Chapter 12: Religion Chapter 12: Religion

& Reform 1820& Reform 1820--18601860

Section 1 IndividualismSection 1 Individualism

�� A. A. Emerson and Emerson and TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

�� 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leader 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leader of an intellectual movement rooted in of an intellectual movement rooted in the religious atmosphere of New the religious atmosphere of New England.England.

�� 2. Romantic thinkers, such as Samuel 2. Romantic thinkers, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who challenged the Taylor Coleridge, who challenged the rational traditions of the rational traditions of the Enlightenment, influenced Enlightenment, influenced transcendentalists.transcendentalists.

�� 3. Transcendentalists hoped to 3. Transcendentalists hoped to "transcend," or go beyond the world of "transcend," or go beyond the world of the senses and achieve a deeper level of the senses and achieve a deeper level of understanding of the universe.understanding of the universe.

�� 4. Emerson advocated the individuals 4. Emerson advocated the individuals discovery of his or her "original discovery of his or her "original relationship" with nature.relationship" with nature.

Section 1 IndividualismSection 1 Individualism�� 5. Emerson took an ambivalent stance toward 5. Emerson took an ambivalent stance toward industrial society.industrial society.

�� a. He criticized the numbing routine of a. He criticized the numbing routine of factory life, which dulled human creativity.factory life, which dulled human creativity.

�� b. He applauded advances in technology and b. He applauded advances in technology and human innovation.human innovation.

�� 6. Emerson carried his ideas to middle6. Emerson carried his ideas to middle--class class America through a series of popular lectures America through a series of popular lectures between 1833 and 1860.between 1833 and 1860.

�� B. Emerson's Literary InfluenceB. Emerson's Literary Influence

�� 1. Emerson influenced a young New England 1. Emerson influenced a young New England intellectual, Henry David Thoreau.intellectual, Henry David Thoreau.

Section 1 IndividualismSection 1 Individualism�� ThoreauThoreau’’s s WaldenWalden urged readers to probe the deeper, urged readers to probe the deeper,

spiritual meanings of their lives.spiritual meanings of their lives.

�� Thoreau became a voice for independent thinking, Thoreau became a voice for independent thinking,

nonconformity, and civil disobedience.nonconformity, and civil disobedience.

�� 2. Margaret Fuller argued that Emerson's ideas 2. Margaret Fuller argued that Emerson's ideas

concerning a deeper mystical relationship with God concerning a deeper mystical relationship with God

equally applied to equally applied to womenwomen andand provided them with provided them with

identity and dignity.identity and dignity.

�� 3. Walt Whitman celebrated the uniqueness of the 3. Walt Whitman celebrated the uniqueness of the

individual in individual in LeavesLeaves ofof Grass.Grass.

�� 4. Other American writers such as Nathaniel 4. Other American writers such as Nathaniel

Hawthorne and Herman Melville explored darker Hawthorne and Herman Melville explored darker

themes focusing on the conflicting demands of themes focusing on the conflicting demands of

individuality and social responsibility.individuality and social responsibility.

Section 1 IndividualismSection 1 Individualism�� C. The Brook Farm ExperimentC. The Brook Farm Experiment

�� 1. Transcendentalists established a number of Utopian 1. Transcendentalists established a number of Utopian

communities to escape the constraints of industrial society. communities to escape the constraints of industrial society.

The most important of these communities was the Brook The most important of these communities was the Brook

Farm Community founded in Roxbury, Massachusetts.Farm Community founded in Roxbury, Massachusetts.

�� 2. Brook Farmers organized themselves to remain largely 2. Brook Farmers organized themselves to remain largely

selfself--sufficient.sufficient.

George Ripley-founder of

Brook Farm

Chapter 12 Sec. 2 CommunalismChapter 12 Sec. 2 Communalism

Communal Settlements in the United States 1810-1860

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism contd.contd.

