Chapter 11--Managing Change and Innovation

Chapter 11--Managing Change and InnovationStudent: ___________________________________________________________________________1.Organizational change refers to the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.TrueFalse2.Productive innovation refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change an industrys rules of the game for producers and consumers.TrueFalse3.If organizations dont successfully change and innovate, they die.TrueFalse4.An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations.TrueFalse5.Technology change involves the hierarchy of authority, goals, administrative procedures, and managerial systems.TrueFalse6.A product change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs.TrueFalse7.Exploration is the aspect of product and technology innovation that involves creating mechanisms to make sure new ideas are carried forward, accepted, and implemented.TrueFalse8.Creativity is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.TrueFalse9.Confrontation, authoritarianism, and disciplined exploration are characteristics of the creative individuals.TrueFalse10.Research shows that managers in creative companies avoid risk and experimentation.TrueFalse11.The acceptance of mistakes, the freedom to discuss ideas, and the assignment of nonspecialists to problems are characteristics of creative organizations or departments.TrueFalse12.An idea incubator is in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.TrueFalse13.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas is known as cooperation.TrueFalse14.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as exploration.TrueFalse15.The horizontal linkage model is increasingly important in high pressure business environments that require rapidly developing and commercializing products and services.TrueFalse16.An approach to innovation that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments is referred to as the horizontal linkage model.TrueFalse17.A fast-cycle team is a multifunctional, and sometimes multinational, team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project.TrueFalse18.An open team is a multifunctional, and sometimes multinational, team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project.TrueFalse19.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as entrepreneurship.TrueFalse20.A person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization is called an idea champion.TrueFalse21.Centralization and short time horizon are primarily used by creative organizations.TrueFalse22.Skunkworks are a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business.TrueFalse23.A unit that is separate from the mainstream of the organization and is responsible for developing and initiating innovations is called a new-venture team.TrueFalse24.People change starts with training everyone in the organization.TrueFalse25.Culture change pertains to the whole organization.TrueFalse26.Culture change refers to a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization.TrueFalse27.Two specific tools that can smooth the change process include organizational development and programs for training and development.TrueFalse28.Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mindsets.TrueFalse29.Organizational development involves the application of behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's effectiveness and success.TrueFalse30.Mergers/acquisitions, organizational decline, and conflict management are the three types of current problems that organizational development managers face.TrueFalse31.Three of the most popular and effective OD activities are team building, survey feedback, and large-group interventions.TrueFalse32.The idea in the large group intervention is to get a sample of people who may have an interest in the organization, gather perspectives from the selected parts of the system, and allow the sample to create a collective future.TrueFalse33.Survey feedback enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams.TrueFalse34.The traditional organization development model focuses on the entire system and learning takes place throughout the whole organization.TrueFalse35.Refreezing is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization.TrueFalse36.The three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change with organizational development are planning, changing,and stabilizing.TrueFalse37.A change agent is an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change.TrueFalse38.In the unfreezing step, participants must be made aware of problems and be willing to change.TrueFalse39.After the need for change has been perceived, the next part of the change process is implementing change.TrueFalse40.Managers and employees that are most involved in an innovation or potential change are often those that seem to prefer the status quo.TrueFalse41.Reasons employees resist change include self-interest, lack of understanding and trust, uncertainty, and different assessments and goals.TrueFalse42.Lack of understanding or trust are common reasons for resistance to change.TrueFalse43.Change, according to Kurt Lewin, is a result of the competition between forced and unforced fields.TrueFalse44.Forces for organizational change exist both in the external environment and within the organization.TrueFalse45.Large cost savings from reduced inventories and labor savings by needing fewer workers to handle inventory can be driving forces associated with the implementation of just-in-time inventory control systems.TrueFalse46.The communication and education approach for overcoming resistance to change should be used when the change is technical and the users need accurate information and analysis to understand change.TrueFalse47.Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotiation.TrueFalse48.When a change involves multiple departments, top management support is especially important.TrueFalse49.The disparity between existing and desired performance levels is the need for change.TrueFalse50.A performance gap is a disparity between the performance of the company when compared with a competitor.TrueFalse51.The adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization is known as organizational _____.A.change.B.development.C.structure.D.intervention.E.responsibility.52.An example of an organizational would be:A.the switch to a new production method.B.the decision to offer a new product line.C.the introductions of a new pay for performance system.D.all of these.E.the switch to a new production method or the decision to offer a new product line.53.For the compact disc industry, the advent of MP3 technology can best be described as what type of innovation?A.Disruptive innovationB.Service innovationC.Productive innovationD.Restructuring innovationE.Reverse innovation54._____ refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change an industrys rules of the game for producers and consumers.A.Restructuring innovationB.Trickle up innovationC.Productive innovationD.Disruptive innovationE.Reverse innovation55.Successful change requires that organizations be capable of both creating and implementing ideas, which means the organization must learn to be _____.A.cordialB.rightsizedC.ambidextrousD.compliantE.intra-focused56.The generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization is called _____.A.a search initiativeB.creativityC.an ideal championD.a great ideaE.strategic analysis57.Which of the following refers to the generation of novel solutions to perceived problems?A.Problem solvingB.Organizational developmentC.CreativityD.BrainstormingE.Perceived solution58.Sandra works for a bank that is renowned for being the first commercial bank in the United States to introduce online banking. Which of the following can be used to describe this innovation?A.Package innovationB.Product innovationC.Service innovationD.Supply chain innovationE.Human resource innovation59.A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior is called _____ .________________________________________60.A step in the reinforcement stage of organizational development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization is referred to as _____ .________________________________________61.A disparity between existing and desired performance levels is known as a(n) _____ .________________________________________62.The second stage in Lewin's change model, _____ , occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.________________________________________63._____ symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization.________________________________________64.List the three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change.

