chapter 12 (motivation) vocabulary adam khan. motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs...
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Chapter 12 (Motivation) vocabulary
Adam Khan
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Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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Instinct
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and
is unlearned
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Drive-reduction theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
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Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and
then psychological needs become active
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Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
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Set point
The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls
below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost
weight.
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Basal metabolic rate
The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
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Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes
significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
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Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high
caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
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Sexual response cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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Refractory period
A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another
orgasm
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Estrogen
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman
female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
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Sexual disorder
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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Sexual orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other
gender (heterosexual orientation)
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Achievement motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas;
for attaining a high standard
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Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
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Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
punishment
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Industrial/organizational psychology
A subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior. Industrial/organizational (I/O)
psychologists help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design
products and assess responses to them.
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Task leadership
Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and
focuses attention on goals
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Social leadership
Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict,
and offers support
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Theory X
Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and, thus, should be directed
from above
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Theory Y
Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-
esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity