan company and

upgrade it into a new and advanced form. The main reason

for the application of the study is because some of the

business establishments in the Philippines are in lack of

technology that would help them make their work faster and

easier with less effort. The development of the new system

is due to the following reasons:

To make the usage of the system easier than the systemthat is being currently used.


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To consume less time and effort in handling loantransactions.

To make the operation of the system use less physicalworks.

Significance of the study

This designed Database Management System (DBMS) and

Short Messaging System (SMS) used by the Citinet

Incorporated can help in determining the effectiveness of

the system used which may be favorable to the both company

as well as the loan applicants. This study will give

benefit to the following group:

Companies/Establishments. With an advanced digital

loaning system the loaning agencies and other financial-

oriented businesses of today will have the chance of

setting their business transactions simpler by adapting the

system.

Entrepreneurs. By the help of the systems feature,

specifically the SMS notification function, more clients

like entrepreneurs and other business owners can be well-


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informed of the transactions of the loaning company even

without going inside the establishment.

Company Owners. Company owners can be enthused of the

systems functionality and may decide to apply it to their

own business.

Other Companies. Other companies like lending and

financing businesses may also be benefited by the propose

system because it is parallel to operations of their

business.

Conceptual Framework

The proposed system has formed a new concept regarding

the current system being used by the target company can

notice the difference and changes that will be used after

the application of the proposed as shown in the following

figures.


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As shown from the figures above, you will notice the

difference between the system that is currently used by the

company and the proposed system. The flow of the operation

is almost the same but the proposed system provides an

alternative and more efficient way of doing those

operations.


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Scope and Delimitation

In general, the focus of this study is to upgrade the

system design and development of Loaning Agency System into

SMS and DBMS Loaning Processes. This study was conducted on

June 2012 using San Leonardo Central School faculty members

as the respondents, to present the efficiency whenever any

of them take loaning transactions.

The system device can send a personal message via SMSthat would inform the user five (5) days before the

deadline of the payment for his/her loan.

The system is capable of handling loan registrations andtransactions and can be used.

The system will stop its notification function when thereis a loss of signal or a broken communication due to

incidents and certain circumstances or when the device

that is being used was broken.

The system can only handle personal records of the clientexcluding the agreement for loan applications and its

approval, the loan investigator would be the one to

assess whether the client(s) of Citinet Microfinances


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request would be accepted or not. The system would only

record a checklist of the clients payment integrity.

Loss of data due to brownouts would be out of thesystems scope, therefore an additional device like

Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) is recommended to be

implemented with the system for more secured record

management.

Definition of terms

Accuracy. The ability of a measurement to match the

actual value of the quantity being measured.

Database Management System (DBMS). A software used in

handling and storing data files commonly used in business

establishments.

Efficiency. The degree of effectiveness with which

something is done, or of the person who does it.

Functionality. The capacity of a computer program or

application to provide a useful function.


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Maintainability. To keep in an appropriate condition,

operation, or force.

Maintenance. The work of keeping something in proper

condition.

Software Analysis. To utilize the data-driven approach

to enable software practitioners to perform data

exploration and analysis in order to obtain insightful and

actionable information for completing various tasks around

software systems, software users, and software development

process.

Software Design. The software design of the propose

system will be made using algorithms and calculations which

will give solutions to the problems about the flow of

registration and transactions of the loaning companys

system process. The software that will be used in the

propose system will serve as the brain function regarding

the operation of the company.

Software Development. The development of the research

will be based on the situations or problems that the target


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establishment is currently being encountered due to the

system they are currently using. For the development of the

software to be deployed, the proponents must first find

solutions to those problems.

Short Messaging System (SMS). A protocol used indelivering and receiving text messages.

Speed. The rate at which something happens or is done.

System Testing. The proposal must first have its

prototype version of the system to make tests if it would

be functioning correctly and to troubleshoot the possible

bugs and glitches that might be found while running its

operation. This will help the proponents to make further

enhancements to the study of the proposal.


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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter discusses the topics related to the

proposed system from the other cases to review the

literature and studies.

SMS Application

Our proposed PUSH-PULL service offering SMS based m-

Banking provides a new 24 hour banking convenience which

helps customers stay on top of any recent changes made in

their bank account, DPS or loan through their cell phone.

According to our current Banking infrastructure, it is

observed that both of National and Private Banks provide

much and more same financial services. In our proposed

system, at first m-Banking services are categorized as

PUSH and PULL services encountering message type. And

another categorization has been done by grouping

homogenous nature of utility. Services are divided into

five categories in accordance with their homogenous

utility. They are: Broadcast, Schedule, Events, Enquiry

and m-Commerce. PUSH messages are those that the bank


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chooses to send out to a customer's mobile phone, without

the customer initiating a request for the information. For

example, when a bank opens a new branch or any change in

current policy making, then a PUSH message will be

broadcasted on their registered clients mobiles. PULL

messages are those that are initiated by the customer,

using a mobile phone, for execution order of

transactions of bank accounts. Examples of PULL messages,

for information include an account balance enquiry, or

request for transferring balance among authorized accounts

only sending SMS. In our proposed system when a customer

sends a SMS of PULL service request to bank, the bank

server acquires the SMS through modem. Then the SMS server

truncates necessary information from SMS and provides

corresponding services to customer by retrieving and

updating customer accounts related database. In this

system, proper tracks have been kept to face any type of

SMS server problem due to unwanted failure or unusual

behavior of system control software. The proposed system

is divided into five major modules are as follows:1)

Interfacing Module 2) SMS Technology Adoption Module 3)

SMS Banking Registration Module 4) PUSH PULL m-Banking


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Services Generation Module and 5) Modified Data Failover

Module. Some well-defined sequential methods are applied

in these modules. The schematic view of the architecture

of our proposed system is depicted figure1.

Short Messaging Service (SMS) is a communication

protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages

between mobile telephone devices. Most SMS messages are

mobile-to-mobile text messages, though the standard

supports other types of broadcast messaging as well. The

SMS is a store and forward service. In other words, short

messages are not sent directly from sender to recipient,

but via an SMS center. Each mobile telephone network that

supports SMS has one or more messaging centers to handle

and manage the short messages. This module describes the

process of communicating with the GSM modem which is the

most important provider of our SMS service. This process

of communication has been done through a number of

attention commands (AT). This AT commands makes our bank


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server modem to be able to send and receive SMS from

customers mobile and vice-versa. Table 1 indicates several

common AT commands which are used in this proposed system.