65.List the four reasons why employees tend to resist change.

66.List the five specific tactics that can be used to overcome employee resistance to change.

67.What is organizational change and what are two major areas of change in organizations?

68.Describe the three innovative strategies for new products and technologies.

69.Describe the five characteristics of creative people and organizations.

70.Explain the horizontal linkage model.

71.Name and briefly describe the four roles in championing an idea for organizational change.

72.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as _____.A.explorationB.cooperationC.entrepreneurshipD.idea incubatorE.horizontal linkage73.Shared development of innovations among several departments is emphasized by the _____ approach to innovationA.verticalB.horizontal linkage modelC.top downD.bottom-upE.diagonal74.The horizontal linkage model is best applied to a:A.low pressure environment.B.stable environment.C.environment that requires speed.D.customer service environment.E.manufacturing environment.75.Innovation requires the coordination that occurs with the _____ .A.top-down approachB.bottom-up approachC.horizontal linkage modelD.time-based approachE.vertical approach76.Today's most successful companies are including _____ directly in the product and service development process.A.employeesB.internal buyersC.competitorsD.customersE.all of these77.Which of the following means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry?A.An idea championB.Open innovationC.A new-venture teamD.An idea incubatorE.An inventor78.Cooltown University recently invited members of its social network group to enter a contest on YouTune o design the best video promoting the university. This is an example of what innovative approach?A.Social group innovationB.Network innovationC.TechsourcingD.CrowdsourcingE.Insourcing79.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as _____.A.explorationB.cooperationC.innovation rolesD.idea incubatorE.horizontal linkage80.Which of the following is a person who sees the need for and fights for productive change in an organization?A.A creative individualB.A catalystC.An idea championD.A sponsorE.A critic81.Which of the following describes a person who is passionately committed to a new product of idea despite rejection by others?A.An idea championB.A sponsorC.A new-venture teamD.A skunkworkE.An investor82.Ashley has average technical skills but her real strengths lay in visualizing the benefits of other's ideas and in finding financial and political support for these ideas. Ashley is an excellent example of a(n) _____.A. critic.B. sponsor.C. idea champion.D. inventor.E. bureaucrat.83.Which of the following is(are) important role(s) to be played during the process of organizational change?A.The idea championB.The criticC.The sponsorD.InventorE.All of these84.All of the following are characteristics of creative organizations EXCEPT_____.A.use of teamsB.risk taking normsC.centralizationD.long term horizon.E.loose controls85.John has tremendous technical skills and frequently comes up with valuable ideas. However, he has clueless about how to promote it within the organization. John is a good example of a(n)_____ .A.inventor.B.idea champion.C.sponsor.D.critic.E.an in-transition employee.86.The Brain is a permanent secret group within one of the nations largest auto manufacturers. Members of this elite group focus intently on developing new and innovative automobile technologies. The Brain can best be described as what type of group or team? A.Cross-functional teamB.Fast-cycle teamC.Brainstorming teamD.SkunkworkE.New-venture team87.Vivian, as a vice-president of marketing, whihc is far removed from the research and development department. However, she keeps a close eye on what is happening in R & D and tries to support good ideas whenever she can by removing unnecessary organizational obstacles. Vivian is a good example of a(n)_____.A.inventorB.sponsorC.criticD. idea championE.none of these88.The role of the _____ is to prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea.A.criticB.inventorC.sponsorD.ombudsmanE.obstructionist89.The _____ is a unit separate from the rest of the organization responsible for the development of a major innovation.A.new product groupB.matrix groupC.new-venture teamD.vertical groupE.change team90.Which variation of new venture teams is described as a small separate, informal, highly autonomous, and often selective group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business?A.An idea championB.A sponsorC.A new-venture teamD.A skunkworkE.An inventor91.A fund providing resources from which individuals and groups draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses is referred to as a _____.A.personal fundB.development fundC.new-venture fundD.change fundE.mutual fund92._____ refers to a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization.A.Organization