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism

�� A. The ShakersA. The Shakers

�� 1. In 1770 an illiterate Manchester factory worker, Ann Lee Stan1. In 1770 an illiterate Manchester factory worker, Ann Lee Stanleyley, , (Mother Ann) claimed to have visions in which God revealed that (Mother Ann) claimed to have visions in which God revealed that Adam& Eve had been banished from the Garden of Eden because of Adam& Eve had been banished from the Garden of Eden because of sexual lust.sexual lust.

�� 2. Stanley moved to Albany, New York, & established the first of2. Stanley moved to Albany, New York, & established the first ofseveral Shaker communities.several Shaker communities.

�� 3. To the Shakers, sin was the product of a society that put obs3. To the Shakers, sin was the product of a society that put obstacles tacles in the way of a chaste & selfin the way of a chaste & self--denying life.denying life.

�� 4. Shakers abstained from marriage, ownership of private propert4. Shakers abstained from marriage, ownership of private property, y, interest in war or politics, and the use of alcohol and tobacco.interest in war or politics, and the use of alcohol and tobacco.

�� 5. Shaker communities, with their economic prosperity and sexual5. Shaker communities, with their economic prosperity and sexualequality, attracted a large number of converts between the 1780sequality, attracted a large number of converts between the 1780s & & the 1840s.the 1840s.

�� 6. Dependence on converts and young orphans to replenish their 6. Dependence on converts and young orphans to replenish their numbers eventually caused the decline of the movement.numbers eventually caused the decline of the movement.

�� B. The B. The FourieristFourierist MovementMovement

�� 1. Utopian Socialist 1. Utopian Socialist Charles FourierCharles Fourier advocated the creation of selfadvocated the creation of self--supporting communities known as supporting communities known as Phalanxes.Phalanxes.

�� 2.2. Arthur Brisbane, an American disciple of Fourier, suggested thaArthur Brisbane, an American disciple of Fourier, suggested that t Fourier's movement offered an opportunity to continue the great Fourier's movement offered an opportunity to continue the great political movement of 1776.political movement of 1776.

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism contd.contd.

�� 3. Brisbane and his followers founded over 100 cooperative commu3. Brisbane and his followers founded over 100 cooperative communities nities in the United States, most of which ended in failure.in the United States, most of which ended in failure.

�� 4. The 4. The FourieristFourierist movement illustrated the social discontent fostered by movement illustrated the social discontent fostered by economic depression.economic depression.

�� C. Noyes and Oneida CommunityC. Noyes and Oneida Community

�� I. I. John Humphrey NoyesJohn Humphrey Noyes established a community that redefined established a community that redefined traditional sexuality and gender roles.traditional sexuality and gender roles.

�� 2. Noyes advocated "perfectionism," or the belief that the seco2. Noyes advocated "perfectionism," or the belief that the second coming nd coming of Christ had already occurred and that people could achieve freof Christ had already occurred and that people could achieve freedom edom from sin.from sin.

�� 3. Unlike Shakers, who advocated celibacy, Noyes embraced "compl3. Unlike Shakers, who advocated celibacy, Noyes embraced "complex ex marriage"whereinmarriage"wherein all members of the community were married to one all members of the community were married to one another.another.

•• 4. Noyes and his followers initially settled in Putney, Vermont.4. Noyes and his followers initially settled in Putney, Vermont. After local After local opposition to the practice of complex marriage, the group finallopposition to the practice of complex marriage, the group finally settled in y settled in Oneida, New York.Oneida, New York.

•• 5. The significance of Noyes' and other Utopian communities lies5. The significance of Noyes' and other Utopian communities lies in their in their rejection of 19rejection of 19thth century American social and class norms.century American social and class norms.

If we were of the world, I believe that the If we were of the world, I believe that the

people... would love us well enough to let people... would love us well enough to let

us remain somewhere in the state. But us remain somewhere in the state. But

they hate us, despise us, and persecute us, they hate us, despise us, and persecute us,

and when they kill us they verily think and when they kill us they verily think

they do God's service. they do God's service.

Elizabeth Haven BarlowElizabeth Haven Barlow

The MormonsThe Mormons

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism contd.contd.

D. The MormonsD. The Mormons

•• 1. In 1830, 1. In 1830, John SmithJohn Smith published published TheTheBookBook ofof Mormon,Mormon, which he claimed was a which he claimed was a translation from gold plates shown to him translation from gold plates shown to him by the angel by the angel MoroniMoroni..

•• 2. Smith incorporated his religious views in 2. Smith incorporated his religious views in his newly formed Church of Latterhis newly formed Church of Latter--Day Day Saints.Saints.

•• 3. Smith promoted capitalistic values such as 3. Smith promoted capitalistic values such as hard work, risk taking, & saving within a hard work, risk taking, & saving within a communal framework, hoping to create a communal framework, hoping to create a "New Jerusalem.""New Jerusalem."

••

Joseph Smith

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism contd.contd.

4. Smith was forced to move his followers 4. Smith was forced to move his followers several times to avoid persecution before several times to avoid persecution before settling in Nauvoo, Illinois. The Nauvoosettling in Nauvoo, Illinois. The Nauvoo

community grew into the largest Utopian community grew into the largest Utopian community in the country, with 30,000 community in the country, with 30,000 inhabitants by the 1840s.inhabitants by the 1840s.

•• 5. Smiths growing economic and political 5. Smiths growing economic and political power fueled resentment among the local power fueled resentment among the local Illinois population.Illinois population.

•• 6. Smith continued to proclaim new 6. Smith continued to proclaim new revelations, one of which justified revelations, one of which justified polygamy.polygamy.

•• 7. An anti7. An anti--Mormon mob, incensed by Mormon mob, incensed by charges of treason against Smith, charges of treason against Smith, murdered Smith & his brother in 1844.murdered Smith & his brother in 1844.

Nauvoo Temple

Carthage Missouri

Jail where Joseph

and Hyran Smith

were murdered

Section 2 CommunalismSection 2 Communalism contd.contd.

8. 8. Brigham YoungBrigham Young, an early convert to , an early convert to the church, assumed Smiths role as the church, assumed Smiths role as church leader. In 1846, Young church leader. In 1846, Young began a phased move across the began a phased move across the great plains into what is now the great plains into what is now the state of Utah.state of Utah.

9. Mormons continued to face 9. Mormons continued to face resistance & possible armed attack resistance & possible armed attack from an American government that from an American government that disapproved of Mormon marriage disapproved of Mormon marriage practices.practices.

10. The Mormons succeeded where 10. The Mormons succeeded where other Utopian communities failed other Utopian communities failed by combining by combining an entrepreneurial an entrepreneurial spirit with highly disciplined spirit with highly disciplined patriarchal communities. patriarchal communities.

Brigham Young

Why were Joseph Smith and his followers Why were Joseph Smith and his followers

forced to move several times?forced to move several times?

�� Forced to move due to Forced to move due to religious persecution.religious persecution.�� Communal organizationCommunal organization

�� Controversial teaching of Controversial teaching of polygamypolygamy

�� Joseph Smith, the leader and Joseph Smith, the leader and founder of the Church of founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints.Latter Day Saints.�� Smith Dies at the hands of Smith Dies at the hands of violent mob.violent mob.

�� Brigham Young leads the Brigham Young leads the group from Illinois to Utah.group from Illinois to Utah.

An example of mob violence against Mormons is

shown in this 1844 by lithograph by G.N. Fasel

called Martyrdom of Joseph & Hiram Smith

Where did Brigham Young move Where did Brigham Young move

the Mormons and why?the Mormons and why?�� The Great Salt lake in UtahThe Great Salt lake in Utah

�� Mexican TerritoryMexican Territory

�� Avoid persecution of the Avoid persecution of the United StatesUnited States

�� No one would bother them in No one would bother them in the desert.the desert.

�� Used Irrigation to control Used Irrigation to control the water supply in the the water supply in the semisemi--arid regions of the far arid regions of the far west.west.