To check the connection between Bank server computer

and GSM modem, hyper terminal is opened and AT commands

are sent. If the modem replies with OK then it is the

successful communication establishment between modem and

bank server. The SMS specification has defined two modes

in which a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) or

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) modem or mobile phone

can operate. They are called SMS text mode and SMS PDU

(Protocol Data Unit) .Usually string values are defined

for text mode while numeric values are defined for PDU

mode. We used PDU mode for sending and receiving SMS

because it supports more features than text mode. PDU

includes detailed Meta information with the raw SMS like

actual SMSC (Short Message Service Center) number, time

stamp, and length of the actual message in hexadecimal

octets or decimal semi octets. This PDU format is secured

for encoding. And from its octet sequencing, the encoded

data structure can decoded easily. In figure 2, a PDU

format of a received message of server modem SimensC-35 is


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illustrated with a denotation of each octet. For sending

and receiving SMS between bank and customers mobile,

software is designed using XML (Extensible Markup

Language) and J2EE. The system is developed in Linux

platform. In figure 4, the interface of successful running

condition SMS server has been shown.

Source: International Arab Journal of e-Technology, Vol.

1, No. 3, January 2010

Author: Fouzia Mousumi and Subrun Jamil Year: 2010

Available at:

http://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20P

hone%20SMS-

Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdf

According to Jennifer Hord (2013) SMS has several

advantages. It is more discreet than a phone conversation,

making it the ideal form for communicating when you don't

want to be overheard. It is often less time-consuming to

send a text message than to make a phone call or send an e-

mail. SMS doesn't require you to be at your computer

like e-mail and instant messaging(IM) do -- although some
http://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdfhttp://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdfhttp://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdfhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/instant-messaging.htmhttp://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdfhttp://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdfhttp://www.iajet.org/iajet_files/vol.2/no.3/A%20Mobile%20Phone%20SMS-Based%20System%20For%20Diabetes%20Self%20Management.pdf


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phones are equipped for mobile e-mail and IM services. SMS

is also a convenient way for deaf and hearing-impaired

people to communicate.

SMS is a store-and-forward service, meaning that when

you send a text message to a friend, the message does not

go directly to your friend's cell phone. The advantage of

this method is that your friend's cell phone doesn't have

to be active or in range for you to send a message. The

message is stored in the SMSC (for days if necessary) until

your friend turns his cell phone on or moves into range, at

which point the message is delivered. The message will

remain stored on your friend's SIM card until he deletes

it.

In addition to person-to-person messages, SMS can be

used to send a message to a large number of people at a

time, either from a list of contacts or to all the users

within a particular area. This service is

calledbroadcastingand is used by companies to contact

groups of employees or by online services to distribute

news and other information to subscribers.


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In a 2004 University of Plymouth study on the

psychology of SMS users, researchers found that mobile

phone users were primarily either "texters" or "talkers".

Compared to the talkers, the texters sent nearly double the

number of SMS messages and made less than half as many

voice calls per month. The texters preferred SMS to voice

calls for its convenience as well as for the ability to

review a message before sending it.

Companies have come up with many uses for the service

beyond just your typical person-to-person message. Because

SMS doesn't overload the network as much as phone calls, it

is frequently used by TV shows to let viewers vote on a

poll topic or for a contestant. As a promotional tool,

wireless carriers put up giant at concerts and other large-

scale events to display text messages from people in the

audience.

You can use text messaging subscription services to

get medication reminders sent to your phone, along with

weather alerts, news headlines or even novels broken into

160-character "chapters." Internet search engines such as

Yahoo! and Google have short messaging services that enable


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users to get information such as driving directions, movie

show times or local business listings just by texting a

query to the search engine's phone number. Social

networking services such as Dodge ball use SMS to alert

people who live in big cities when their friends or crushes

are nearby. The possibilities for integrating SMS into your

lifestyle seem endless.

Author: Jennifer Hord Year: 2013

Available at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-

messaging/sms1.htm

According to David Hensley (2013) Short Messaging

Service is commonly known as SMS. SMS is slowly gaining

momentum as a cheap messaging solution. SMS is a text

message that can have up to 160 characters of length that

can be sent to cell phones. A cost effective alternative to

outgoing calls is SMS and is convenient also. Recently SMS

has become identical with the text messages sent to a

mobile phone. SMS is cheaper when compared with voice

messaging or web access. SMS is non-intrusive and hence

messages will be obtained in a discrete fashion. SMS does
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/sms1.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/sms1.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/sms1.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/e-mail-messaging/sms1.htm


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not disturb you if you are busy with an important work. SMS

has high integration capabilities and so many software

programs help you to give text alerts to cell phones if any

urgent conditions exist. The advantages of SMS are cost

effectiveness, comfort, opinion expression, and

spontaneity. The main advantage of SMS is its

inexpensiveness. When compared with an international call

that costs you several dollars, by sending an SMS the same

communication can be done with a significantly lesser

amount. SMS is found as the most comfortable way to

communicate. Text messaging can be done at any place and at

any time if you want to chat with your relatives and

friends. You can also save your time and the message will

be pleasing when the text message language uses abbreviated

code in the SMS. It provides you an excellent opportunity

to state your thoughts in public concerned matters. You can

also win numerous contests by sending SMS and using SMS.

Spontaneity is another remarkable aspect of SMS. It

connects the people in a greater speed and it surpasses the

big oceans and seas to reach the target within seconds.

These text messages do not require dedicated time and so


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you can write messages while waiting for cabs, eating,

traveling or during television breaks.

Though there are many advantages there are certain

drawbacks too. SMS brings addictive nature among kids and

excess messaging increases your mobile phone's monthly

bill. It can also lead to lack of concentration and

distraction in studies. An SMS if consists of porn clips

and pictures, can steer the young minds to a wrong

direction. SMS cannot be true and the authentic situation

of the concerned person may be false also. At times SMS can

fail because of network problems and so totally relying on

it can lead to trouble.

The SMS can have its origination from other mobile phones,

Internet or the personal computers. Consumers and also

business people use the short messages for remote

communication. It also allows the staff in traveling jobs

to be connected with their offices for specific and

periodical instructions. All the cellular network providers

offer SMS with certain SMS level or text messaging

capability. The SMS features and costs may vary according

to the carriers and package variety that suits to business

and individual needs. There are three types of options


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offered by the carriers; they are free SMS, fee per SMS and

Monthly fee for SMS. SMS can be sent in several ways it and

depends on your service provider. SMS is going to continue

at a faster speed and the users will take advantage of text

messaging capabilities in their workplace too.