changeB.Organization developmentC.People changeD.Culture changeE.Artifact change93.Which of the following refers to a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization?A.Organization changeB.Organization developmentC.People changeD.Culture changeE.Artifact change94.Jurgen is one of several middle managers sent to a training course on leadership skills. Through this effort, the organization is attempting:A.organization changeB.organization developmentC.people changeD.culture changeE.artifact change95.Which of the following is defined by the text as the application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities?A.Conflict managementB.Organizational revitalizationC.Organizational developmentD.Organizational linkageE.Horizontal linkage96.Organizational development can help managers address problems such as merger/acquisitions, conflict management, and _____ .A.cultural changesB.force field analysisC.organizational productivityD.organizational decline/revitalizationE.none of these97._____ is NOT a type of current problem that organizational development can help address.A.MergersB.AcquisitionsC.DiversificationD.Organizational declineE.Conflict management98.Left-Right Industries employs a diverse set of individuals with strong personalities. Unfortunately, this means that there is a great deal of interpersonal disagreement among employees. What organizational tool would work best in this circumstance to manage conflict?A.Organizational developmentB.SkunkworkC.TelecommutingD.DownsizingE.Small-group innovation99.High-Low Productions recently appointed 75 employees and external stakeholders to a temporary group that would discuss problems and opportunities, and would gather perspectives on changes that need to take place within the company. High-Low Productions is utilizing which organizational change tool?A.Organizational developmentB.SkunkworkC.TelecommutingD.Focus groupE.Large-group intervention100.There are many organizational development activities, which are effective in solving many different problems. _____ enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups.A.Team buildingB.Survey feedbackC.Intergroup activitiesD.Process-Consultation activitiesE.Symbolic management101.Which of the following is a characteristic of the large-group intervention model? A.Results in incremental changeB.Learning for the small groupC.Addresses the entire systemD.Gradual time frameE.Limited distribution102.Which of the following is an OD intervention technique in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent?A.Team building activitiesB.Survey feedback activitiesC.Intergroup activitiesD.Process-consolidation activitiesE.Symbiotic leadership activities103._____ is an approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change.A.Virtual-group interventionB.Traditional organization developmentC.Multi-unit interventionD.Strategic planning committeeE.Large-group intervention104.Which of the following is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization?A.RefreezingB.RestatingC.UnfreezingD.ChangingE.Jumping105.Which of the following is the intervention stage of organization development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior?A.RefreezingB.RestatingC.UnfreezingD.ChangingE.Jumping106.A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems is referred to as _____,A.change agentB.changingC.refreezingD.unfreezingE.exercising107.Organizational development specialists identify three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal changes. These areA.freezing, changing, and intervention.B.unfreezing, change agent, and freezing.C.unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.D.intervention, refreezing, and change agent.E.none of these.108.At which stage of the change process do managers evaluate problems and opportunities?A.Monitor forces for changeB.Need for changeC.Initiate changeD.Implement changeE.Internal forces109._____ indicates a disparity between existing and desired performance levels.A.Environmental opportunityB.Need for changeC.Behavioral occurrenceD.Critical incidentE.Organizational structural imbalance110.The final step to be managed in the change process is:A.freezingB.implementationC.interventionD.planning changeE.envisioning change111.Kyle is seeing, on a regular basis, a difference between current and expected performance levels. She should begin:A.to gather more data.B.to implement change.C.to perceive a need for change.D.to change the reward system.E.all of these.112.Recently, a high level manager at Trophy Trinkets noted a rise in customer satisfaction complaints. This rise is inconsistent with Trophy's goals in this area. This manager has identified:A.a need for change.B.a critical incident.C.a behavioral occurrence.D.an environmental opportunity.E.a SWOT analysis.113.Cyrus's Resort has proposed some major structural changes