Chapter 11 Section 1

The Civil War BeginsThe secession of Southern states cause the North and South to take up arms.

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Lincoln’s journey from IL to D.C.Lincoln left his home in Springfield, IL in February of 1861, telling the townspeople who gathered to see him off that he didn’t know when or if he’d ever return. The last stage of his journey, Washington D.C., was in slave territory. In Harrisburg, PA, Lincoln received word that an assassination plot was afoot and that he would be killed if he passed through Baltimore, MD the following day. So Lincoln bypassed Baltimore and went straight to D.C., disguised by wearing a felt hat in place of his usual top hat. This action created an undignified and cowardly picture of Lincoln to his enemies, who in political cartoons, depicted him sneaking into Washington disguised in a Scottish plaid costume.

Confederates Fire on Fort SumterFort Sumter• Confederate soldiers take over government and military

instillations in the South; 7 states have seceded• Fort Sumter in the Charleston, SC harbor remains in

Union control• 2/61: Confeds demand control of the fort, or threaten

attack• Fort supplies and food will last only 6 weeks

Lincoln’s Dilemma• Reinforcing the fort by force would be an act of war,

may encourage VA to secede and Britain to help South• Evacuating the fort would show weakness, anger

Repubs, and endanger the Union

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Continued . . .

The Fall of Fort Sumterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9p7V7GrHjE

Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter

First Shots• Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends

food• For South, no action would damage legitimacy of the

Confederacy• Jefferson Davis chooses to turn a peaceful secession

into war; fires on Fort 4/12/61Virginia Secedes• Fall of Fort Sumter unites the North; volunteers rush

to enlist• VA unwilling to fight against the South; secedes from

the Union; anti-slavery western counties secede from VA (West VA)

• AK, TN, NC secede; border states (MD, DE, KY, MO) remain neutral

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American Expect a Short WarUnion and Confederate Strategies• Union advantages: # of soldiers, industry, food,

railroads• Confed advantages: cotton profits, generals,

motivation, home-court• Anaconda Plan: 3-pronged Union strategy to win

the war 1) blockade Southern ports 2) divide Confederacy in two in the west 3) capture Richmond, VA (Confed capital)

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• Confederate strategy: play defense, invade the North if the opportunity arises

Bull Run• First large-scale battle, near D.C.; Confeds win• General Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed Stonewall

Jackson for standing firm in battle

The Anaconda PlanThe strategy was devised to weaken the south without invading it. It was nicknamed the Anaconda Plan because it would strangle the Confederacy the way the anaconda snake constricts its victim. Lincoln had doubts about the plan, and rather than wait for a slow strangulation of the Confederacy to occur, he chose to do battle with the Confederacy in ground campaigns. Yet elements of the Anaconda Plan, such as the naval blockade, did become a reality.

Battle of Bull RunGeneral Barnard Bee, trying to rally the men on the Confederate side shouted, “Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Rally behind him”. Bee was killed a little while later. From that day on, Thomas Jackson was known as Stonewall Jackson.

http://www.schooltube.com/video/4842c4add15e68e0bd72/

Union Armies in the WestProtecting Washington, D.C.• After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million additional soldiers• Appoints General George McClellan to lead Army of the

Potomac• Institutes the nation’s first income tax

Forts Henry and Donelson• General Ulysses S. Grant—brave tough, decisive

commander in the west• 2/62: Grant captures Confed Forts Henry, Donelson in TN

Shiloh• 3/62: Confed troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh

Church in TN• Grant counterattacks; Confeds retreat; 24,000 dead,

wounded• Shiloh lessons learned: this will be a long, bloody war;

Confeds are vulnerable in the west

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General Ulysses S. GrantThe great Union General’s name had originally been Hiram Ulysses, but when he entered West Point in 1839, he found his name had been recorded incorrectly. It was easier for Grant to accept the mistake than for the army to correct its error. Grant had served in the MX War with distinction, but after the war he was stationed at lonely posts in the West. There, the boredom and separation from his wife drove him to drink, and to resign from the army. After that, he tried to be a farmer and a storekeeper, but failed at everything he did…until the Civil War. Grant would go on to serve as President from 1869-1877 in a scandal-plagued administration.

A Revolution in Warfare TechnologyThe Ironclads• Destroy wooden ships, repel cannon fire, resist burning• 3/62: The North’s Monitor & the South’s Merrimack fight a

legendary duel to a draw• The era of wooden ships in battle was over…development of

early submarines

New Weapons and Style of Fighting• Rifles and minie balls, the Gatling gun

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmoFVdxvARo• Grenades, land mines, airballoons, ambulance corps, torpedoes • Beginning of trench warfare

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The War for the CapitalsRichmond• Lincoln and the North’s public mock General McClellan’s

extreme cautiousness/reluctance to fight• On the way to Richmond, McClellan encounter’s General

Robert E . Lee’s forces• McClellan retreats after losing the Seven Days’ Battles to Lee

Antietam• Lee moves towards Washington D.C.• Lee faces McClellan in the town of Antietam in MD• Bloodiest battle in American history (26,000 dead)

• More than the War of 1812 and MX War combined• Confeds lose ¼ of its army

• McClellan fails to pursue the damaged Confed. army that could have ended the Civil War

• Lincoln fires McClellan

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Chapter 11 Section 2

The Politics of WarBy issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln made slavery the focus of the war.

