chapter 11 promises and pitfalls of reconstruction from slavery to freedom 9 th ed

Chapter 11 Promises and Pitfalls of Reconstruction From Slavery to Freedom 9 th ed.

Presidential Reconstruction Lincolns Ten Percent Plan Conflict between President and Congress over who was to set conditions of Souths readmission Lincolns plan allowed states to be readmitted if one- tenth of eligible voters swore loyalty to the U.S. and accepted abolition of slavery; gave general amnesty to certain high-ranking civil and military officers Criticized by some members of Congress as too lenient Also disagreed over status of freedpeople 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Presidential Reconstruction Andrew Johnsons Policies Conflict between two branches continued after Andrew Johnson became president Johnson wanted to leave black suffrage up to the states and began to dictate Reconstruction policy Extended general amnesty; seen as a champion of the South Black Codes Southern states began to pass laws that curbed black freedom and bore resemblance to the Slave Codes 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Presidential Reconstruction In 1865, the South elected many Confederate leaders to represent them in Congress Republicans under Thaddeus Stevens argued that Congress should take over Reconstruction Joint Committee on Reconstruction Congress Takes Charge Conditions for freedpeople terrible; southern whites waging a kind of guerilla warfare on blacks 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

6 Selling a freedman to pay his fine at Monticello, Florida

Presidential Reconstruction 1866, Congress passed Civil Rights Act over Johnsons veto Gave federal statutory protection against the Black Codes Different northern interests began to promote the enfranchisement of black men Fight between Congress and President continued Johnson eventually repudiated at polls because of his conduct Swing around the circle 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

Presidential Reconstruction The Black Conventions Blacks politically mobilized against presidential Reconstruction Statewide conventions in South convened in 1865-6 Demanded Equal Rights before the Law Black Mobilization Churches and fraternal societies provided infrastructure for political activism in southern cities Mobilization more advanced in places where federal troops remained the longest 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 Ex-Confederate states divided into five military districts under martial law Each state required to hold a constitutional convention based on universal male suffrage All states required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before admittance Some condemned gendered language; fought for universal suffrage 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Radical Reconstruction New National Officials Fifteenth Amendment extended suffrage to black men creating a black electorate in the former Confederacy Two African Americans sent to the U.S. Senate Hiram Revels Blanche K. Bruce Twenty blacks served in the U.S. House between 1877 and 1901 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Radical Reconstruction Blacks as State Legislators Blacks served with varying success as state legislators Wielded greatest influence in South Carolina The Union League Became spearhead for Southern Republicanism during Reconstruction Depended on black men for bulk of Republican strength 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Radical Reconstruction Black Women and the Black Community Black women active in getting out the vote and vocal in political discussion Civil Rights Act of 1875 clarified rights of African Americans to freely use public accommodations Declared unconstitutional in 1883 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

The Social Consequences of the War The Freedmens Bureau Responsible for relief and rehabilitation programs for the newly emancipated Provided food and medical services, established schools, supervised contracts, managed land First large-scale federal welfare program The Pivotal Role of Education Most saw education as key Bureau worked with private northern institutions and established black educators 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

The Social Consequences of the War Educators, Black and White Teachers came from North; many were missionaries; number of black teachers steadily increased By 1870, task of education completely transferred to local communities and religious organizations Black Churches Offered spiritual and material relief First social institutions fully controlled by blacks 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

Economic Adjustment The Desire for Land Ex-slaves resisted signing labor contracts, fearing a new form of enslavement Saw landownership as a source of economic independence; landownership considered more favorable than wage labor Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Blacks still prevented from landownership by white hostility By 1870s, many abandoned landownership dreams to move to urban centers 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Economic Adjustment Women in the Labor Market Attempt to withdraw black females and children from labor market had economic consequences Contributed to decline in per capita production Black males took on new assertive role as representatives of their families Evidenced by the gender differences in dealings with Freedmens Bureau Many whites did not think black women should have same fashion and leisure styles as whites Lambasted if wore fashionable attire 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

Economic Adjustment Majority of black women, however, worked, primarily in the fields Changing Conditions of Farm Labor Blacks resisted conditions placed on agricultural workers Overall per capita labor hours reduced by one-third Incentives and flexibility were provided to blacks to meet urgent labor needs 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Economic Adjustment Sharecropping Sharecropping a compromise between planters need for stability and control over agricultural production and freedpeoples need for less risk in economic compensation Flawed system; most sharecroppers assumed great debt due to cost of maintenance Under this system, white South recovered more quickly than freed blacks 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 21

Economic Adjustment The Freedmens Bank Chartered by federal government for use by blacks; encouraged blacks to save money Some of its financiers acted unscrupulously Frederick Douglass unable to save it; closed in 1874 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 22

Reconstructions End Democratic party revived in South after general amnesty given to most ex-Confederates The Reign of Violence White supremacist secret societies grew Used legal and extra-legal means to deny blacks equality Camelias and Klan most powerful; used violent means to stop blacks from participating in politics 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

Reconstructions End Efforts to outlaw organizations and stop the violence were unsuccessful Societies had success in influencing politics Mississippi Louisiana South Carolina Despite black defiance to the intimidation, blacks began to stay at home and political power shifted to the Democrats 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

Reconstructions End Corruption in Republican Governments Republican corruption hastened end of Radical Reconstruction Following deaths of old antislavery leaders, Republican Party headed in new direction Supreme Court Decisions 1875 Supreme Court decisions weakened black voting rights United States v. Cruikshank United States v. Reese 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25

Reconstructions End The Campaign of 1876 Controversy over who won 1876 election led to formation of commission charged with deciding the presidency To break impasse, Republicans promised to withdraw troops; assist South with obtaining federal subsidies; and allow for better representation in Washington Rutherford B. Hayes declared winner Withdrew federal troops while Congress removed other restrictions 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 26

chapter 11 promises and pitfalls of reconstruction from slavery to freedom 9 th ed

Documents

reconstruction congress

pitfalls of reconstruction

mcgrawhill companies

black suffrage

black freedom

florida slide

reconstruction joint

black electorate