within their organization. Some of the employees fear that they will lose power with the changes. They begin voicing resistance to the changes. What barrier to change are they exhibiting?A.Disagreements about the benefitsB.Self interestsC.A lack of understanding and trustD.UncertaintyE.Goals and rewards114._____ is the lack of information about future events.A.UncertaintyB.RiskC.WorryD.StressE.Change resistance115.After every quarterly board meeting, Bernice's Bracelets, Inc. announces big changes. They usually do not follow through on these changes. What is causing this lack of enthusiasm?A.Disagreements about the benefitsB.Self interestsC.A lack of trustD.Goals and assessmentsE.Competitors116.You are the production manager for Connor's Construction, Inc. You decide to change the production procedure to increase efficiency. One of your long-time foremen is resisting the change, insisting that the idea won't work. Which of the following obstacle is he exhibiting?A.Different assessment and goalsB.Uncertainty about the futureC.A lack of trustD.All of theseE.Uncertainty about the future and a lack of trust only117.Beth's Barnyard, Inc. has decided to restructure the entire organization. You hold a meeting with your employees to notify them of the change. You do not give them any detailed information. Which of the barriers to change would you expect your employees to exhibit?A.Disagreements about the benefitsB.Uncertainty about the futureC.A lack of trustD.Fear of organizational lossE.All of these118.What is force field analysis?A.The analysis of the forces that drive customers to a certain organizationB.The analysis of the forces that drive the organization of a companyC.The process of determining which forces drive and which resist a proposed changeD.The process by which an organization forces changes to occurE.none of these119.Harvest International is anticipating changes in their production procedures. You have been assigned to identify potential barriers to the change and suggest solutions to these barriers. You would use: A.force field analysis.B.barrier analysis.C.negotiation.D.assessment of goals.E.all of these.120._____ schedule materials to arrive at a company just as they are needed on the production line.A.Mass customization systemB.LIFO systemC.First-in-First-out systemD.Just-in-time inventory systemE.Last-in-First-out121.Inventory managers at SYX Enterprises utilize an inventory control system where materials are scheduled to arrive just as they are needed on the production line. This is referred to as:A.restructuring.B.force-field control.C.total quality management.D.just-in-time inventory control.E.skunkwork inventory control.122.When trying to overcome the resistance for change, which approach is best suited when change is technical?A.CoercionB.Top management supportC.NegotiationD.ParticipationE.Communication123.Communication and education tactic to change implementation should be used when:A.initiators clearly have power.B.group has power over implementation.C.change is technical.D.users need to feel involved.E.group will lose out in change.124.TooEasy, Inc. is changing from a manual ordering system to a computer-based ordering system. As part of the implementation procedures, the company invests in detailed, comprehensive training classes. What approach to change implementation is TooEasy using?A.Communication and educationB.Top management supportC.ParticipationD.CoercionE.Negotiation125.The _____ approach to change implementation should be used when users have power to resist.A.educationB.participationC.coercionD.top management supportE.domination126.Which approach should a group use to resist change if the group has power over implementation and if the group will lose out in the change?A.NegotiationB.Top management supportC.ParticipationD.CoercionE.Education127._____ uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change.A.EducationB.ParticipationC.CoercionD.NegotiationE.Top management support128.Before implementing new changes in work schedules, Trudy's Trinkets works with the union to ensure a smooth transition. What approach to change is this company using?A.NegotiationB.Top management supportC.ParticipationD.CoercionE.Education129.Which approach to change implementation should be used when a crisis exists?A.EducationB.ParticipationC.CoercionD.Top management supportE.None of these130.Sandbox Sally's, Inc. is making some changes to the work schedules of its employees. Some of the employees are not happy with the changes. As their manager, Harry tells them that they can accept it or leave. What approach to change implementation is Harry using?A.NegotiationB.Top management supportC.ParticipationD.CoercionE.Education131.Which of the following symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization?A.EducationB.CoercionC.ParticipationD.NegotiationE.Top management support132.Scenario - Jaimie Hall

