chapter 11 review genetics. heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11 ReviewGENETICS
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Heterozygous person who does not show a recessive disorder but can pass a recessive allele on to their offspring
carrier
When 2 alleles DON’T BLENDbut BOTH SHOW TOGETHERlike in A B blood type, it is called_______________
Codominance incomplete dominance
codominance
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Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the rightis called a _____________Punnett square
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__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele
Trait determined by more thantwo alleles
DOMINANT
Multiple allele trait
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_______________
are different gene
choices for a trait.
ALLELES
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A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)
capital
When a heterozygous individual showsa blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called___________ ____________.Incomplete dominance
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When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is
_________________ or _____________HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
X-linked trait
Trait determined by a genelocated on an X chromosome
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When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is
_________________ or _____________HOMOZYGOUS PURE (PURE-BREEDING)
monohybrid
A cross that involves individuals that are heterozygous for 1 traitis called a ____________ cross.
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Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the
____ generation.F1
F2
Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the ____ generation.
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X or Y chromosomes that determine sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes
glycoproteins
Molecule found on the surface of cells which helps cells recognize “self”and provides blood types
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Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
autosome
genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual; “the genes it has”
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__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele
Trait determined by two or more genes
RECESSIVE
POLYGENIC trait
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Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell; joining of an egg and sperm
specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another;
Fertilization
trait
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Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
PURE orPURE (TRUE) BREEDING
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Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits; Refers to organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele (Tt)
HETEROZYGOUSor HYBRID
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The separation of alleles when homologous chromosomes separate to form gametes
Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction; also called sperm and egg cells
SEGREGATION
GAMETES
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The random mixing of maternal and paternal chromosomes when homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I to form gametes (sperm or egg cells) during meiosis
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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__________________ = An allele that is MASKED BY the presence of another allele
Trait determined by two or more genes
RECESSIVE
POLYGENIC trait
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dihybrid
A cross between heterozygousindividuals with 2 traitsis called a ____________ cross.
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Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
When 2 alleles DON’T BLENDbut BOTH SHOW TOGETHERlike in A B blood type, it is called_______________
Codominance incomplete dominance
codominance
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Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called ___________________.
_____________ is the study of how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.
heredity
Genetics
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__________________ = An allelethat IS MASKED BY the
presence of another allele
RECESSIVE
The appearance of an organism is
its _____________phenotype
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Another name for heterozygous
hybrid
The diagram at the rightis called a _____________Punnett square
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__________________ = An allele that MASKS the presence of another allele
Red and white flowers producingpink offspring is an example of
_______________________ Codominance incomplete dominance
DOMINANT
Incomplete dominance
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A recessive gene is represented by a _________________ letter.lower case
What phenotypic ratio would youexpect to see in offspring from amonohybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents?
3:1 Dominant:recessive
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A dominant gene is represented by a ____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)
capital
When a heterozygous individual showsa blending of 2 alleles instead of one being dominant over the other it is called___________ ____________.Incomplete dominance
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When both alleles in the pair are the SAME the organism is _______________ or __________
9:3:3:1
HOMOZYGOUS PURE
What phenotype ratio is a cluethat there has been a dihybrid crossbetween 2 heterozygous parents?
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R = red flowers r = white flowers
Red
pink
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
An Rr organism would have ____________ flowers if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
An Rr organism would have ______________ flowers if this trait was CODOMINANT.
BOTH red & white
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What are Mendel’s 2 laws of heredity?
Law of SegregationLaw of Independent Assortment
F1
The offspring of the P1 generationare called the ____ generation
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Give an example of a trait that
shows incomplete dominanceflower color in Four o’clocks
True; Type O is the universal donor
TRUE or FALSEA person with Type O blood couldbe a blood donor for a person withType AB blood.
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When both alleles in the pair are DIFFERENT the organism is
_________________ or _____________HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID
monohyridA cross that involves only 1 traitis called a ____________ cross.
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T = Tall
t = short
The genotype of the offspring from the
cross at the right is _________.
Their phenotype is _________.
Tttall
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Which of the following genotypesis homozygous?
TT Ww Bb rr mm BB Tt
TT rr mm BB
pureAnother name for homozygous is________.
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Which of these Punnett squares would you
use to predict the offspring of a DIHYBRID cross?
This one!