Salt Lake CitySalt Lake City

�� Salt Lake City was founded on Salt Lake City was founded on July 26, 1847, when Brigham July 26, 1847, when Brigham Young jabbed his cane into the Young jabbed his cane into the parched earth of the Great Salt parched earth of the Great Salt Lake Valley and said, "Here will Lake Valley and said, "Here will be the Temple of our God." A be the Temple of our God." A week later, the Saints laid out week later, the Saints laid out their city around this Temple their city around this Temple Square. Within ten years it would Square. Within ten years it would be the second largest city in the be the second largest city in the West.West.

Section 3 The WomenSection 3 The Women’’s Movements Movement

�� III. The Women's MovementIII. The Women's Movement

�� A. New Social Roles for WomenA. New Social Roles for Women

�� I. MiddleI. Middle--class women gradually achieved greater class women gradually achieved greater

authority within their families by joining religious authority within their families by joining religious

organizations and by becoming guardians of organizations and by becoming guardians of

morality.morality.

�� 2. Many women began to move beyond domestic life 2. Many women began to move beyond domestic life

& branch out into public and professional roles. & branch out into public and professional roles.

�� 3. 3. Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe’’s novel s novel UncleUncle Tom'sTom's

CabinCabin not only advocated the abolition of slavery, not only advocated the abolition of slavery,

but also argued the moral superiority of women.but also argued the moral superiority of women.

�� 4. Women in NY formed the Female Moral Reform 4. Women in NY formed the Female Moral Reform

Society to concentrate on moral reform, which by Society to concentrate on moral reform, which by

1837 maintained 15,000 members in 250 chapters.1837 maintained 15,000 members in 250 chapters.

�� 5. Female reformers also focused on improving 5. Female reformers also focused on improving

social institutions and education.social institutions and education.

�� 6. Catharine Beecher argued that "energetic & 6. Catharine Beecher argued that "energetic &

benevolent women" were best qualified to instruct benevolent women" were best qualified to instruct

the young.the young.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Section 3 The WomenSection 3 The Women’’s Movements Movement contd.contd.

�� 2. 2. Antislavery advocates Antislavery advocates Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady StannStann & & LucretiaLucretia MottMott outlined outlined

a program for women's equality at Seneca Falls, New York, in 184a program for women's equality at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. The 8. The

Seneca Falls convention repudiated the idea of separate spheres Seneca Falls convention repudiated the idea of separate spheres for men & for men &

women as the natural order of society.women as the natural order of society.

�� 3. Feminist reformers worked to change property and custody laws3. Feminist reformers worked to change property and custody laws and, most and, most

important, initiated a coordinated drive to win female suffrage.important, initiated a coordinated drive to win female suffrage.

�� 4. New leaders, such as 4. New leaders, such as Susan B, AnthonySusan B, Anthony, created local networks to lobby , created local networks to lobby

state legislators & collect signatures for petitions supporting state legislators & collect signatures for petitions supporting reform.reform.

�� 5. Anthony's efforts led New York State to pass a new law in 1865. Anthony's efforts led New York State to pass a new law in 1860 granting 0 granting

women the right to control their own wages, bring suit in court,women the right to control their own wages, bring suit in court, & if widowed, & if widowed,

control property they had brought into the marriage.control property they had brought into the marriage.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony

Section 3 The WomenSection 3 The Women’’s Movements Movement contd.contd.

�� B. The Influence of AbolitionismB. The Influence of Abolitionism

�� 1. During the Revolution, Quaker women had 1. During the Revolution, Quaker women had established schools for freed slaves.established schools for freed slaves.

�� 2. Many Baptist and Methodist women endorsed 2. Many Baptist and Methodist women endorsed religious arguments against slavery.religious arguments against slavery.

�� 3. Angelina and Sarah Grimke used Enlightenment 3. Angelina and Sarah Grimke used Enlightenment ideals to promote civil equality for women within the ideals to promote civil equality for women within the abolitionist movement.abolitionist movement.

