Chapter 12 Foreign Affairs in the Young

Nation

Essential Question: To what extent should the United States have become

involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?

12.7

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.1 IntroductionRead 12.1 and be able to:

Record your answers on back of chapter 12 packet.

1. Guided Reading:a. Describe the significance of the items in the claws of the eagle.b. What does the Great Seal symbolize?c. What year was the Great Seal approved by Congress?

2. Examination:a. List at least 3 items from the great seal that use the

number 13.

3. Extension: You will have to use the internet and/or context clues.

a. Define “E. Pluribus Unum

b. Study the “pyramid” seal & research it. List five facts.

12.1 IntroductionHave you got a dollar bill?

The Unfinished Pyramid = Strength and Endurance

The bald eagle =United States Symbol.The Olive Branch in the Claw=peaceThe Arrows in the Other Claw=War

**Which way does the eagle face? Why?

Now turn the dollar over!

George Washington

The first president and the first to define U.S. foreign policy in the early years of the nation’s

history!

“First in War, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of His Countrymen.” Inscription written about George

Washington.

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy

The army Washington commanded during the American Revolution had disbanded.

The government didn’t have any money to keeps to keep the army active.

Americans had learned that a standard national army could take away their liberties and believed state militia troops could handle

things.

1789: America was militarily weak.

And there were threats!!!* The nation was surrounded by unfriendly

powers!(see map on page 227)

• The French Revolution : At first, Americans were thrilled, but that changed in 1793 when France declared war against Great Britain!

• Back in 1788, the United States signed a treaty of alliance with France! Why?

(Many Americans wanted to honor that treaty even if it meant going to war with Great Britain!)• Knowing America wasn’t prepared for war, Washington declared NEUTRALITY!

Washington’s Farewell Address

The United States could gain nothing by becoming involved in other nations’ affairs. “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

Washington’s policy of avoiding alliances with other countries = ISOLATIONISM!

For the next century (100 years) isolationism would be the foundation of U.S. foreign policy!

George Washington• Foreign Policy: Isolationism and Neutrality.

• Accomplishments: Remained neutral and did not get dragged into the another war as France declared war on Britain in 1793.

• Interaction with other countries: Trading & commerce and negotiations to remain neutral. Jay’s Treaty.

• Land Lost/Gained: None, but Britain agreed to leave the Ohio River Valley with the Jay’s Treaty.

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.3 President Adam’s Dilemma: Protecting U.S. Ships

Staying neutral proved to be difficult!

The Jay Treaty, 1794

•Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court to London to settle things with Great Britain for their refusal to leave posts in the Ohio Valley.

•France, still at war with Great Britain, viewed this treaty as a violation of their treaty made with America in 1778.

•1796, France ships start attacking U.S. merchant ships bound for Great Britain.

•Over the next year, French seize 316 American ships!

12.5

The XYZ Affair (James Bond Stuff)

• Adams sent three envoys to France to end attacks!• French foreign minister, Talleyrand, refused to speak with

Americans and sent secret agents instead!(X,Y,and Z)• There would be no peace talks unless Americans paid tribute! • President Adams recruited 10,000 men & built 12 new ships for the

nation’s tiny navy!

“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”The “half war” began:

American Privateers and warships captured 80 armed French vessels!!!

President Adams becomes suddenly popular and well-

liked!Was the popular thin g (waging an undeclared war on France) the best thing for the country????

What should Adams do?

What would you have done?

12.4 What Happened: Adams Pursues Peace

Adams decisions & the consequences of those decisions!

1. Adams chose to negotiate with the French in 1799 to avoid war. Federalists were unhappy!!

2. Napoleon Bonaparte, new French Leader, wanted to make peace with both Great Britain and America. He ordered the French to stop seizing ships!

1. In 1800 Napoleon agreed to end France’s alliance of 1778, in exchange France would not have to pay for all the ships they’d seized.

2. The U.S. government would pay ship owners for their lost property! A small price for peace!

3. Choosing the “Olive Branch” cost Adams his popularity and lost him his re-election. The Federalist party would slowly fade away.

John Adams, Cont.

John Adams had no regrets. He wrote….

I will defend my missions to France, as long as I have an eye to direct my hand, or a finger to hold my pen…. I desire no other inscription over my gravestone than: “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of the peace with France in the year 1800.”

John Adams, Summary• Foreign Policy:

– Tried to remain isolated, but could not. – XYZ Affair– Adams declared “half war” with France. – Eventually negotiated peace treaty with

Bonaparte and lost his new found popularity.