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In the cross at the
right __________
is dominant for flower color.
red
Tt Mm Rr
Which of the following genotypesis from a heterozygous organism?
Tt SS bb Mm Rr kk
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A gene is a segment of _______that codes for a trait.
DNA
meiosis
The Law of Segregation and theLaw of Independent Assortmentare the result of the movement ofchromosomes during ___________
mitosis meiosis
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Crossing a red haired horse with a white haired horse produces a roan colored horse.
(Both alleles for hair color show together). This kind of inheritance is called ___________________Co-dominance
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What type of genotype is used to make a test cross?
Homozygous recessive
hemophilia
Name the X-linked recessive genetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.
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In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b).
If a black Guinea pig is crossed witha brownGuinea pig and the littercontains a brown baby, the genotypeof the black parent is probably
BB Bb bb
Bb; Must have one B to be black must have one b to pass on to baby
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Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produces the
____ generation.F1
DNAA gene is a segment of ______.
DNA PROTEIN RNA CARBOHYDRATE
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L = Blue legs l = yellow legs
Blue
green
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was COMPLETELY DOMINANT.
An Rr organism would have ____________ legs if this trait was INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT.
An Rr organism would have ______________ legs if this trait was CODOMINANT.
BOTH Blue & yellow
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Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produces the
____ generation.F2
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type __________blood A or AB
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In a monohybrid cross of twoHETEROZYGOUS parents (Pp), you would
expect the offspring to be:
1 pp:3 PP 3 Pp:1 pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp
1 PP:2 Pp:1 pp all Pp
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Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type AB blood.
This person could give blood to anindividual with type ________ blood.
This blood type is called the universal_________________.
AB
RECIPIENT
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Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type O blood.
This blood type is called the universal_________________. DONOR
No change. There are NO A, B, or O proteins on the surface of a type O cell.
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Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ bloodA or AB
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Draw a picture of a blood cell from a person with Type A blood.
This person could give blood to an individual with type __________ bloodB or AB
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Name another blood type you learned about besides the A,B,O system.
Rh (positive and negative)
glycoproteins
Tell the molecule found on the surfaceof cells which helps cells recognize “self”and provides blood types
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The parents in this cross are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous
Heterozygous
If G is dominant for green pods and g is recessive for yellow pods, what percentage of the offspring will have green pods? _______% 75
GG Gg
Gg gg
G gG
g
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B b
B
b
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______
bb
The offspring in the blue box is homozygous heterozygous
homozygous
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B b
B
b
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square for a cross between a HETEROZYGOUS black guinea pig and a PURE brown guinea pig would look like
This is the Correct setup
Heterozygous = BbPure brown = bb
B B
b
b
B b
b
b
B b
B
B
Another name for pure is _________________homozygous
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A oA AA Ao
B AB Bo
F A & B are codominant
The alleles for blood type show 2 kinds of inheritance..
The following statements are TRUE or FALSE?
A is dominant over B.O is dominant over A.A is dominant over O.B and A are co-dominantA is incompletely dominant over O.O is recessive to A and to B
F O is recessive to both A & B TTFT
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An organism has the genotype Xy.
What are the possible sperm it can produce? ______ ______
THINK ABOUT IT:If females have an XX genotype and can only give X genes, which parent is the one that determines whether the baby is a boy or girl?
X y
Father ;The mother always gives an XIf the father gives a y, it’s a boy.If the father gives an X; it’s a girl.
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If you cross a homozygous RED flowered four o’clock plant with a homozygous WHITE flowered plant, ALL of the offspring produced have PINK flowers.
This type of inheritance in which the heterozygote (Rr) shows a blending of traits is called __________.
A. Dominant/recessive inheritance B. Co-dominance
C. Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance
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What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)
Red throats (R) are dominant over white (r)throats in Goonie birds.
Make a cross between a PURE RECESSIVE and a HETEROZYGOUS Goonie bird.
50% red throats 50% white throats
Rr rr
Rr rr
R r
r
r
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What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring?
(% and color)
Black eyes (B) are dominant over red eyes (b) in rats.
Make a cross between two HETEROZYGOUS rats.
75 % black eyes 25% red eyes
B b
B b
BB Bb
Bb bb
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The parents in this cross are _____________ Homozygous Heterozygous
Homozygous
If W is dominant for long wings and w is recessive for short wings, what percentage of these offspring will have short wings? _______%
0% only ww makes it short
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Who is the “Father of Genetics”?