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General Ambrose BurnsideAfter Lincoln fired General McClellan, he turned to Ambrose Burnside to lead the Union forces. Burnside cultivated a unique growth of facial hair in a style that came to be known as “burnsides” in his honor. By a reversal of syllables, it became known as “sideburns”.

Britain Remains Neutral

Economic Factors• Britain no longer dependent on the South for cotton• New sources of cotton in Egypt and India• Northern wheat and corn just as impt. as cotton

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The Trent Affair• Confederates sent two diplomats to Britain to

gain support aboard the ship the Trent• American warship stops the ship and arrests the

two men• British threaten war against the Union• Lincoln releases the men to avoid war

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Proclaiming EmancipationLincoln’s View of Slavery• Disliked slavery, but felt the fed gov’t didn’t have

power to abolish it in the existing slave states• Believes the Civil War’s main objective is to save

the Union• Lincoln evolves as the war goes on• Ending slavery became a weapon of war

• Emancipation would discourage the strongly anti-slavery Brits from helping Confeds

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Emancipation Proclamation• Emancipation Proclamation: issued 1/1/63• Only applies to areas behind Confederate lines• Does not apply to Southern territory already

occupied by the Union, or to the border states

continued Proclaiming Emancipation

Reactions to the Proclamation• For the North, it gave the war a moral purpose• Free blacks can now enlist in the army• Northern Democrats believe it will prolong the war

by antagonizing the South• Confederates outraged; more determined to win

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Continued . . .

Northern Dissent• In MD, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus: a court

order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why they are being jailed

• Arrest Copperheads: Northern Democrats who advocated peace with the South

• Jefferson Davis denounces Lincoln’s actions, then suspends habeas corpus himself

Both Sides Face Political Problems

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Conscription• Both sides enact conscription: draft forcing service• Both sides allow men to pay $300 for a substitute • However, very few members of the army were

draftees (about 10% on both sides)

continued Both Sides Face Political Problems

Draft Riots• Summer 1863, New York City• Poor white workers, especially Irish immigrants, protest• Believe it’s unfair that they should have to fight a war to

free slaves who will compete with their jobs• When they begin to be drafted, mobs rampage through

the city• The rioters attack:

• Draft offices• Police• Republicans• Anti-slavery leaders• The rich• African Americans

• Federal troops end the riots• 100 dead https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=TKJ_OOKQVrU

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Continued . . .

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Chapter 11 Section 3

Life During WartimeThe Civil War brought about dramatic social and economic changes in American society.

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African Americans Fight For Freedom

African American Soldiers• By war’s end, they would make up 10% of the Union army• Still suffered discrimination; segregated units commanded

by white officers• Earn less than white soldiers • Many POWs were executed by Confeds on the spot

• Massacre at Fort Pillow in TN: 200 killed

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Slave Resistance in the Confederacy • Slaves seek freedom as Union army push into Confed. territory• Slaves on plantations engage in sabotage• Slave resistance gradually weakens plantation system

--By 1864, many Confeds realize that slavery is nearing the end.

The 54th MassachusettsThe Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was the first military unit consisting of black soldiers to be raised in the North during the Civil War. Col. Robert Gould Shaw, the 25 year old son of very wealthy abolitionist parents, was chosen to command. On May 28, the well equipped and drilled 54th paraded through the streets of Boston and then boarded ships bound for the coast of South Carolina on July 18 came the supreme test of the courage and valor of the black soldiers; they were chosen to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, a Confederate fort on Morris Island at Charleston. More than a century after the war the Fifty-fourth remains the most famous black regiment of the war, due largely to the popularity of the movie "Glory", which recounts the story of the regiment prior to and including the attack on Battery Wagner.

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The War Affects Regional Economies

Southern Economic Decline• Southern food shortages

• Loss of men to the army• Union occupation of farm areas• Loss of slaves

• Food prices skyrocket• Inflation and currency chaos

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Northern Economic Growth• Army need for war supplies leads to econ boom• Women obtain gov’t jobs for the first time, but

earn less than men • War profiteering, corruption rampant

• Contractors supply uniforms and blankets made of “shoddy”: fibers made from rags

Continued . . .

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Lives on the Line• Poor living conditions, diet, medical care• Lack of garbage disposal and bathrooms • Disease (dysentery, typhoid, malaria) rampant• Barely edible food

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

Medicine• United States Sanitary Commission formed to improve

hygiene • Recruits and trains nurses • 3000 serve for the Union

• Dorothea Dix becomes superintendent of woman nurses• Clara Barton known as “angel of the battlefield” for caring

for the sick and wounded

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continued Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

Medicine• Surgeons never sterilize instruments; effects of bacteria

unknown at the time• Blood typing, X-rays, antibiotics non-existent• Anesthetics were in its infancy

• Ether or chloroform

Continued . . .

