chapter 12 windows xp and vista

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The Complete A+ Guideto PC Repair 5/e

Chapter 12Windows XP and Vista

Chapter 12Windows XP and Vista


Chapter 12 ObjectivesChapter 12 Objectives

After completing this chapter you will be able to:• Distinguish between Windows XP, Vista, and other

operating systems• Back up and restore the System State• Configure and use the System Restore utility• Install, configure, and troubleshoot Windows XP

Professional and Vista• Use the proper control panel to control Windows

XP and Vista hardware and software


Chapter 12 Objectives (cont.)Chapter 12 Objectives (cont.)

• Install hardware and software on a Windows XP or Vista computer

• Use the driver roll back feature• Use Windows XP and Vista’s Administrative tools

including Microsoft Management console• Explain the boot process and troubleshoot boot

problems including using various boot options• Define when to access and how to use Computer

Management console, Task Manager, and Event Viewer


Windows XP Professional OverviewWindows XP Professional Overview

• Windows XP was originally a 32-bit operating system which became available in a 64-bit version.

• Virtual Memory Manager (VMM) – handles allocation memory to applications.

• A single block called a page or paging file is 4KB. The operating system swaps or pages the application to and from the temporary swap file as needed if enough RAM is not available to the application.


Windows VersionsWindows Versions


Windows XP Professional andHomeWindows XP Professional andHome


Windows File ProtectionWindows File Protection

• WFP (Windows File Protection) is a Windows feature that protects system files.

• WRP (Windows Resource Protector) is used in Vista and 7. It protects system files, registry keys and specific file types using ACLS (access control lists).


Windows Vista OverviewWindows Vista Overview

• Both 32- and 64-bit versions• Features

– Windows Aero• Sidebar with gadgets

• Live thumbnails show individual application documents

• Transparent icons

• Animations

• Narrator text-to-speech

• UAC (User Account Control) to warn of security risks

• Startup Repair Tool (instead of Recovery Console)


Minimum Requirements for AeroMinimum Requirements for Aero• Vista Home Premium• 1GHz 32-bit processor• 1GB of RAM • 128MB graphics RAM• 32-bit color setting for graphics card• Windows theme set to Vista• Display color scheme set to Windows Aero

– Appearance and Personalization control panel ► Personalization link ► Windows color option ► Enable transparency enabled


Vista VersionsVista Versions


32- and 64-bit Vista Versions32- and 64-bit Vista Versions

32-bit 64-bit32-bit 64-bit

• 32- or 64-bit CPU

• 4GB RAM max

• 32-bits at a time

• Must have 32-bit drivers

• 32-bit apps (some 16-bit)

• DEP prevents security attach using h/w and s/w technology

• 32- or 64-bit CPU

• 4GB RAM max


• Must have 32-bit drivers

• 32-bit apps (some 16-bit)

• DEP prevents security attach using h/w and s/w technology

• Only 64-bit CPU

• 128GB+ RAM (Home Basic-8GB; Premium-16GB; Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate-128GB+)


• Only 64-bit drivers

• 32- or 64-bit apps (no16-bit)

• “Always on” DEP

• Only 64-bit CPU

• 128GB+ RAM (Home Basic-8GB; Premium-16GB; Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate-128GB+)


• Only 64-bit drivers

• 32- or 64-bit apps (no16-bit)

• “Always on” DEP


Windows XP BasicsWindows XP Basics

• The first screen to appear when a Windows XP computer is booted is the welcome screen, which provides security and allows the user to login.

• A user can log in to:− The local computer.− A workgroup (peer-to-peer network).− A domain ( a network with a server).

• In XP, press CTRL+ALT+DEL twice to access the local Administrator login.


Pre-Installation of Windows Pre-Installation of Windows

• When upgrading Windows through an acceptable upgrade path, the

user’s applications and data are preserved if the operating system is

installed in the same folder as the original operating system.

• A clean installation involves loading an operating system on a computer

that does not already have one installed.

