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19. Rozycki GS, Ochsner MG, Schmidt JA, et al. A prospec-tive study of surgeon performed ultrasounds as the primary adjuvant modality for injured patient assessment. J Trauma. 1995;39:492.

20. Rozycki GS, Ballard RB, Feliciano DV, et al. Surgeon performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1,540 patients. Am Surg. 1998;228:557.

21. Petre R, Chilcott M. Current concepts: blunt trauma to the heart and great vessels. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:626.

22. Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, et al. Immediate vs. delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1105.

23. Burris D, Rhee P, Kaufman C, et al. Controlled resuscitation for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 1999;46:216.

24. Demetriades D, Chan LS, Bhasin P, et al. Relative bradycardia in patients with traumatic hypotension. J Trauma. 1998;45:534.

25. Gentilello L, Cobean RA, Offner PJ, et al. Continous arteriove-nous rewarming: rapid reversal of hypothermia in critically ill patients. J Trauma. 1992;32:316.

26. Gentilello LM. Temperature associated injuries and syndromes. In: Mattox KL, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, eds. Trauma. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2000:1153.

27. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired con-sciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2:81.

28. Davis DP, Stern J, Sise MJ, et al. A follow-up analysis of factors associated with head-injury mortality after paramedic rapid sequence intubation. J Trauma. 2005;59:486.

29. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Poste JC. The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence

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intubation of severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2004;57:1.

30. Miller PR, Moore PS, Mansell E, et al. External fixation or arte-riogram in bleeding pelvic fracture: initial therapy guided by markers of arterial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2003;54:437.

31. Biffl WL, Smith WR, Moore EE, et al. Evolution of a multi-disciplinary clinical pathway for the management of unstable patients with pelvic fractures. Ann Surg. 2001;233:843.

32. Krieg JC, Mohr M, Ellis TJ, et al. Emergent stabilization of pelvic ring injuries by controlled circumferential compression: a clini-cal trial. J Trauma. 2005;59:659.

33. Dunham CM, Bosse MJ, Clancy TV, et al. Practice management guidelines for the optimal timing of long-bone fracture stabili-zation in polytrauma patients: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma. 2001;50:958.

34. Pape HC, Giannoudis PV, Krettek C, et al. Timing of fixa-tion of major fractures in blunt polytrauma: role of conven-tional indicators in clinical decision making. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19:551.

35. Eachampati SR, Hydo LJ, Barie PS. Factors influencing the development of decubitus ulcers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1678.

36. Fremstand JD, Martin GH. Lethal complication from insertion of nasogastric tube after severe basilar skull fracture. J Trauma. 1978;18:820.

37. Chang MC, Miller PR, D’Agostinho R. Effects of abdominal decompression on cardiopulmonary function and visceral per-fusion in patients with intraabdominal hypertension. J Trauma. 1998;44:440.

38. Esposito TJ, Ingraham A, Luchette FA, et al. Reasons to omit digital rectal exam in trauma patients: no fingers, no rectum, no useful additional information. J Trauma. 2005;59(6):1314-1319.

39. Offner PJ, De Souza AL, Moore EE, et al. Avoidance of abdomi-nal compartment syndrome in damage control laparotomy after trauma. Arch Surg. 2001;136:676.

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Chapter 118Head Injury

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28. Sugerman HJ, Wolfe L, Pasquale MD, et al. Multicenter, ran-domized, prospective trial of early tracheostomy. J Trauma. Novemer 1997;43(5):741-747.

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47. Waikar SS, Mount DB, Curhan GC. Mortality after hospitaliza-tion with mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia. Am J Med. September 2009;122(9):857-865.

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51. Agha A, Rogers B, Mylotte D, et al. Neuroendocrine dys-function in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). May 2004;60(5):584-591.

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53. Polderman KH, Bloemers FW, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR. Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia at admission in patients with severe head injury. Crit Care Med. June 2000;28(6):2022-2025.

54. McIntyre L, Hebert PC, Wells G, et al. Is a restrictive transfusion strategy safe for resuscitated and critically ill trauma patients? J Trauma. September 2004;57(3):563-568; discussion 568.

55. George ME, Skarda DE, Watts CR, Pham HD, Beilman GJ. Aggressive red blood cell transfusion: no association with improved outcomes for victims of isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2008;8(3):337-343.

56. Warner MA, O’Keeffe T, Bhavsar P, et al. Transfusions and long-term functional outcomes in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. September 2010;113(3):539-546.

57. Fluckiger C, Bechir M, Brenni M, et al. Increasing hematocrit above 28% during early resuscitative phase is not associated with decreased mortality following severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). April 2010;152(4):627-636.

58. Stahel PF, Smith WR, Moore EE. Current trends in resuscita-tion strategy for the multiply injured patient. Injury. Novomber 2009;40(suppl 4):S27-S35.

59. Halpern CH, Reilly PM, Turtz AR, Stein SC. Traumatic coagu-lopathy: the effect of brain injury. J Neurotrauma. August 2008;25(8):997-1001.

60. Carrick MM, Tyroch AH, Youens CA, Handley T. Subsequent development of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy in

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68. Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Nenov V, et al. Increased incidence and impact of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. J Neurosurg. November 1999;91(5):750-760.

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Chapter 119Spinal InjuriesJohn M. Oropello

Nirav MistryJamie S. Ullman

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38. Rosenberg DB, Nelson M. Rehabilitation concern in electrical burn patients: a review of the literature. J Trauma. 1988;28:808.

39. Hussman J, Kucan JO, et al. Electrical injuries—morbidity, out-come, and treatment rationale. Burns. 1995;21:530-535.

40. Nobel J, Gomez M, Fish JS. Quality of life and return to work following electrical burns. Burns. 2006;32:159-164.

41. Pliskin NH, Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Law RT, Malina AC, Kelley KM, Lee RC. Neuropsychological symptom presentation after electrical injury. J Trauma. 1998;44:709-715.

42. Cochran A, Edelman LS, Saffle JR, et al. Self-reported quality of life after electrical and thermal injury. J Burn Care and Rehabil. January/February 2004;25(1):61-66.

43. Chudasama S, Goverman J Donaldson JH, van Aalst J, Cairns BA, Hultman CS. Does voltage predict return to work and neuropsychiatric sequelae following electrical burn injury? Ann Plast Surg. 2010;64:522-525.

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