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continued Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides

Prisons• The worst Confederate camp was Andersonville, GA

• 33,000 men in overcrowded camp• No shelter • Drank from same stream that was their sewer• 1/3 died

• Prison camps in the North only slightly better• 15% of Union prisoners VS. 12% of Confed prisoners

died

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Chapter 11 Section 4

The North Takes ChargeKey victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg helped the Union wear down the Confederacy.

Stonewall Jackson shot by his own troopsWhen Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops on this day in 1863, his arm was amputated to save his life. His chaplain couldn’t bear to see the general’s arm thrown on a pile of amputated limbs from the Battle of Chancellorsville, so he gave the arm a Christian burial in a private cemetery nearby.

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1863: The War rages onGettysburg• Lee decides to invade the North; pushes into PA• Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) = the most decisive battle of

the war• Union forces win 3 days of intense fighting• Total casualties = 30%

--Union losses = 23,000 killed or wounded --Confed losses = 28,000 killed or wounded

• Lee gives up hope of invading North; the Confederacy would never recover

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Vicksburg• Grant continues western campaign• Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA = the only two

holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the MS River

• Starving Confeds surrender both positions; the Confederacy was finally cut in two

Gettysburg Address"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

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Confederate Morale Down• After Gettysburg and Vicksburg, people all over the

South begin to openly call for an end to war• Soldiers begin to desert• Confed gov’t ineffective; loose confederacy led to

disagreements

The Confederacy Wears Down

Grant Appoints Sherman• 3/64: Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all

Union forces• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman

commander of western forces• Both men believe in “total war”: fighting not only the

armies and gov’t, but also the citizens

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continued The Confederacy Wears Down

Grant vs. Lee…Sherman Marches to the Sea• May-June 1864

- Grant loses 60,000 men- Lee loses 30,000 men- Union can replace them; Confeds cannot

• Sherman marches southeast through GA• Creates a path of destruction (ie: total war)• Burns every home/building in its path• Burns Atlanta to the ground• Sets out towards the coast

• Sherman’s troops turn North to meet up with Grant• Behind were 25,000 slaves seeking freedom

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Sherman’s March...As night drew its sable curtains around us, the heavens from every point were lit up with flames from burning buildings. Dinnerless and supperless as we were, it was nothing in comparison with the fear of being driven out homeless to the dreary woods. Nothing to eat!

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continued The Confederacy Wears Down

Surrender at Appomattox• By March 1865, it’s clear the end of Confed. near

- Grant approaching Richmond, VA from west- Sherman approaching Richmond from the south- Union can replace them; Confeds cannot

• President Jefferson Davis and his gov’t leave the capital

• Lee and Grant meet to arrange Confed surrender in a courthouse in the VA village Appomattox

• April 9, 1865: the Civil War ends

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Chapter 11 Section 5

The Legacy of the WarThe Civil War settled long-standing disputes over state’s rights and slavery. The War caused great political, economic, technological, and social change.

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Political Changes• The Federal gov’t assumed supreme

authority/power• No longer is secession ever discussed

• States’ rights weakened, but does not disappear• Income tax, paper currency, conscription made the

federal gov’t directly involved in people’s lives

The War Changes the Nation

Economic Changes• Industry increases; national railroad system built • National Bank Act sets up a series of federal banks• Northern industry increased; large-scale agriculture

begins• The war destroyed southern slave-based economy• Sherman’s march wiped out econ. potential for

decades

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continued The War Changes the Nation

Costs of the War• Great human cost

- 360,000 Union soldiers vs. 275,000 Confed soldiers died- 275,000 Union soldiers vs. 225,000 Confed soldiers wounded - 2.4 million men served in the war…lives disrupted

• Union and Confeds spent $3.3 billion• Twice what the gov’t spent the previous 80 years• War debt and veterans’ pensions consume federal budget

for decades

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New Birth of Freedom• Emancipation Proclamation had only freed slavery in

the states that seceded• What about the border states where slavery

was still legal?• 13th Amendment passed

• “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States”.

• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/du89xz/the-last-amender

The War Changes Lives

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continued The War Changes Lives

Assassination of Lincoln• April 14, 1865: four days after Lee surrendered• Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s Theatre in Washington to

see a comedic play called Our American Cousin• John Wilkes Booth (26 yr. old actor and Southern

sympathizer) shoots Lincoln in the back of the head and jumps from the balcony to the stage

• Breaks his leg and shouts “Sic semper tyrannis” (Death to Tyrants)… “The South has been avenged”.

• Booth escapes the theatre and is caught by Union troops in a VA barn and shot.

• Lincoln’s funeral train travels for 14 days from D.C. to his hometown in Springfield, IL…7 million view the funeral procession

The Conspirator Continued . . .