• Dual-boot or multi-boot allow the user to boot from one of two or more

installed operating systems.• Planning and preparation are key to a successful operating system

install. Its important to be ready by having all the necessary hardware installed, drivers ready, any needed software applications, patches and upgrades, and an anti-virus program. It’s also necessary to make decisions about how the operating system will be installed and configured prior to installation such as what file system will be used and how the hard drive will be formatted.


Pre-installationPre-installation


Vista In-place UpgradesVista In-place Upgrades

• Use Upgrade Advisor tool• Plug any devices that normally attach to

the computer especially USB devices before starting Upgrade Advisor.


Vista Home Premium, Business, and Ultimate Recommended HardwareVista Home Premium, Business, and Ultimate Recommended Hardware


FAT32 or NTFSFAT32 or NTFS

• Use the convert command to convert a non-partition to NTFS.– convert x: /fs:ntfs (where x: is the drive

partition/volume to be converted to NTFS.

• FAT32 partitions must be 32GB or less.• FAT16 partitions must be 4GB or less.


VirusesViruses

• When installing a new operating system on a computer that already has an operating system loaded, it is a good time to run a virus scan with the latest virus scanning software version.

• A virus is a program designed to modify the computer from the way it originally operated.


Common Symptoms of a VirusCommon Symptoms of a Virus

• Computer does not boot.

• Computer hard drive space is reduced.

• Applications will not load.

• An application takes longer to load than necessary.

• Hard drive activity increases.

• An anti-virus software message appears.

• The number of hard drive sectors marked as bad steadily increases.

• Unusual graphics or messages appear on the screen.

• Files are missing.

• A message appears that the hard drive cannot be detected.

• Strange sounds come from the computer.


Virus TypesVirus Types


Installation/Upgrade of XP/VistaInstallation/Upgrade of XP/Vista

• Microsoft requires activation of the Windows XP operating system within 30 days. − Activation can be completed over the Internet or the

phone.− Larger companies use a VLK (volume license key)

− Companies using Vista must use a MAK (multiple activation key activated by phone or the Internet) or KMS (Key Management Service to register with a specific computer)


Corporate Windows DeploymentCorporate Windows Deployment

• Corporate computer installations are • much more involved than any other type

of operating system deployment. There are three tools that can help with this.• Sysprep tool• Windows Vista/7 WDS (Windows Deployment

Service)• Microsoft’s Setup Manager• Symantec’s Ghost program

• SID (Security Identifier) – A unique number assigned to every Microsoft-based computer.


Verify the InstallationVerify the Installation

• Re-initialize power

management software

• Check Device Manager

• Check all applications

• Re-enable the anti-virus software

AntivirusAntivirus

Power Mgmt

Power Mgmt

VerifyVerifyHardware/Software

Hardware/Software


Troubleshooting the Windows InstallationTroubleshooting the Windows Installation

• Most common problems associated with the

Windows XP Installation:

– Incompatible BIOS.

– BIOS needs to be upgraded.

– Incompatible or insufficient hardware.

– Incompatible drivers.

– Minimum hardware requirements have not been met.

– Incorrect key.


Dual-Booting Windows Dual-Booting Windows

• The older operating system should be installed first.

• Each operating system should be installed on a separate partition/volume.


Reloading WindowsReloading Windows

Re-installation (in-place upgrade or repair installation) – Reloading Windows as necessary.

Windows XP can be reloaded:1. From within a booted XP environment.

2. By booting from the XP CD.

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Reloading WindowsReloading Windows

• Re-installation (in-place upgrade or repair installation)

• Reloading Windows as necessary.

• Windows XP can be reloaded:1. From within a booted XP environment.

2. By booting from the XP CD.

• Windows Vista can be reloaded from original disc, HPA partition, option from Advanced Boot Options (F8 during startup).

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Windows UpdatesWindows Updates


Restoring the System State After a FailureRestoring the System State After a Failure

• To make a system operational again, you may have to restore both the registry and the system state (XP) after a failure.

• Make backups often− Full version of the Backup tool is only available in

Vista Business, Enterprise, or Ultimate− Software provided by the computer manufacturer− Software provided by a storage device

manufacturer


Configuring Windows OverviewConfiguring Windows Overview

• The control panel is the most common window used by technicians to configure various Windows components.


Steps to Configure WindowsSteps to Configure Windows

Removing hardware components

Adding a printer

Adding devices

Installing/removing software


Adding DevicesAdding Devices

• Device driver – software to allow the operating system to recognize and control a piece of hardware.− Requires administrator rights to install− Windows XP uses DRIVER.CAB− Windows Vista/7 uses driver packages stored in an

indexed database and stored in the following folder by default: C:\Windows\system32\DriverStore\FileRepository



• Digital signatures (driver signing) – Used by some Windows device drivers. − Digital signatures confirm the devices being

installed are compatible with Windows and have not been changed.

− Digital signatures are required for 64-bit kernel mode drivers in Windows Vista and 7.

• Driver roll back – A feature in Windows which allows an older driver to be reinstalled if the new driver causes problems.

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• Successful installation of a device includes:• Using the most up-to-date driver• Following the directions provided by the device

manufacturer

File signature verification options


System Restore UtilitySystem Restore Utility• A program that makes an image, a restore point, of

the registry and backs up certain system files. • Does not affect email or personal data• Similar to using the Last Known Good Configuration menu

item available through Advanced Boot menu (F8 on boot up)• Use if the system has problems or you suspect the registry

is corrupt• rstrui from a command prompt• Vista/7 use shadow copy which creates a block-level image

of system files and applications• Backup media can be hard drive, Flash drive, CDs, DVDs,

and server storage; it cannot be tape.

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Adding a PrinterAdding a Printer

• To install a printer under Windows XP, use the Add Printer wizard. A Windows XP print driver must be used to install the specific printer.

• In Vista or 7, use the Printers link from the Hardware and Sound control panel.


Removing Hardware DevicesRemoving Hardware Devices

• Windows normally detects when hardware has been removed and the operating system automatically removes the device’s driver. − If Windows does not detect the hardware

removal, the drivers must be manually removed.


Installing/Removing SoftwareInstalling/Removing Software

• Use the Add or Remove Programs in the XP control panel to install or remove software.

• In Vista or 7, use the Programs control panel• This control panel link is also used to control

desktop gadgets in the Aero environment.


Microsoft Management ConsoleMicrosoft Management Console

• Microsoft Management Console holds snap-ins or tools used to maintain the computer. − System Tools− Storage− Services and Applications

• You must be a member of the Administrators group to perform any disk management tasks.


Microsoft Management Console: System ToolsMicrosoft Management Console: System Tools• Event Viewer – monitor events

• Performance Logs and Alerts (XP)/Performance Monitor (Vista) – create logs about the computer performance and create alerts that notify you when a specific instance being monitored reaches a pre-defined threshold

• Shared Folders – view shares, sessions, and open files

• Local Users and Groups – create and manage accounts for those that use the computer or computer resources from a remote computer

• Device Manager – view and manage hardware devices


Computer Management from Windows 7Computer Management from Windows 7


Event Viewer from Windows 7Event Viewer from Windows 7


Performance Monitor from Windows 7Performance Monitor from Windows 7


Shared Folders from Windows 7Shared Folders from Windows 7


Local Users and Groups from Windows 7Local Users and Groups from Windows 7


Device Manager from Windows 7Device Manager from Windows 7


UAC (User Access Control)UAC (User Access Control)

• Provides a heightened awareness to security issues

• A message appears anytime something occurs that normally would require an administrator-level decision to make changes to the system.– Protects users from themselves as well as

software that is trying to change the system


PermissionsPermissions

• There are two types of permissions:– Shared folder permissions – Provide access

to data across a network.– NTFS file/folder permissions – Provide

tighter control than shared folder permissions.• These can only be used on NTFS

partitions/volumes.