Author: David Hensley Year: 2013

Available at:

http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/140316/technolo

gy/benefits_of_sms.html

According to BelBel Organization (2010) SMS is

technology that contributed varied beneficial services to

the world and is used in different applications. These

applications include business and trade, ebanking, as well

as social and spiritual-applications.

Indeed, mobile phones have made tremendous

contributions to society and to mankind. From its inception

as a tool of communication used only by deaf or hearing

impaired individuals, SMS or Short Messaging Service had

turned into a very powerful means of communication. Also,
http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/140316/technology/benefits_of_sms.htmlhttp://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/140316/technology/benefits_of_sms.htmlhttp://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/140316/technology/benefits_of_sms.htmlhttp://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/140316/technology/benefits_of_sms.html


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SMS had made the world smaller and much better as people

rapidly gain access to mobile phones. Moreover, it created

a new way of system of communication all together.

SMS Applications and Advantages:

SMS has countless contributions to the worlds and let's

discuss-some-of-them.

Banking. SMS had contributed so much in terms of

transactions like depositing and withdrawing money. Instead

of people going to the banks to transact, the latter had

instituted various ways so that the customers can perform

bank transactions through short messaging service. This

makes them complete their financial transactions without

leaving their offices and or their homes.

Social Aspect. SMS has made old acquaintances and

family members become continually in touch.

Business. SMS allows for the sales and purchase of

goods easier. By just sending and receiving text messages,

both buyers and vendors of products need not have to meet

face-to-face when trading.

Spiritual Aspect. In religion and beliefs, SMS too

had played a significant role in propagating the faith and


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inspiring the weary soul. Bible verses were now sent

through text messages.

Author: BelBel Year: 2010

Available athttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-

Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.html

According to David Kyle Brown (2012), a Student

Response System (SRS) is a wireless system that provides

lecturers with the ability to actively engage students in

a classroom. These systems allow students to respond to

questions posed during a lecture via a wireless device

known as a personal response unit, or clicker. The

dependency of the system on providing clickers to each and

every student in the class introduces a cost constraint.

For this reason, it would be convenient to develop a

system on a platform that is already available and

accessible to all students.

Other than with pen and paper, there is no cost-

effective and e-efficient means of taking roll call or

holding quizzes in large classes. For a roll call, calling

out names is slow and tedious and passing around a list
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Sms-Short-Messaging-Service-Advantages-450483.html


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makes it simple for students to cheat by signing their

friends names for them. For a quiz, passing out multiple-

choice answer sheets or collecting written answers wastes

even more valuable lecture time. In an environment where

all the students have computers and can answer online

quizzes, this problem is easy to solve. Answering the quiz

will automatically verify that the student was in

attendance. In a lecture theatre, however, the only form

of network communication students have is via their

cellphones and lecturers cannot expect their students to

spend their own airtime answering questions via SMS at

normal network rates. The purpose of this project is to

investigate whether it is possible to set up a Student

Response System that makes use of SMS, at a reasonable

price, and to determine whether this system would be a

viable option to solve the problem at hand.

The system designed to satisfy the above requirements

consists of three main areas/modules, namely:

1. SMS Gateway

2. Client Application

3. HTTP Interface/Gateway


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A modular design was chosen to allow the system to be

easily modified and extended. The goal is to allow for

individual modules to be easily updated, removed and

replaced without having too much of an effect, if any, on

the rest of the system.

Author: David Kyle Brown Year: 2012

Available at:

http://cs.ru.ac.za/research/g09b0279/Deliverables/Thesis-

Final.pdf

According to Geoffrey Harvey Tanakinjal (2006), as a

direct marketing tool, electronic Short Message Services

(SMS) is likely to surpass internet-based advertising

before the end of 2006. Younger consumers higher in social

class are the most willing to accept SMS direct

advertising text and respond favorably to SMS-TV

integrated marketing communications (Trappey III &

Woodside, 2005). On the same note, online banking is

starting to gain its momentum via the internet.

Nonetheless, effort has been made to ensure online banking

flexibility walks hand in hand with the convenience
http://cs.ru.ac.za/research/g09b0279/Deliverables/Thesis-Final.pdfhttp://cs.ru.ac.za/research/g09b0279/Deliverables/Thesis-Final.pdfhttp://cs.ru.ac.za/research/g09b0279/Deliverables/Thesis-Final.pdfhttp://cs.ru.ac.za/research/g09b0279/Deliverables/Thesis-Final.pdf


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factor, therefore introducing banking via mobile phone

(with GPRS interface). Understanding how companies should

interact with their customers and deliver services in

electronic environments is of decisive importance

(Parasuraman and Zinkhan 2002). Nevertheless, despite

these advantages, the consumer uses mobile devices mainly

for simple services, such as voice services and text

messaging. Based on this factor, it is important to

understand the driving forces of consumers intentions to

use mobile services and to adapt the services to fulfil

consumers motives for using them (Nysveen, Pedersen, &

Thorbjornsen. 2005).

The general purpose of this study is to explore Short

Messaging Service (SMS) potential as a vehicle of banking

services by understanding consumers attitude, motivation

and behavior towards wireless application channel.

The contributions of the study may include:

A. For the service providers or network companies, the

study will be able to contribute additional information

regarding consumer preference toward SMS messages on

mobile banking; and


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In any case, connecting to a SQL Server Instance and then

on to the database is one of the most frequently asked

questions in Forums and Newsgroups. SQL Server data is

harder to get at than say Microsoft Access or a text file.

The reason is that there are more layers involved it

isnt just a single-user application on the same system

where you are. You have to reach across all those layers to

get to the data on the server.

Author: Buck Woody Year: 2003, 28 March

Available at:

http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=sqlserver&seq

Num=11

According Ross Mistry (2007) for SQL Server databases

to perform at optimal levels, a database administrator

(DBA) should conduct routine maintenance on each database.