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability.

Jaimie recognized that creativity is an essential ingredient in developing solutions to organizational problems. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative manager?a.Conceptual fluency and open mindednessb.Originalityc.Focused approachd.Commitmente.All of these are characteristics.

133.Scenario - Jaimie Hall

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability.

Jaimie also recognizes that there are four roles in organizational change. Which of the following is NOT one of those roles?a.Inventorb.Championc.Sponsord.Investore.All of these are included.

134.Scenario - Jaimie Hall

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability.

In planning how to implement the new system, Jaimie can anticipate some resistance to the new system. This resistance can come from all of the following, EXCEPT :a.self interest of the resisting employees.b.lack of understanding of the new system.c.uncertainty, or a lack of information.d.different departments pursuing different goals.e.all of these can create resistance.

135.Scenario - Jaimie Hall

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability.

To overcome the resistance to the new system, Jaimie can use any of the following techniques, EXCEPT:a.education and communication.b.participation in designing the system.c.negotiation.d.coercion.e.all of these can be used.

136._____ is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.________________________________________137._____ change is related to the organization's production process, i.e., how the organization does its work.________________________________________138.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as _____ .________________________________________139._____ is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.________________________________________140.A(n) _____ is a change in the organization's product or service outputs.________________________________________141.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas is known as _____ .________________________________________142.A(n) _____ is an in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.________________________________________143.The _____ model is an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments.________________________________________144.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as _____ .________________________________________145.The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as _____ .________________________________________146._____ means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.________________________________________147._____ extends the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization.________________________________________148.A(n) _____ is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization.________________________________________149.The _____ role in organizational change involves providing a "reality test."________________________________________150.A(n) _____ is a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business.________________________________________151.A(n) _____ is a unit separate from the rest of the organization and is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation.________________________________________152._____ change is a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization.________________________________________153._____ change is a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization.________________________________________154.The application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness is known as _____ .________________________________________155.A type of OD intervention that enhances the cohesiveness of departments by helping members learn to function as a team is called _____.________________________________________156.A type of OD intervention in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent is called _____ .________________________________________157.An approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization (and may include key outside stakeholders as well) to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change is called _____ .________________________________________158.An OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change is called a(n) _____.________________________________________159.Describe the three distinct stages for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change in an organization.

160.Explain the concept of force field analysis.

161.Describe the tactics for overcoming resistance to change.

