Chapter 11Chapter 11

Page 280Page 280

AtmosphereAtmosphere

LifeLifeFound in 3 places:

Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

3.2 Atmosphere

Layer of air that surrounds earthLayer of air that surrounds earth NN22, O, O22, CO, CO22, H, H2200 Energy from sun Energy from sun

– Travels in wavesTravels in waves– Only small portion is in VISIBLE SPECTRUMOnly small portion is in VISIBLE SPECTRUM

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Divided into 4 layers.Divided into 4 layers. Made of:Made of:– 78% Nitrogen78% Nitrogen– 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen– 1% water vapor, dust 1% water vapor, dust

particles, small particles, small amounts amounts

– .04% CO.04% CO22

TroposphereTroposphere

= Layer of the atmosphere that touches the = Layer of the atmosphere that touches the surface of Earth.surface of Earth.

Virtually all human activities occur in the Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. troposphere.

Mt. Everest, the tallest Mt. Everest, the tallest

mountain on the planet, mountain on the planet,

is only about 9 km high is only about 9 km high

TroposphereTroposphere

Extends to a height of 8 – 18 km (10 MILES) Extends to a height of 8 – 18 km (10 MILES) above earthabove earth

Has most of the Has most of the gasgas molecules molecules Has most of water vaporHas most of water vapor Most Most weatherweather occurs here occurs here

StratosphereStratosphere

Next layer above earthNext layer above earth 18 km – 50 km 18 km – 50 km

(10- 30 MILES up)(10- 30 MILES up) Contains:Contains:

90% 90%

of of OZONE LAYEROZONE LAYER

*Most commercial airline *Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere. part of the stratosphere.

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

COCO22 needed for photosynthesis and needed for photosynthesis and

capturing warmth radiating from earth capturing warmth radiating from earth But, too much COBut, too much CO22 released from released from

organisms, volcanoes, and burning of fossil organisms, volcanoes, and burning of fossil fuels.fuels.

Causes buildup of COCauses buildup of CO22, which traps sunlight, , which traps sunlight,

and causes warming and climate changes.and causes warming and climate changes.

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Example of humans changing the earth’s Example of humans changing the earth’s atmosphere!atmosphere!

Loss of ozoneLoss of ozone Pollution in tropospherePollution in troposphere Volcanic eruptionsVolcanic eruptions

OZONE LAYEROZONE LAYER

Has 3 oxygen atoms OHas 3 oxygen atoms O33

Filters out UV radiation from sunFilters out UV radiation from sun No ozone = no filtering which would kill most of life No ozone = no filtering which would kill most of life

on earth!on earth! The reduction of ozone layer will cause an The reduction of ozone layer will cause an

increase of UV radiation at earth level. An increase of UV radiation at earth level. An excess of UV rays has been linked to skin excess of UV rays has been linked to skin burns, skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to burns, skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to certain crops and marine organisms.certain crops and marine organisms.

Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

The The Montreal Protocol on Substances Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone LayerThat Deplete the Ozone Layer is an is an international international treaty designed to protect the designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be a number of substances believed to be responsible for responsible for ozone depletion..

The treaty was opened for signature on The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, , 1987 and entered into force and entered into force on on January 1, , 1989

Ultraviolet LightUltraviolet Light

The sun produces UV, which is commonly The sun produces UV, which is commonly split into three bands: split into three bands: UVA, , UVB, and , and UVC..

UVA is not absorbed by UVA is not absorbed by ozone.. UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although

some reaches the Earth. some reaches the Earth. UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and

normal oxygen. normal oxygen.

MESOSPHEREMESOSPHERE

50 - 85km high50 - 85km high ColdestColdest layer = -100*C. (-148*F) layer = -100*C. (-148*F) In this region, concentrations of ozone and In this region, concentrations of ozone and

water vapor are negligible. Hence the water vapor are negligible. Hence the temperature is lower than that of the temperature is lower than that of the troposphere or or stratosphere. .

ThermosphereThermosphere

Outer most layerOuter most layer Temps of 2000*C (3632*F!)Temps of 2000*C (3632*F!) Air pressure is less than 1/10Air pressure is less than 1/10thth Of earth Of earth Some gas particles are hit with rays from the Some gas particles are hit with rays from the

sun and therefore lose electrons = ionssun and therefore lose electrons = ions Known as Known as IONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE

IONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE

Ions then reunite with Ions then reunite with electrons and makes electrons and makes LIGHT!LIGHT!

Happens at the polesHappens at the poles Called AURORA Called AURORA

LIGHTSLIGHTS North Pole = Aurora North Pole = Aurora

BorealisBorealis South Pole = Aurora South Pole = Aurora

AustralisAustralis

International Space StationInternational Space Station The ISS is a joint project The ISS is a joint project

between the space between the space agencies of the agencies of the United States ( (NASA), ), Russia ( (RKA), ), Japan ( (JAXA), ), Canada ( (CSA) and ) and several several European countries (countries (ESA).).[4]

The ISS has been The ISS has been continuously inhabited continuously inhabited since since the first resident crew entered the station on entered the station on November 2, , 2000, , thereby providing a thereby providing a permanent human permanent human presence in space. presence in space.