John Adams• Specific Accomplishments:

– Kept the United States out of another war it could not afford.

– Chose to do what was right over what was popular.

Interaction w/ other countries:

•XYZ Affair

•Half war with France.

Land Gained/Lost:

•None

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.5 President Jefferson’s Dilemma: Dealing with Pirates (and Britain and

France)!

• By 1803, Great Britain and France were at war again!

• Both sides seized American ships that were trading with their enemy!

• Jefferson, “England has become a den of pirates and France has become a den of thieves.”

• Still, like Washington and Adams, Jefferson tried to stick to a policy of neutrality.

Some Jefferson Background

Link to Hamilton vs. Burr Duel Facts

Hamilton vs. Burr Duel Video Link

IMPRESSMENT!

1.Great Britain was not only seizing ships, but impressing American sailors! (Kidnapping them and forcing them to serve in the British navy!)

2.British claimed some men were deserters from British navy.

3. 1807, the Leopard warship (British) stopped the Chesapeake (US) to search for deserters & the Leopard open fired and killed/wounded 21 American sailors!

4.WAR FEVER BROKE OUT AGAIN: This time with GREAT BRITAIN!

PIRACY!1. American merchant ships faced the threat of pirates along the

coast of the Mediterranean Sea near North Africa: the Barbary States!

2. Pirates seized ships and held crew for ransom! (Captain Phillips)3. President Washington and Adams paid tribute to the Barbary

States leaders in exchange for safety. They had paid over $2 million.

4. While Americans were shouting… “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”, during the XYZ Affair, the US was sending $ to the Barbary States!!

5. The ruler of Tripoli demanded more and more or he would declare war on the US!

What should Jefferson do???

Piracy in the Mediterranean(Captain Phillips Stuff)

12.6 What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Pirate Problem---

WAR.1. Jefferson sent warships to Mediterranean to

protect U.S. Ships. 1804---Ships bomb Tripoli and set up blockade.

2. U.S. Ship Philadelphia ran aground. Captain and crew captured and held for ransom. Crew set the ship on fire rather let pirates have ship.

3. 1805, Tripoli signed a peace treaty with the US.4. Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute

payments. The US would pay $60,000.00 ransom for the crew of the Philadelphia! It was a bargain for the US!

The Philadelphia

1.Great Britain and France continue seizing American ships between 1803-1807!

2.Jefferson proposes an embargo! (a halt on trade with other nations!) The Embargo Act of 1807.

3.Upwards of 55,000 American sailors and merchants lost their jobs! Hurt the U.S. more than it did anyone else.

4.Congress repealed the unpopular Embargo Act in 1809Ships returned to sea, and French and British warships kept attacking them!

5. Barbary Pirates don’t keep to their word! 1815, U.S. and European naval forces finally destroy the pirate bases.

Jefferson’s desperate attempts in the Atlantic!

Jefferson’s Embargo Act hurt the Americans more than the Europeans!

Jefferson SummaryForeign Policy:

1. Strived for Isolationism.

2. War with Barbary Pirates. Destroyed pirate bases.

3. Embargo with France and Britain. FAILED.

Accomplishments:

1. War with Barbary Pirates.

2. Purchased the Louisiana Territory from France (1803) for $15 million and doubled the size of the United States

3. Advocated states' rights over national institutions in stark difference to his predecessor John Adams

4. Drastically cut federal government spending and reduced the national debt by more than 25 percent.

5. Lewis and Clark.

Jefferson SummaryInteractions with other countries:

1. War with Mediterranean pirates.

2. Embargo with all other nations.

3. Louisiana Purchase.

Land Gained/Lost:

1. Louisiana Purchase. (1803) A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars.

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.7 President Madison’s Dilemma: Protecting Sailors and

SettlersJames Madison, 1809

1. Proposed to Great Britain and France that if they stop their attacks on American ships, the US will stop trading with their enemy.

2. Napoleon Bonaparte (France) agreed

~ except Napoleon lied and continued seizing American ships .

3. Wanting to believe… Madison cut-off all trade with Great Britain!

4. Great Britain continued to seize American ships and impress sailors.

Trouble as settlers move west…

1. November 7,1811, Shawnee warriors fought against U.S. militia led by Indiana governor, William Henry Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek!

2. Americans defeated the Indians, but learned that they were armed with British guns!

3. War Hawks (Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina) were ready to go to war with Great Britain and drive them out of Canada.