Shared Folder PermissionsShared Folder Permissions

• To share a folder in XP: Explorer ►right-click on the folder ► Sharing and Security ► Sharing tab ► Share this folder

• To share a folder in Vista/7– Use the Public folder (C:\Users\Public)– Explorer ► right-click on the folder ►

Properties ► Sharing tab ► Advanced Sharing button ► enable the Share this folder checkbox


Share PermissionsShare Permissions

• Sharing tab


NTFS PermissionsNTFS Permissions

• Security tab ► Advanced button


NTFS PermissionsNTFS Permissions


The Boot ProcessThe Boot Process

• System partition (XP and lower) or system volume (Vista and 7) is the active drive partition that holds files needed to load the operating system.– Normally C:

• Boot partition (XP and lower) or boot volume (Vista and 7) is the partition or logical drive where the bulk of the operating system files are located.– The boot and system partitions or the boot and

system volumes can be the same partition/volume.


System/Startup FilesSystem/Startup Files


Overview of the Boot ProcessOverview of the Boot Process

The HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) is the layer between the operating system and hardware devices that allows Windows to run different hardware configurations and components without crashing the operating system.


Troubleshooting the Boot ProcessTroubleshooting the Boot Process• Many problems can cause Windows not to boot

correctly. − Invalid partition table− Error loading operating system− Missing operating system− Boot: Couldn’t find NTLDR (XP or lower)− NTLDR is missing (XP or lower)− Windows has blocked some startup programs− The Windows boot configuration data file is missing required

information (Vista or higher)− Windows could not start because the following file is missing or

corrupt


Troubleshooting the Boot ProcessTroubleshooting the Boot Process

• Hold down the Shift key during the logon process and keep it held down until desktop icons appear to disable startup programs.

• Pressing F8 during the startup process brings up the Windows Advanced Boot Options menu used to troubleshoot Windows boot and operational problems.


Advanced Boot Options MenuAdvanced Boot Options Menu


Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)• Used in Windows Vista and 7• Replaced the Recovery Console and ASR

(Automated System Recovery that uses the Backup tool to backup important system files (not data files) used to start Windows XP)

• Boot from the installation DVD, select the language parameters, click Repair your computer, select an operating system, click Next.

• Some computers can access this from the Advanced Boot Options (F8 during startup)


Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)


BOOTREC.EXE CommandBOOTREC.EXE Command

• bootrec /FixMbr – Used to resolve MBR issues; writes a Windows Vista/7-compatible MBR to the system partition

• bootrec /FixBoot – Used if the boot sector has been replaced with a non-Windows Vista or 7 boot sector, if the boot sector is corrupt, or if an earlier Windows version has been installed after Vista or 7.


BOOTREC.EXE CommandBOOTREC.EXE Command

• bootrec /ScanOs – Used when Vista/7 has been isntalled and is not listed on the Boot Manager menu

• bootrec /RebuildBcd – Used to rebuild the BCD file


System Configuration UtilitySystem Configuration Utility

• Used to disable startup programs and services• msconfig from a command prompt


Windows DefenderWindows Defender

• Program in Windows Vista and 7 that runs in the background looking for spyware.


Troubleshooting a Service That Does Not StartTroubleshooting a Service That Does Not Start


Shut Down ProblemsShut Down Problems

• Three things associated with Shut Down problems

Active devicesActive services

Active applications


Supporting Windows RemotelySupporting Windows Remotely

• Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance can be used to access a Windows XP PC remotely.– Remote Desktop is disabled by default in Windows

Vista or 7.– Remote Assistance displays a prompt asking

permission for the computer to be viewed remotely. • In Vista or 7, Remote Assistance now supports computers

that use NAT, but you may have to go into the Windows Firewall (or another vendor’s firewall) and configure it to allow Remote Assistance to work.

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Preventive MaintenancePreventive Maintenance


Avoiding BurnoutAvoiding Burnout


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