International Space Station Biology International Space Station Biology GoalsGoals

There are a number of plans to study biology on the ISS. There are a number of plans to study biology on the ISS. One goal is to improve our understanding of the effect of One goal is to improve our understanding of the effect of long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects long-term space exposure on the human body. Subjects such as such as muscle atrophy, , bone loss, and fluid shifts are , and fluid shifts are studied with the intention to utilize this data so studied with the intention to utilize this data so space colonization and lengthy and lengthy space travel can become can become feasible. The effect of near-weightlessness on feasible. The effect of near-weightlessness on evolution, , development and growth, and the internal processes of development and growth, and the internal processes of plants and animals are also studied. In response to recent plants and animals are also studied. In response to recent data suggesting that microgravity enables the growth of data suggesting that microgravity enables the growth of three-dimensional human body-like tissues and that three-dimensional human body-like tissues and that unusual protein crystals can be formed in space, NASA unusual protein crystals can be formed in space, NASA has indicated a desire to investigate these phenomena.has indicated a desire to investigate these phenomena.[12]

Space TourismSpace Tourism

Space tourismSpace tourism is the recent phenomenon of individuals is the recent phenomenon of individuals paying for paying for space travel, primarily for personal satisfaction., primarily for personal satisfaction.

As of 2007, space tourism opportunities are limited and As of 2007, space tourism opportunities are limited and expensive, with only the expensive, with only the Russian Space Agency providing providing transport. The price for a flight brokered by transport. The price for a flight brokered by Space Adventures to the to the International Space Station aboard a aboard a Soyuz spacecraft is now $30 million. Flights are is now $30 million. Flights are fully booked until fully booked until 2009..

Among the primary attractions of space tourism are the Among the primary attractions of space tourism are the uniqueness of the experience, the thrill and awe of looking uniqueness of the experience, the thrill and awe of looking at at Earth from space (described by from space (described by astronauts as extremely as extremely intense and mind-boggling), the experience's notion as an intense and mind-boggling), the experience's notion as an exclusive exclusive status symbol, and various advantages of , and various advantages of weightlessness. .

Space Tourists!Space Tourists! All six tourists flew to and from All six tourists flew to and from

the the International Space Station on on Soyuz spacecraft::[9]

Dennis Tito (American): (American): April 28 - - May 6, , 2001

Mark Shuttleworth (South (South African / British): African / British): April 25 - - May 5, , 2002

Gregory Olsen (American): (American): October 1 - - October 11, , 2005

Anousheh Ansari (Iranian / (Iranian / American): American): September 18 - - September 29, , 2006

Charles Simonyi (Hungarian / (Hungarian / American): American): April 7 - - April 21, , 2007[10]

Commercial Space Tourism!Commercial Space Tourism!More affordable suborbital space tourism is viewed as a money-More affordable suborbital space tourism is viewed as a money-

making proposition by several other companies, including making proposition by several other companies, including Space Adventures, , Virgin Galactic, , Starchaser, , Blue Origin, , Armadillo Aerospace, , XCOR Aerospace, , Rocketplane Limited, , the European "Project Enterprisethe European "Project Enterprise

Most are proposing vehicles that make Most are proposing vehicles that make suborbital flights peaking peaking at an altitude of 100-160 kilometres.at an altitude of 100-160 kilometres.

Passengers would experience three to six minutes of Passengers would experience three to six minutes of weightlessness, a view of a twinkle-free starfield, and a vista of weightlessness, a view of a twinkle-free starfield, and a vista of the curved Earth below. the curved Earth below.

Projected costs are expected to be about $200,000 per Projected costs are expected to be about $200,000 per passenger.passenger.

The total duration of a trip is expected to be about an hourThe total duration of a trip is expected to be about an hourCompanies competing in the field have formed in Russia, Europe Companies competing in the field have formed in Russia, Europe

and the United States.and the United States.

SPACE HOTELS!SPACE HOTELS!

American motel tycoon Robert Bigelow has American motel tycoon Robert Bigelow has acquired the designs for inflatable space habitats acquired the designs for inflatable space habitats from the Transhab program abandoned by NASA. from the Transhab program abandoned by NASA. His company, Bigelow Aerospace already His company, Bigelow Aerospace already launched the first inflatable habitat module named launched the first inflatable habitat module named Genesis I in 12 July 2006. The second test Genesis I in 12 July 2006. The second test module, Genesis II was launched 28 June 2007 module, Genesis II was launched 28 June 2007

Bigelow Aerospace is currently offering the Bigelow Aerospace is currently offering the America's Space Prize, a $50 million prize to the America's Space Prize, a $50 million prize to the first US company to create a reusable spacecraft first US company to create a reusable spacecraft capable of carrying passengers to a Nautilus capable of carrying passengers to a Nautilus space station.space station.

SPACE HOTEL RESERVATIONS!SPACE HOTEL RESERVATIONS!

A separate organization, Space Island Group A separate organization, Space Island Group announced their distinct Space Island Project announced their distinct Space Island Project (note the singular "Island"), and plans on having (note the singular "Island"), and plans on having 20,000 people on their "space island" by 2020, 20,000 people on their "space island" by 2020, with the number of people doubling for each with the number of people doubling for each decadedecade

British Airways has expressed interest in the British Airways has expressed interest in the venture. If and when Space Hotels develop, it venture. If and when Space Hotels develop, it would initially cost a passenger $60,000, with would initially cost a passenger $60,000, with prices lowering over time.prices lowering over time.

FASHIONABLE SPACE CLOTHES!FASHIONABLE SPACE CLOTHES!

Fashion designer Eri Fashion designer Eri Matsui has designed Matsui has designed clothing, including a clothing, including a wedding gown, wedding gown, intended to look best in intended to look best in weightless weightless environments.environments.