Some of these routine database tasks involve rebuilding

indexes, checking database integrity, updating index

statistics, and performing internal consistency checks and

backups. These routine database maintenance tasks are often
http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=sqlserver&seqNum=11http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=sqlserver&seqNum=11http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=sqlserver&seqNum=11http://www.informit.com/guides/content.aspx?g=sqlserver&seqNum=11


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overlooked because they are redundant, tedious, and often

time consuming. Moreover, today's DBAs are overwhelmed with

many other tasks throughout the day. In recognition of

these issues, SQL Server provides a way to automate or

manually create these routine DBA chores with a maintenance

plan. After the maintenance tasks are identified and

created, routine maintenance should commence daily, weekly,

monthly, or quarterly, depending on the task. Ultimately,

these tasks will put organizations on the path to having

healthier, consistent, and more trustworthy databases.

What's New for Maintenance with Service Pack 2

With SQL Server Service Pack 2, many new improved features

and fixes have bolstered the maintenance plan creation

experience. These changes include the following:

The Maintenance Plan designer supports multiple

subplans within a maintenance plan and the functionality to

create independent schedules for each subplan. Multiple

Schedules is a highly anticipated feature that can be

leveraged to set separate schedules for items such as

backups, updating statistics, and executing SQL Server

jobs.


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Upon the launch of SQL Server 2005, the installation

of SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) was warranted if

organizations wanted to run maintenance plans. This has

since changed. Integration Services is no longer required

because maintenance plans are now a fully supported feature

within the Database Engine.

For increased administration, maintenance plans now

support multiserver environments and logging maintenance

plan information to remote servers. You can now configure

maintenance plans for all target servers from one central

master server.

The Maintenance Cleanup Task, which first appeared in

SQL Server 2000, has reemerged in the maintenance plans to

be enjoyed by every DBA. To review, this task removes any

remaining files that were part of the maintenance plan

execution.

Other improvements and enhancements are seen with the

introduction of SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 2. The

following reveals some of the fixes that more than a few

people have anticipated to improve specific tasks.


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With the release of SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 2,

new backup expiration options have been added to the

Database Backup maintenance plan task. You can specify

backup expiration options, such as having the backup set

expire after a specific date or on a specific date. This

feature existed in SQL Server 2000; however, it was not

available when SQL Server 2005 was released.

If you select a specific location to store the backup

folder, the Database Backup maintenance plan task will not

reset this option.

In the past, when using the Backup Database

maintenance plan task, it was possible to create

differential and transaction log backup plans on system

databases that were using the Simple Recovery model. This

bug has been addressed.

The History Cleanup maintenance plan task offers the

option to delete files by selecting a unit of time in

hours, ultimately reducing manual work.

The Update Statistics task includes options for full

scan or for sample size, as was available in SQL Server

2000 maintenance plans.

Author: Ross Mistry Year: 2007, 01 November


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Available at:

http://www.networkworld.com/subnets/microsoft/110107-ch8-

sql-server.html

According to Sean McCown (2010) Microsoft SQL Server

2008 R2, Microsoft begins to fully realize its vision

of SQL Server as an information platform and not "just" a

database. Hence the main theme for this release -- at least

according to Microsoft -- is self-service BI. The

PowerPivot plug-ins for Excel 2010 and SharePoint 2010 are

easily going to make the biggest splash of all the new

features, not least because they're the most complete. But

then, SQL Server 2008 R2 isn't strictly necessary for

PowerPivot for Excel, which works with plenty of other data

sources.

A number of other features make SQL Server 2008 R2

worth a close look -- and they don't requireOffice

2010or SharePoint 2010. Features such as StreamInsight and

Master Data Services should gain traction right away, while

others such as SQL Server SysPrep and DACPAC need some

further baking. Overall, SQL Server 2008 R2 is a solid
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interim release, even if some key additions aren't quite

what they could be.

Apart from new features, another change that may

impact your shop is the addition of the new Datacenter

edition. Along with introducing the new SKU, Microsoft has

downgraded the Enterprise edition to support only 8 CPUs.

If you have a SQL Server 2008 Enterprise server, you really

need to be aware of this before you upgrade to R2.

Frankly, I think the levels for Enterprise have been

set way too low. Shops that have 16-CPU servers aren't

going to upgrade to R2 if it's going to cost them roughly

$60,000 per processor. A more realistic break point for

Datacenter edition would be greater than 64 CPUs.

But assuming you're not caught up in the horns of the

Enterprise vs. Datacenter dilemma, R2 offers a handful of

reasons to upgrade. Two or three of those reasons could

even be compelling.

Reason No. 1 to upgrade to SQL Server 2008 R2: Self-

service BI

Microsoft's new concept of managed self-service BI mostly

refers to combining SQL Server 2008 R2 with the new


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PowerPivot plug-ins to push hefty row sets to Excel 2010 or

to SharePoint 2010. The key to making this work is the use

of column-level compression in the data set, which allows

PowerPivot to process millions of rows in the same amount

of time it would ordinarily take Excel to process only

thousands of rows.

It's easy to see that financial professionals will

love PowerPivot, but in fact PowerPivot will be useful to

all kinds of Excel users. It's difficult to crunch any

sizable data set in Excel; even if you're able to get all

the rows into memory, processing them can take forever.

I've seen this problem countless times when trying to

analyze perform data, so I know many Excel users will

welcome PowerPivot.

Note that PowerPivot for Excel can pull data not only

from SQL Server but from almost any database. SQL Server

2008 R2 is required only to feed PowerPivot workbooks

shared via SharePoint 2010. The PowerPivot plug-ins for

Excel 2010 and SharePoint 2010are freely downloadable.

Reason No. 2 to upgrade to SQL Server 2008 R2: Report

Parts
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One of my absolute favorite R2 features is the new Report

Parts, found in Report Builder 3.0. Report Parts allow you

to publish the different sections of your report to a

centralized library, where others can grab them to include

in their own reports. Charts, tables, and other segments

become components that you can plug into any report you

wish.

Let's say you create a chart with complex calculations

embedded. Maybe it incorporates business rules or complex

layout formulas. If you publish it as a Report Part,

everyone else will be able to call upon the same chart in

their reports. Best of all -- this makes me giddy inside --

all reports referencing this chart are merely calling an

instance of the library object itself. If you change the

logic in the library copy of the chart, the change is

automatically propagated to all the reports that use it.

(Downstream users can disconnect a Report Part from the

library if they don't want it to update.)

That's a lot of power at your fingertips. Publishing

these Report Parts was so easy I actually thought I did

something wrong. I love this feature.


