chapter 12 soft tissue injuries burns. 2 million/year (reported) ~ 12,000 die annually almost 1...
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Chapter 12
Soft Tissue Injuries
Burns
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Burns
• 2 million/year (reported)
• ~ 12,000 die annually
• Almost 1 million require long term hospitalization
• Children under 6 YOA burnt most often (usually scald burns)
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• Agent Source– Thermal Flame, excessive heat from
fire, steam, hot liquids, hot objects
– Chemical Acid, Alkaline– Electricity AC/DC, lightning– Radiation UV, nuclear– Light Intense light source
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• Degree– 1st Degree (Superficial)
• Redness, pain, moist appearance to skin
– 2nd Degree (Partial Thickness)• Severe pain, swelling,
• Blistering (within 48 hours)
• Redness (may appear mottled)
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• Degree con’t.– 3rd Degree (Full thickness)
• Difficult to distinguish from 2o
• Usually areas charred (maroon to black) or white
• Usually dry in appearance
• Usually no pain (except at periphery)– May require skin grating
– Dense scarring
– Infection of major concern
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• 1o 2o 3o
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• Severity– Agent & Source– Degree– Body Region
• Face, hands, feet, genitalia• Circumferential burns
– Extent of Body Surface Area (BSA) Involved• Rule of Palm
– Patient’s palm = ~1% of BSA
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Region Adult Child/Infant
Head 9% 18%
Anterior Trunk Chest Abdomen
18% (9%) (9%)
18% (9%) (9%)
Posterior Trunk Upper Back Lower back & Buttocks
18% (9%)
(9%)
18% (9%)
(9%)Each UpperExtremity
9% 9%
Each LowerExtremity
18% 14%
Groin 1% 1%
Total BSA 100% 101%
Percentage of Body Surface Area(BSA)
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Classification & Evaluationof Burns
• Severity con’t.– Age– Predisposing Illness or Injury
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Burns
• Minor Burns– 1o involving less than 20% of BSA– 2o involving less than 15% of BSA– 3o involving less than 2% BSA
• Excluding face, hands, feet, genitalia
• Moderate Burns– 1o involving 20-75% BSA– 2o involving 15-30% BSA– 3o involving 2-10% BSA
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Burns
• Critical Burns– 1o involving more than 75% BSA– 2o involving more than 30% BSA– 3o involving more than 10% BSA
• 2o & 3o burns of the hands, feet, face or genitalia
• Circumferential burns
• All burns complicated by respiratory injuries, other soft tissue injuries, bone/joint injuries, other injuries or illness
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Care for Thermal Burns
• Care– Stop Burning Process, Cool Burn– Ensure Airway, Complete Primary Assessment– Treat for Shock, Do Not Clear Debris– Cover With Dressing, Bandage Loosely
• Remove jewelry
• Separate digits, hand should be in position of function
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Care for Burns
• Chemical Burns– Flush area with copious amounts of water
• If dry chemical (brush away 1st then flush)
• Do Not allow victim to stand in water
– Flush affected area at least 20 minutes– Apply sterile dressing or burn sheet– Ensure airway– Treat for shock
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Smoke Inhalation
• Signs & Symptoms– Respiratory Difficulty– Coughing– Smokey Smell or Odor of Chemicals on Breath– Black Carbon Residue– Singed Nasal or Facial Hair
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Smoke Inhalation
• Care– Remove from source– Complete initial patient assessment
• Care for ABC’s
– Provide high flow oxygen if available– Activate EMS
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Electrical Burns
• Concerns– Amount of deep tissue injury may be great
• Entrance wound usually small
• Exit wound may be extensive and deep
– Burn may be accompanied by cardiac arrest– Violent muscular contractions possible
• Can result in avulsion fractures or dislocations
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Electrical Burns
• Care– Ensure your own safety
• Safety Zones• Turn power off prior to contacting victim
– Complete initial assessment• Care for ABC’s
– Be prepared to perform CPR– Care for any open wounds– Activate EMS
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Lightning Burns
• ~ 1,000 injuries per year
• ~ 200 deaths per year
• Involves massive amounts of energy– Up to 50 million volts– Temperature up to 50,000oF
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Lightning Related Deaths
• States where most injuries most frequently occur– Florida– North Carolina– Texas– Places where most injuries occur
• Open fields 27%; Under trees 17%; On or near water12%; Near tractors/heavy equipment 6%;
On golf courses 4%; At telephones 1%; Other 33%
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Types of Lightning Injuries
– Direct Strike (most serious)• Usually conducted through a metal object being held
– Flashover (less severe)• Travels over surface of person (usually when wet)
– Side Flash• Strikes object near person and “splashes” through the air
to the person
– Stride Potential• Strikes ground near person then travels up one leg and
down the other
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Lightning Injuries
• Characteristics– Burns are usually superficial, feathery, branching
appearance– Usually no entrance or exit wounds– May have thermal burn (if clothes burn)– Blunt trauma possible (from falling)– Neurological Problems
• Paralysis, convulsions, amnesia
– Cardiac arrest possible
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Lightning Injuries - Care
• Care– Move patient & self out of danger
• (lightning does strike in the same place twice)
– Prolonged resuscitation may be required• Triage
– Normally with multiple victims if there is no spontaneous cardiac or respiratory activity - lowest priority
– However with lightning strike - high priority