�� 4. In 1840 4. In 1840 William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison caused caused abolitionists to split between those who wanted to limit abolitionists to split between those who wanted to limit the movement to the abolition of slavery and those who the movement to the abolition of slavery and those who wanted to include equality for women.wanted to include equality for women.

�� 5. In the 1840s and 1850s, women increasingly focused 5. In the 1840s and 1850s, women increasingly focused on the horrors of slavery for women.on the horrors of slavery for women.

�� 6. Harriet Jacobs's 6. Harriet Jacobs's IncidentsIncidents inin thethe LifeLife ofof aa SlaveSlave GirlGirldescribed the anguish of life under cruel masters.described the anguish of life under cruel masters.

�� C. The Program of Seneca FallsC. The Program of Seneca Falls

�� 1. In the 1840s, women worked to strengthen their legal 1. In the 1840s, women worked to strengthen their legal rights, particularly property rights. These initiatives won rights, particularly property rights. These initiatives won support from many men who wished to protect their support from many men who wished to protect their wives & daughters from a volatile economy and wives & daughters from a volatile economy and dissolute sondissolute son--inin--laws.laws.

Sojourner Truth in her seventies

Section 4 AbolitionismSection 4 Abolitionism

�� IV. AbolitionismIV. Abolitionism

�� A. African ColonizationA. African Colonization

�� 1. By 1820, most northern states had abolished slavery & provide1. By 1820, most northern states had abolished slavery & provided for emancipation.d for emancipation.

�� 2. The problem remained of how to deal with slavery in the "slav2. The problem remained of how to deal with slavery in the "slave societies" of the e societies" of the South.South.

�� The The American Colonization SocietyAmerican Colonization Society believed the answer was to free southern slaves & believed the answer was to free southern slaves & relocate them in Africa.relocate them in Africa.

�� a. Most free blacks rejected the idea of African resettlement ona. Most free blacks rejected the idea of African resettlement on the grounds that the grounds that America was their new home.America was their new home.

�� b. The few blacks who supported resettlement founded the colony b. The few blacks who supported resettlement founded the colony of Liberia on the west of Liberia on the west coast of Africa.coast of Africa.

•• B. Slave RebellionB. Slave Rebellion

�� 1. Free blacks continued to work for emancipation, founding news1. Free blacks continued to work for emancipation, founding newspapers & publishing papers & publishing antislavery pamphlets.antislavery pamphlets.

�� 2. 2. David Walkers "Appeal. . .to the Colored Citizens of the World"David Walkers "Appeal. . .to the Colored Citizens of the World" ridiculed the religious ridiculed the religious pretensions of slaveholders & justified slave rebellion.pretensions of slaveholders & justified slave rebellion.

�� 3. Walker and other African American activists called for a nati3. Walker and other African American activists called for a national convention in 1830.onal convention in 1830.

�� a. The Philadelphia convention urged free blacks to use every lea. The Philadelphia convention urged free blacks to use every legal means at theirgal means at their

disposal to improve the condition of enslaved Africandisposal to improve the condition of enslaved African--AmericansAmericans

�� b. The Convention also worked to establish a safe haven for blacb. The Convention also worked to establish a safe haven for blacks in Canada.ks in Canada.

Section 4 AbolitionismSection 4 Abolitionism contd.contd.

�� 4. Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, answered Walkers call for rebel4. Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, answered Walkers call for rebellion by lion by initiating a violent uprising in August 1831.initiating a violent uprising in August 1831.

�� 5. Turners revolt galvanized proslavery leaders to pass new hars5. Turners revolt galvanized proslavery leaders to pass new harsher her laws dealing with slaves.laws dealing with slaves.

�� C. Evangelical AbolitionismC. Evangelical Abolitionism

•• 1. Frightened by the prospect of a bloody racial conflict, evang1. Frightened by the prospect of a bloody racial conflict, evangelical elical northern whites began a crusade to end slavery in the South.northern whites began a crusade to end slavery in the South.