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Reason No. 3 to upgrade to SQL Server 2008 R2:

StreamInsight is the name for Microsoft's new complex event

processing engine, which is implemented as a set of .Net

classes. StreamInsight makes it very easy to handle the

processing of events in-flight -- rapidly executing queries

on a stream of information -- so that you can get to

decisions or actions faster. There are many use cases for

this, but one of my favorites is monitoring production

servers.

Let's say you're monitoring CPU metrics for a server

and you don't want to persist every measure to the

database. With StreamInsight, you could capture the CPU

events as they happen, aggregate them as you like, and

persist only the aggregated metrics to the database. You

could also correlate the CPU metrics with other measures to

glean real meaning out of them and get more significant

alerts.

This is a simple example, but it should give you an

idea of the types of actions that can be accomplished. Note

too that StreamInsight is not an out-of-the-box feature,

but must be written into .Net applications. While

StreamInsight will take some spin-up for coders to get used


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to, they'll find that Microsoft has really smoothed the

way.

Author: Sean McCown Year: 2010, 09 June

Available at: http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-

management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-

631?page=0,0

According to Brad Mcgehee (2010) When you create a SQL

Server Maintenance Plan using the Maintenance Plan Wizard

or the Maintenance Plan Designer, the SQL Server native

backup command is used to perform full, differential, and

transaction log backups. But what if you want to use backup

compression to reduce the size of your backups and the

amount of time it takes to perform them? Or what if you

want to encrypt your backups to protect your organizations

data, or make the transfer of backup files across networks

fault-tolerant? If you have the SQL Server 2008 Enterprise

Edition, backup compression is built in, but if you have

any other version or edition of SQL Server, or if you want

encryption or network resilience, then you will need a
http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-management/seven-reasons-care-about-sql-server-2008-r2-631?page=0,0


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third-party backup program, such as SQL Backupfrom Red

Gate Software.

The Maintenance Plan Wizard and the Maintenance Plan

Designer dont have the ability to automatically include

third-party backup software as part of a Maintenance Plan.

Fortunately, there is an easy way around this, and in this

article I will show you how you can use SQL Backup within a

Maintenance Plan.

Author: Brad Mcgehee Year: 2010, 13 January

Available at: http://bradmcgehee.com/2010/01/13/how-to-use-

sql-backup-inside-a-maintenance-plan/

According to Vithal Wadje (2012) to the database user,

the view appears just like a real table, with a set of

named columns and rows of data. SQL creates the illusion of

the view by giving the view a name like a table name and

storing the definition of the view in the database.

Views are used for security purpose in databases,

views restricts the user from viewing certain column and

rows means by using view we can apply the restriction on

accessing the particular rows and columns for specific
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user. Views display only those data which are mentioned in

the query, so it shows only data which is returned by the

query that is defined at the time of creation of the View.

Advantages:

Security. Each user can be given permission to access

the database only through a small set of views that contain

the specific data the user is authorized to see, thus

restricting the user's access to stored data

Query Simplicity. A view can draw data from several

different tables and present it as a single table, turning

multi-table queries into single-table queries against the

view.

Structural simplicity. Views can give a user a

"personalized" view of the database structure, presenting

the database as a set of virtual tables that make sense for

that user.

Consistency. A view can present a consistent,

unchanged image of the structure of the database, even if

the underlying source tables are split, restructured, or

renamed.


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Data Integrity. If data is accessed and entered

through a view, the DBMS can automatically check the data

to ensure that it meets the specified integrity

constraints.

Logical data independence. View can make the

application and database tables to a certain extent

independent. If there is no view, the application must be

based on a table. With the view, the program can be

established in view of above, to view the program with a

database table to be separated.

Disadvantages:

Performance. Views create the appearance of a table,

but the DBMS must still translate queries against the view

into queries against the underlying source tables. If the

view is defined by a complex, multi-table query then simple

queries on the views may take considerable time.

Update restrictions. When a user tries to update rows

of a view, the DBMS must translate the request into an

update on rows of the underlying source tables. This is

possible for simple views, but more complex views are often

restricted to read-only.

Author: Vithal Wadje Year: 2012, 07 December


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Available at: http://www.c-

sharpcorner.com/Blogs/10575/advantages-and-disadvantages-

of-views-in-sql-server.aspx

Online Lending System

According to Parshotam (2011) below are the advantages

of getting a loan. These are also the reasons why many

apply-for-it:

There is a loan for just about anything. If you are

in need of money to purchase a house, you can apply for a

housing loan. If you need a car, you can apply for a car

loan. With all the loans available, you will be able to

purchase everything you need.It helps a person afford an

expensive purchase. All of us wish to acquire a property.

However, we do not have the amount of money to make the

purchase. Loans allow us to do this. They lend us the money

so that we can finally afford our desired property.

Payment is staggered, which makes it affordable. This

enables the person to pay off the loan gradually. If a

person has chosen a good deal, he should be able to finish

paying off the loan in the time specified.
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One gets the funding he needs. If a person wants to

start a business, he can do so by applying for a business

loan. He does not have to wait for his savings to build up

before he can start his own business. They can also use the

amount they loan for investment purposes.

Getting a loan is very helpful to start building your

dream. However, you have to be very careful with your

decisions. This is because of the problems you will

possibly encounter if you mismanage your loans and other

debts. If you have multiple loans, make sure to manage it

well. Make sure that you manage your loans from the start.

Keep in mind that loans have disadvantages too.

Author: Parshotam Year: 2011

Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Advantages-

And-Disadvantages-Of-Loan-System-630552.html

According to Luke Arthur (2013) mortgage lending has

begun to transition to the Internet as more lenders look to

increase their online presence. Some lenders specialize in

online lending and do not have brick-and-mortar locations

for you to visit. Getting involved with this type of loan
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can be simple, but at the same time it could lead to a

potential scam.

Function. An online mortgage is one that you apply for

and accept completely through the Internet. Lenders that

use this method have a website that allows you to fill out

your mortgage application and submit it. You provide all

the same information that you normally would with a loan

application and then the lender evaluates it. The lender

will generally send an appraiser to evaluate the house and

determine its value. A representative from the company will

then meet you at the closing to complete the transaction.

Benefits. One of the benefits of this type of mortgage

is that it can save you time. You do not have to physically

travel to a lender to get access to a loan. You can fill

out the application on your own time and the lender can get

back to you. Another benefit of online lenders is that they

can often offer better rates because they do not have the

overhead costs of traditional mortgage lenders.