Was our nation strong enough to Launch arrows of war?

Should Madison hold tightly to the olive branch of peace?

Madison thinks about abandoning George Washington’s policy of

isolationism and going to war with GREAT BRITAIN!

New England The South andand Federalists.. The West….Opposed war, as it Supported going to war!meant a blockade and less trade.Resented Great Britain’s policy

of impressing sailors!

They also accused Great Britainfor stirring up trouble with the Indians

12.8 What Happened: The War of 1812

Isolationism is abandoned!1. Congress declared war on Great Britain on July

17,1812.2. With only 7,000 poorly trained men and 16 navy ships!3. Battles at Land and Sea4. War Hawks couldn’t take Canada.5. Sept ember 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard Perry captured

British fleet in Lake Eerie---which allowed Harrison to push into Canada!

6. Chief Tecumseh died while fighting on the side of the British!

7. By December, British drive Americans back across the border.

MORE EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 18121. Napoleon (France ruler), 1814, is defeated in

Europe. Great Britain can now send more troops to Canada!

2. August 1814, British invade Washington, D.C. !!! Madison fled for his life!

3. British attack port city of Baltimore, Maryland. September 13th, Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Fort McHenry… when dawn broke… the flag was still flying. The fort had not been captured! He wrote a poem…. “The Star-Spangled Banner” Whitney Houston sing

s Star Spangled Banner at Super Bowl

The Battle of New Orleans..1. British fleet surrenders to U.S. forces after the

Battle of Lake Champlain in New York…. But the news traveled SLOWLY...

2. January 8, 1815.. British commanders attacked New Orleans, defended by General Andrew Jackson, and a ragtag army of 7,000 militia, free African Americans, Indians, and pirates..

3. This was the GREATEST U.S. VICTORY of the War of 1812!

--Two weeks earlier, American and British diplomats met in Ghent, Belgium had signed a peace treaty..

12.2

Lego Version of Battle of New Orleans.

Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans

Results of the War….Both sides claimed victory ~ neither sides really

won.The problems of seizing and impressments seemed to

fade.However..1. Indian resistance in the northwest weakened after

Tecumseh’s death. Soon they would be driven out of the Ohio Valley.

2. National pride in the U.S. surged! The War of 1812 was the second war for independence!

3. Political damage, the Federalists Party, who opposed war, never recovered.

4. Two war heroes – William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson would be elected presidents!

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

12.9 President Monroe’s Dilemma: A New Foreign Policy

Challenge1. Elected in 1817, James Monroe welcomed policy

of Isolationism after the War of 1812.2. Attention shifted off of Great Britain and

now onto events happening in Latin America!

3. Latin America’s Revolution! • Revolt against Spanish rule lasted 10 years~

until Mexico finally won its independence! (Miguel Hidalgo)

• Venezuela (Simon Bolivar) in the north and Argentina (Jose de San Martin) in the south, won their independence from Spain!

12.10

New Latin American Nations1. Americans were excited by independence movements

in Latin America! So was Great Britain, as now they could trade with them.

2. Other European leaders were not excited, and talked of helping Spain recover its lost colonies…

3. 1832, Great Britain asked the U.S. to join in sending a message to these leaders telling them to leave Latin America alone!

4. James Monroe asked Jefferson and Madison for advice…• Should the United States do something to support

Latin America?

---If so, what?

12.10 What Happened: The Monroe Doctrine

1. Both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison liked the idea of joining with Great Britain to send a warning to the nations of Europe!

2. Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, thought it would be more dignified for the United States to speak boldly for itself!

3. 1823, James Monroe spoke to Congress about the new policy, The Monroe Doctrine. North and South American were ‘free and independent’ and could not be colonized by any European power! Europe was to STAY OUT of the Americas.

4. Europeans denounced his policy as arrogant! 5. Americans were proud to see the United States

stand up for the freedom-loving people of Latin America!

The Monroe Doctrine joins Isolationism as a Basic Principle of U.S.

Foreign Policy.The United States would not accept European

interference in American affairs!

The United States was no longer a weak collection of quarreling states. It had become a strong

and confident nation – a nation to be respected by the

world!!!

Learning Goals/Targets:

1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy?

2.How did President Adams keep peace with France?

3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy?

4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers?

5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US?

Key Terms:neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?”

Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation.

To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?

Answer in a five-paragraph essay.

1st Five Presidents Video Link