�� 2. Massachusetts2. Massachusetts--born printer born printer William Lloyd Garrison became the William Lloyd Garrison became the most uncompromising abolitionist leader. In addition to the most uncompromising abolitionist leader. In addition to the emancipation of slaves, Garrison argued for the equality of womeemancipation of slaves, Garrison argued for the equality of women & n & the repudiation of all the repudiation of all govtsgovts..

�� 3. Theodore Dwight Weld, in collaboration with the Grimke sister3. Theodore Dwight Weld, in collaboration with the Grimke sisters, s, collected evidence against slavery in collected evidence against slavery in AmericanAmerican SlaverySlavery asas ItIt Is:Is:TestimonyTestimony ofof aa ThousandThousand WitnessesWitnesses in 1839.in 1839.

�� 4. In 1833 Weld, Garrison, and other prominent abolitionists for4. In 1833 Weld, Garrison, and other prominent abolitionists formed med The American AntiThe American Anti--Slavery Society. Slavery Society.

�� 5.5. Abolitionists advocated a threeAbolitionists advocated a three--pronged attack against slavery.pronged attack against slavery.

�� a. They appealed to public opinion using large rallies and stirra. They appealed to public opinion using large rallies and stirring ing speakers.speakers.

�� b. Local leaders spread antislavery manifestos.b. Local leaders spread antislavery manifestos.

�� c. Modern printing presses and mail campaigns spread antislaveryc. Modern printing presses and mail campaigns spread antislaverypamphlets.pamphlets.

�� 6. Whites and African Americans in the South established an 6. Whites and African Americans in the South established an "underground railroad""underground railroad" to help slaves escape to the North.to help slaves escape to the North.

William Lloyd Garrison

Artistic rendition of Nat

Turner’s Rebellion

Section 4 AbolitionismSection 4 Abolitionism contd.contd.

�� D. Opposition and DisunityD. Opposition and Disunity

�� 1. Most northern men feared the abolitionist crusade would evolv1. Most northern men feared the abolitionist crusade would evolve into a e into a general assault on private property rights.general assault on private property rights.

�� 2. White wage earners feared that freed slaves willing to work f2. White wage earners feared that freed slaves willing to work for subsistence or subsistence wages would flood the northern job market with cheapwages would flood the northern job market with cheap

�� labor.labor.

�� 3. During the 1830s and 1840s several northern states changed la3. During the 1830s and 1840s several northern states changed laws that ws that permitted free blacks to vote or restricted voting rights to thopermitted free blacks to vote or restricted voting rights to those who owned se who owned significant property.significant property.

�� 4. Anti4. Anti--abolitionist agitation led to acts of violence against abolitionabolitionist agitation led to acts of violence against abolitionists such ists such as William Garrison and Arthur Tappan.as William Garrison and Arthur Tappan.

�� 5. Supporters of slavery began to describe slavery not as "a nec5. Supporters of slavery began to describe slavery not as "a necessary evil" but essary evil" but as a "positive good," arguing that slavery actually civilized anas a "positive good," arguing that slavery actually civilized and improved the d improved the lives of Africanlives of African--Americans.Americans.

�� 6. Internally, abolitionists split between those who wanted a br6. Internally, abolitionists split between those who wanted a broad range of oad range of reforms, including equality for women, and more conservative refreforms, including equality for women, and more conservative reformers who ormers who wished to focus on antislavery measures alone.wished to focus on antislavery measures alone.

�� 7. Though they achieved notable success, abolitionists aroused t7. Though they achieved notable success, abolitionists aroused the hostility of he hostility of a majority of the white population, who feared that abolitionista majority of the white population, who feared that abolitionists advocated the s advocated the destruction of traditional values and social norms.destruction of traditional values and social norms.

�� 8. Despite initial hostility to abolitionism, by the 1850 most 8. Despite initial hostility to abolitionism, by the 1850 most white white Northerners began to question the moral ramifications of slaveryNortherners began to question the moral ramifications of slavery. .