Author: Luke Arthur Year: 2013

Available at: http://www.ehow.com/about_7462640_advantages-

disadvantages-online-mortgages.html
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According to Angie Mohr (2012) When shopping for a

mortgage, many home buyers enlist the services of

a mortgage brokerto find them the best terms and rates.

Since the real estate market crash in 2008, however, the

business practices of brokers have come under scrutiny and

the question of whether they are acting in the customers'

best interests has been raised. Working with an

experienced, competent mortgage broker can help you find

the right mortgage, but there are both advantages and

disadvantages that you should consider before committing to

one.

Advantages:

Saves You The Legwork

Mortgage brokers have regular contact with a wide variety

of lenders, some of whom you may not even know about. The

alternative to working with a broker is to call up dozens

of lenders and compare their mortgage terms and rates on

your own. A broker saves you the time and headache of

having to do that. A broker also can steer you away from

certain lenders with onerous payment termsburied in their

mortgage contracts.

Brokers May Have More Access Some lenders work exclusively
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with mortgage brokers and rely on them to be the

gatekeepers to bring them suitable clients. You may not be

able to call some lenders up directly to get a retail

mortgage. Brokers may also be able to get special rates

from lenders due to the volume of business generated that

might be lower than you can get on your own.

You May Save Some Fees

There are severaldifferent types of feesthat can be

involved in taking on a new mortgage or working with a new

lender, including origination fees, application fees,

and appraisalfees. In some cases, mortgage brokers may be

able to get lenders to waive some or all of these fees

which can save you hundreds to thousands of dollars.

Disadvantages:

Brokers' Interests May Not Align With Your Own

Your ultimate goal in shopping for a mortgage is to find

one with an affordable interest rate and low fees. You are

in it for the long haul. A mortgage broker, on the other

hand, often gets paid a fee from the lender for bringing in

the business. This fee can be based on the amount of the

mortgage, and will vary amongst lenders. A broker's goal,

therefore, is to get you into a mortgage that maximizes
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their compensation. The 2008 market crash revealed that

many brokers were getting their clients into mortgages that

they could not afford over time.

How to pick your next hotel stay:

You May Not Be Getting The Best Deal

Many homebuyers simply assume that a broker can deliver a

better deal than they could get on their own, but this is

not always the case. Some lenders may offer homebuyers the

exact same terms and rates that they offer mortgage brokers

(sometimes, even better). It never hurts to shop around on

your own to see if your broker is really offering you a

great deal.

Brokers Often Do Not Guarantee Estimates

When a mortgage broker first presents you with offers from

lenders, they often use the term "good faith estimate."

This means that the broker believes that the offer will

embody the final terms of the deal, but this is not always

the case. In some cases, the lender may change the terms

based on your actual application and you may end up paying

a higher rate or additional fees.

Some Lenders Do Not Work With Mortgage Brokers At All

This is an increasing trend since 2008, as some lenders are
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The two biggest such 'peer-to-peer'

lenders, LendingClub.comand Prosper.com, offer borrowers

lower rates than banks, and offer investors a better return

than they could get from putting their money in a CD. Both

companies are headquartered in the San Francisco Bay area,

and both are licensed in most states. Rates and rules for

the two are similar.

Chris Larsen, CEO and co-founder of Prosper, calls

peer-to-peer lending a throwback to the way small loans

used to be made to ordinary people, before credit cards

came into wide use. "We've brought back the simple, basic

installment loanthe kind you can use for home improvement,

debt consolidation, buying a car or paying for school.

These are unsecured loans of anywhere from a few thousand

dollars up to $25,000, at low fixed rates. The terms aren't

tricky. There are no repayment penalties, no 'gotcha'

fees."

True, he says, his lenders are, "looking for a nice

return." But many bring an attitude to their lending that's

different from what one finds at banks: "They're interested

in helping other Americans, in impacting other people's

lives directly."
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While investors' money does not enjoy the FDIC

protection it would have at a bank, it enjoys a better than

10% return. Plus, lenders can diversify their risk by

dividing their investment, if they want, across hundreds of

different loan accounts in increments as small as $25.At

LendingClub, a borrower with a good credit rating can

expect to pay an interest rate five percentage points lower

than at a bank. CEO and co-founder Renaud Laplanche says

what he and Larsen have done is eliminate the middle-man.

"By creating a platform where investors can make loans

directly to prime consumers, we eliminate the intermediary.

Most people don't think of banks as middlemen, but that's

exactly what they are: They collect money in CDs and

savings and give you a half percent, then turn around and

lend it out at 16% or 18% as unsecured credit. The spread

goes not so much for profit as to pay for branches and

other infrastructure costs." Having no such infrastructure

costs, Laplanche can afford to offer borrowers and lenders

better terms.

LendingClub, with an 80% share of the peer-to-peer

market, is growing at a rate of 10% a month. "We issued


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$13.5 million in loans in December," says Laplanche, "up

from $12 million in November. If you compound our growth

rate, we'll be the size of Citibankin three years."

Since its start in 2007, LendingClub has funded nearly $204

million worth of loans and has paid over $15.6 million to

its investors.Borrower John Good, 29, turned to LendingClub

out of frustration. Good, owner of Bubbles Galore, a car

wash in Davison, Mich., wanted to expand his business by

adding a dog washing service. "My wife and I love car

washing, but diversification is key."

But when he told his bank about his plan, they told

him he was all wet. "They stuck up their noses up at the

idea," he said. "Nothing is worse for a business owner

who's attempting to bring an idea to fruition than to be

told it's terrible and won't work.

Author: Alan Farnham Year: 2011, 6 January

Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Business/online-peer-

peer-loans-benefit-borrowers-lenders/story?id=12547398
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According to SBA Gov. online payment services allow

business and consumers to exchange money electronically

over the Internet. With an online payment service, your

business can receive payment from virtually any customer

with an email account. Online payment services have

recently become very popular with businesses and consumers.

Advantages of Online Payment Services:

Online payment services can either replace or

supplement your decision to accept credit and debit cards.

Opening an online payment account is often faster and

easier than setting up a Merchant Account (which is

required to accept credit and debit card payments). Online

payment accounts typically incur smaller fees than a

traditional Merchant Account, which can have a big impact

on businesses with many small transactions. From a

customer-service perspective, it's beneficial to have

multiple payment options available. Online payment services

are also user-friendly and can simplify the payment process

by storing customer card information or billing customers

at a later date.

Disadvantages of Online Payment Services:


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service provider plans for the most current security

technology.

Shopping Cart Services:

Online payment services require a virtual shopping

cart. Virtual shopping carts allow businesses to accept

orders on multiple products from their website. A shopping

cart can calculate the total, tax, and shipping costs of an

order, in addition to collecting customer account and

shipping information.

Some online payment service providers offer free

shopping cart services to businesses. If your online

payment service does not provide a free, secure shopping

cart option, third-party shopping cart services can be

used.

Author: SBA Gov.

Available at: http://www.sba.gov/content/online-payment-

services
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.NET computing programming

According to Jonathan (2011) think of .NET as an

artificial CPU and virtual hardware all rolled into one.

The language it understands is MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate

Language) and is now called CIL (Common Intermediate

Language.) .NET includes a just in time (JIT) compiler that

translates the CIL language into local CPU machine code.

.NET programs can be precompiled from CIL to machine code

on the target during installation it makes the installation

longer, but spares the JIT steps at execution. VB.NET, C#,

and f# are all .NET languages, in that they do NOT compile

to machine code but instead compile to CIL. (CIL is kind of

like a push/pop assembly language for a virtual, object-

based CPU that is very fancy and keeps track of object

lifetimes.) C++ on the other hand compiles into machine

code for a target machine, not CIL.

Except for the JIT compiler step, the CIL is really more

like a very low level interpreter language. And it can be

interpreted. It can also be uncompiled back into the source

code, too, since the compiled output has enough clues to

allow that process to work pretty well.

Microsoft provides a fair portion of .NET in open source


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form so that it can be ported to other machines by those

interested in doing so.

So. VB.NET and c# and f# compiles the code you write into

CIL, which gets compiled into machine code when you start

it. If you move the compiled CIL executable to a different

target machine that supports the .NET framework, then that

machine will also compile the CIL into its own machine code

when you start it there. This makes the result portable to

any system that can handle the CIL compilation at run time

(or just interpret it, but that would be very slow, I

think.) C++ doesn't do any of that. C++ generates machine

code.

.NET is growing. 1.0 wasn't really ready for prime

time. 2.0 is good enough for most work. There is also 3.5

and 4.0. As Microsoft adds more into the .NET framework,

you find you need less and less unmanaged memory and use

less and less of the Win32 calls that C++ still must use a

lot of. Microsoft would like you to stop using Win32,

altogether. But it isn't possible yet, as they haven't got

all of that ported into .NET yet. So .NET is also like a

combined operating system, interpreter, object handler, JIT

compiler type of Swiss Army Knife. And it is a good thing


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these cp us run with multi-cores and at GHz rates with

dozens of gigs of main memory, multilevel of cache, and a

front side bus that is fully transaction parallelized.

Otherwise the whole thing would run like a turtle.

Author: Jonathan Year: 2011

Available at:

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120209174355A

AbZxtZ

According to TechMelt (2006) .NET is an object-

oriented programming (OOP) model introduced to help

developers create Internet-based distributed systems. It

provides a platform-independent framework that enables

developers to quickly build, deploy, and manage Web-based

applications, smart client applications, and XML Web

services applications. The platform-independence feature

enables businesses to quickly integrate their systems,

information, and devices, thereby helping users collaborate

and communicate effectively.
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COM and DNA. Before the development of .NET, COM and

DNA technologies were used for application development on

Microsoft platforms. COM is Microsofts framework for

developing and supporting program component objects. DNA is

a framework that integrates Web applications with the n-

tier model of development. It is used to develop cost-

effective solutions that can meet the demands of the

Internet, intranet, global e-commerce, and corporate

computing.

Drawbacks of Pre .NET Technologies. Programmers mostly

used Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) and Microsoft Visual C++

(VC++) for developing applications using the COM/DNA

technologies. However, these technologies and the

programming languages had several drawbacks.

Limitations of VC++ in COM/DNA Applications. The other

language used by programmers to work with COM and DNA

applications was VC++. However, VC++ is a complex language.

It has too many data types. Additionally, exchange of data

between different layers was difficult because of data type

compatibility issues. To resolve such issues, developers

had to be familiar with various libraries, such as Software


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Development Kit (SDK), Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC),

Active Template Library (ATL), and COM.

Drawbacks of COM/DNA. Apart from the limitations

resulting from VB and VC++, the COM/DNA technologies had

several other drawbacks. These drawbacks became apparent as

these technologies were extended into larger enterprise-

level settings and as integration with the Internet became

necessary. Some such drawbacks of COM/DNA technologies

included difficulty in integrating Internet technologies,

difficulty in side-by-side execution of components, and

deployment issues.

Difficulty in Integrating Internet Technologies. The

growth of the Internet has lead to the need of a tool for

developing Internet-based technologies. To address this

need, Microsoft developed ASP. However, ASP was not meant

for structured and object-oriented development. It was also

difficult to design, debug, and maintain ASP code.

The existing technologies lacked the ability to communicate

with users through HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and

HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Developers required a

standard that could enable processes to communicate over


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the Internet. However, COM and DNA did not provide any such

standard.

COM and Deployment. COM components are difficult to

deploy. The COM standard was developed for use on systems

having limited memory and was designed with a focus on

memory sharing between applications. The Dynamic Link

Libraries (DLLs) on such systems were shared between

applications to save memory.

Deployment Issues. The process of sharing DLLs between

applications resulted in several deployment issues. DLLs

had to be registered in the local Windows Registry so that

components required to run an application could be located

quickly. This resulted in other limitations. For instance,

you could not place a COM application on a CD-ROM or a

network drive and then run it from that location without an

installation procedure.

Benefits of .NET. To address the limitations of COM

and DNA, Microsoft designed the .NET platform for Internet-

based applications. .NET manages the scripting limitations

of COM and DCOM and makes component development an easy

task. .NET provides the core technologies for developing


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Web services. Therefore, it not only benefits

individual users but also organizations and developers.

Two major benefits of .NET include side-by-side execution

of code and decentralized registration of components.

Author: TeachMelt Year: 2006, 13 June

Available at: http://www.webpronews.com/net-overview-

advantages-and-features-2006-06

According to Ted Pattison (2001) Visual Basic .NET is

the result of a significant rebuild of Visual Basic for the

Microsoft .NET Framework. There are a number of changes

that make Visual Basic .NET easier to use, more powerful

than Visual Basic 6.0, and give it the kind of access to

system resources that in the past required the use of

languages like C++. One of the most important additions is

object inheritance. In Visual Basic .NET, all managed types

derive from System Object. An important new language

feature is garbage collection, which is administered by the

Common Language Runtime and provides better memory

management. The universal type system allows for greater
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interoperability, also contributing to the enhanced power

and flexibility found in Visual Basic .NET. f you haven't

done so already, it's time to get a handle on the Visual

Basic .NET programming language. My goal in this article is

to provide you with an introductory, yet intensive, look at

Visual Basic .NET and the new Microsoft.NET platform. In

order to learn what Visual Basic .NET is all about, you

must first understand a few core aspects of the .NET

platform. This article will build your knowledge of Visual

Basic .NET from the ground up, so I'll begin by discussing

the new programming model and the high-level architecture

of the platform's execution engine called the common

language runtime (CLR).

While explaining what the CLR is and how it works,

I'll show a few examples using Visual Basic .NET. As you'll

see, Visual Basic has undergone a significant overhaul to

accommodate the CLR and its associated programming model.

Consequently, Visual Basic .NET has many new object-

oriented design features and much higher levels of type

safety than previous versions of Visual Basic.

It is also important to know that Visual Basic .NET

omits quite a few forms of syntax that were used in


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previous versions of Visual Basic. This means code written

in Visual Basic 6.0 will not compile until you make a

number of modifications. Furthermore, writing the best

possible code in Visual Basic .NET usually involves using

features and syntax that are not supported in Visual Basic

6.0. As a result, migrating Visual Basic 6.0 projects to

Visual Basic .NET typically requires a rewrite rather than

a simple port.

Migrating a Visual Basic 6.0 project to Visual Basic

.NET could also involve significant rewriting due to

dependencies on older libraries such as the Visual Basic

for Applications (VBA) runtime or ActiveX Data Objects

(ADO). To become an effective .NET programmer, you should

fully embrace the shared class libraries that are built

into the CLR.

Visual Basic .NET is one of several new languages that

have been designed specifically for the CLR and the .NET

Framework. Another language that's getting a good deal of

attention is C#. Like many other programmers using Visual

Basic you're probably curious about how C# compares to

Visual Basic .NET. Like Visual Basic .NET, C# is a language

designed exclusively to target the CLR and the .NET


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platform. However, unlike Visual Basic .NET, C# has been

designed to be especially friendly to programmers who are

already proficient in C and C++. Throughout this article,

I'll point out a few key differences that might lead you to

prefer one of these languages over the other. However, I

truly believe that either language can be used to write

software that takes full advantage of the CLR and the .NET

Framework. Now, let me get started by introducing the core

concepts of the .NET platform.

Author: Ted Pattison Year: 2001

Available at: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-

us/magazine/cc302016.aspx

According to Vivek Rohil (2013) the CLR, Common

Language Runtime, is one of the most essential components

of the .NET Framework. It provides an environment for the

application to run. The CLR or the runtime provides

functionalities, such as exception handling, security,

debugging, and versioning support to the applications.
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Here're some of the features provided by the CLR:

Automatic memory management: allocates and de-

allocates memory to the application as and when required.

Standard type system: provides a set of common data

types in the form of Common Type System (CTS). This means

that the size of integer and long variables is the same

across all programming languages.

Language Inter-operability: provides the ability of

an application to interact with another application

written in a different programming language. This also

helps maximize code reuse.

Platform independence: allows execution of a code

from any platform that supports the .NET CLR.

Security management: applies restrictions on the

code to access the resources of a computer.

The CLR can host a variety of languages and offers a common

set of tools across these languages, ensuring inter-

operability between the codes. The code developed with a

language compiler that targets the CLR is called a managed


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code. Alternatively, the code that is developed without

considering the conventions and requirements of the common

language runtime is called unmanaged code. Unmanaged code

executes in the common language runtime environment with

minimal services. For example, unmanaged code may run with

limited debugging and without the garbage collection

process. The components of SQL Server and the .NET

Framework provide various features to thedatabase server.

These features help the developers to manage data in an

efficient way.

Author: Vivek Rohil Year: 2013, 5 December

Available at:

http://dotprogramming.blogspot.com/2013/12/clr-features-

net-framework-sqlserver.html

According to Stephen Davis (2008) unfortunately,

computers don't understand human language, they have their

own languages. But programmers can create programs in a

"middle ground" language that is not nearly as free as

human speech but a lot more flexible and easy to use than

machine language. The languages occupying this middle
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ground C#, for example are called high-levelcomputer

languages.

C#. The C# programming language is one of those

intermediate languages that programmers use to create

executable programs. C# combines the range of the powerful-

but-complicated C++ with the ease of use of the friendly

but more verbose Visual Basic. (Visual Basic's newer .NET

incarnation is almost on par with C# in most respects. As

the flagship language of .NET, C# tends to introduce most

new features first.) A C# program file carries the

extension .CS.

C# is:

Flexible. C# programs can execute on the current

machine, or they can be transmitted over the Web and

executed on some distant computer.

Powerful. C# has essentially the same command set as

C++, but with the rough edges filed smooth.

Easier to use. C# error-proofs the commands

responsible for most C++ errors, so you spend far less time

chasing down those errors.


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Visually oriented. The .NET code library that C# uses

for many of its capabilities provides the help needed to

readily create complicated display frames with drop-down

lists, tabbed windows, and background images, to name just

a few.

Internet-friendly. C# plays a pivotal role in the .NET

Framework, Microsoft's current approach to programming for

Windows, the Internet, and beyond.

Secure. Any language intended for use on the Internet

must include serious security to protect against malevolent

hackers.

.NET:

.NET began as Microsoft's strategy to open up the Web

to mere mortals. Today it's bigger than that, encompassing

everything Microsoft does. In particular, it's the new way

to program for Windows. It also gives a C-based language,

C#, the simple, visual tools that made Visual Basic so

popular. A little background will help you see the roots of

C# and .NET.

Internet programming was traditionally very difficult

in older languages like C and C++. Sun Microsystems


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responded to that problem by creating the Java programming

language. To create Java, Sun took the grammar of C++, made

it a lot more user-friendly, and centered it around

distributed development.

When Microsoft licensed Java some years ago,

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