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HETEROZYGOUS organism?
TT Rr Ww bb XX Ss
Rr Ww Ss
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What kind of cross is this?
Pure dominant X pure recessiveHeterozygous X heterozygousHeterozygous X homozygousHybrid recessive X hybrid pure
Heterozygous X Homozygous
Another name for heterozygous is _______________hybrid
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What is the probability the offspring will have straight tails?
In Reebops curly tails (T) are dominant over straight tails (t).
Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Reebop.
0% All will be Curly tailed (Tt)
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
T T
t
t
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What do we call the offspring of the F1 generation?
F2
Which of the following genotypes could be from a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE organism?
TT bb Rr Ww tt XX aa
bb tt aa
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A a
A
a
The genotype of the offspring in the blue box is _______ homozygous heterozygous
heterozygous
How many of the offspring from this cross will show the dominant characteristic?
¾ (75%) – AA and Aa
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G g
G GG Gg
g gg
G is dominant for green pods.g is recessive for yellow pods.
What is the genotype of the offspring in the shaded box?
Gg
What is the phenotype of the offspring in the shaded box?
Green pods
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
Genotype determines phenotype Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Genotype is the way the genes make you look. Organisms with different genotypes
can have the same phenotype.
T
T
F
T
Tt and TT both look tall
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What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______
F1
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What are the probable blood types of the offspring?
What are the possible offspring of a cross between a blood type AB mom and a type O dad?
50% Type A 50% Type B
Ao Bo
Ao Bo
A B
O
O
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What will the offspring be like?
(% and color)
Purple (P)is the dominant color for monsters. Yellow is recessive (p).Make a cross between a HOMOZYGOUS purple and a yellow monster.
100% purple
Pp Pp
Pp Pp
P P
p
p
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What genotype would a PURPLE dad have to be to make a yellow monster baby with a Purple (Pp) mom monster?
P p?
?
pp
Pp
Dad needs to have: a little p to give one to the baby a big P to be purple himself
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Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
100% will have A type blood
Ao Ao
Ao Ao
A A
o
o
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Wilma and Fred are going to have a baby.Fred in AA and Wilma is oo.
What are the possible blood types of their baby?
100% will have A type blood
Ao Ao
Ao Ao
A A
o
o
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In a DIHYBRID HETEROZYGOUS cross the offspring that are
9/16 are _______________ for both traits.
3/16 are _____________ for one trait and _____________ for the other.
1/16 are _____________ for both traits.
Dominant
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS Dominant OR Recessive
DominantRecessive Recessive
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How would you write a genotype of a male with an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia
XhY
________________ can be carriers of X-linked recessive traits only females only males Both males and females
ONLY FEMALES
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How would you write a genotype of a female who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive genetic disorder like hemophilia
Xh XH
________________ can be carriers of AUTOSOMAL recessive traits only females only males Both males and females
Both males & females
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What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______
F1
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What are the 3 different kinds of inheritance you learned about?
Dominant/recessiveIncomplete dominanceCo-dominance
Offspring of the P1 generation are called ______
F1
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A heterozygous person that does not show a recessive trait but carries the recessive allele and can pass it to their offspring is called a_____________
carrier
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X-linked recessive disorder which causes a person to be unable to distinguish red and green colors
Name the X-linked recessivegenetic disorder which causes excessive bleeding.
colorblindness
HEMOPHILIA
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Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about
A B O blood groups are an example of a _______________trait X-linked multiple allele polygenic
Colorblindness & hemophilia
Multiple allele
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Name the two X-linked recessive disorders you learned about
Give an example of a polygenictrait in humans
Colorblindness & hemophilia
Hair color, skin color, height,Intelligence . . . There are more!
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X-linked recessive traits show up more frequently in ________ males females
Which combination of sex chromosomes do males have?
males
They don’t have a “back up” X
XY
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Which parent determines the sexof a child?
Which combination of sex chromosomes do females have?
XX
DAD – give X to daughters and Y to sons
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Name the branch of genetics that studies the molecules added to DNA that control which genes are turned on or off.
Name the chemical “tags” addedto DNA to silence genes
Methyl groups
epigenetics
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Name some environmental factorsthat can add or remove epigentic“tags” on DNA
Adding methyl groups to DNA turns genes ______ on off
OFF
Diet, exercise, stress, chemicals in environment