Chapter 11--Managing Change and Innovation Key1.TRUE2.FALSE3.TRUE4.TRUE5.FALSE6.TRUE7.TRUE8.TRUE9.FALSE10.FALSE11.FALSE12.TRUE13.FALSE14.FALSE15.TRUE16.TRUE17.TRUE18.FALSE19.TRUE20.TRUE21.FALSE22.TRUE23.TRUE24.FALSE25.TRUE26.TRUE27.TRUE28.TRUE29.TRUE30.TRUE31.TRUE32.FALSE33.FALSE34.FALSE35.TRUE36.FALSE37.TRUE38.TRUE39.TRUE40.FALSE41.TRUE42.FALSE43.FALSE44.TRUE45.FALSE46.TRUE47.TRUE48.TRUE49.TRUE50.FALSE51.A52.D53.A54.D55.C56.B57.C58.C59.unfreezing60.refreezing61.need for change62.changing63.Top management support64.Unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.65.Self-interest, lack of understanding and trust, uncertainty, and different assessments and goals.66.Communication and education, participation, negotiation, coercion, and top management support.67.Organizational change is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. Two key aspects of change in organizations are introducing new products and technologies, and changing people and culture.68.Exploration is the stage where ideas for new products and technologies are born. Managers design the organization for exploration by establishing conditions that encourage creativity and allow new ideas to spring forth.

The second stage is cooperation. At this stage, manager need to provide mechanisms for both internal and external coordination.

The third stage is entrepreneurship which creates mechanisms to make sure new ideas are carried forward, accepted, and implemented.69.The five characteristics are conceptual fluency/open mindedness, originality, less authority/independent, playful and curious, and persistent and committed.70.The horizontal linkage model is defined as an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments. People from various departments, as well as suppliers and customers, meet frequently in teams and/or task forces to share ideas and solve problems together.71.The first role is the inventor, who develops and understands the technical aspects of the idea, but does not know how to win support for the idea or how to make a business of it. The second role is the champion, who believes in the idea, sees the benefits, confronts costs, and obtains financial and political support for the idea. The third role is the sponsor, a higher level manager who removes organizational barriers and protects the idea within the organization. The fourth role is the critic, who provides a reality test, looks for shortcomings and defines hard-nosed criteria that the idea must pass.72.B73.B74.C75.C76.D77.B78.D79.C80.C81.A82.C83.E84.C85.A86.D87.B88.A89.C90.D91.C92.C93.D94.C95.C96.D97.C98.A99.E100.A101.C102.B103.E104.A105.D106.D107.C108.B109.B110.B111.C112.A113.B114.A115.C116.A117.B118.C119.A120.D121.D122.E123.C124.A125.B126.A127.D128.A129.C130.D131.E132.e133.d134.e135.e136.Organizational change137.Technology138.cooperation139.Creativity140.product change141.exploration142.idea incubator143.horizontal linkage144.cooperation145.innovation roles146.Open innovation147.Open innovation148.idea champion149.critic150.skunkwork151.new-venture team152.People153.Culture154.organizational development155.team building156.survey feedback157.large-group intervention158.change agent159.1.Unfreezing is the stage of organization development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior. This stage is often associated with diagnosis, which uses a change agent, an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change.2.Changing is the intervention stage of organization development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior.3.Refreezing is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization.

160.Force field analysis was first proposed by Kurt Lewin. He argued that change was the result of the competition between driving and restraining forces. Driving forces are the forces behind the change and are supportive of it. Restraining forces resist the proposed change, counterbalancing the driving forces. To successfully implement change, management should analyze these two sets of forces and their relative strengths. Management can facilitate successful implementation by reducing the strength of the restraining forces or by eliminating them.161.The four tactics for overcoming resistance to change are: (1) communications/education which is used when change is technical, (2) participation, which is used when the users need to feel involved, (3) negotiation, which is used when the group has power over implementation, (4) coercion, which is utilized when a crises exists, and finally (5) top management support, which is use when change involves multiple departments of reallocation of resources.