Chapter 11Chapter 11

A. The vowel A. The vowel [[a a ]] became became [æ][æ] The word-final The word-final [[ ə]ə] was lost was lost

B. The final B. The final [[ k k ] ] was lost was lost The The [[ s s] ] became became [[ š]š] C. the long vowel C. the long vowel [[ u: u:] ] became became [[ aw aw]]

D. The long vowel D. The long vowel [[ a: a: ] ] became became [[ 0 0]]

E. the long vowel E. the long vowel [[ æ ] :æ ] : became became [[ I I]]

F. the long vowel F. the long vowel [[ e: became e: became [[ i i]]

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Great Vowel Shift.Great Vowel Shift.(a) Sample answers:(a) Sample answers: [i]/[ε] [aj]/[I] [e]/[æ][i]/[ε] [aj]/[I] [e]/[æ]i. clean/cleanse deride/derision vain/vanityi. clean/cleanse deride/derision vain/vanityii. thief/ theft rhyme/rhythm sate/satisfyii. thief/ theft rhyme/rhythm sate/satisfyiii. feel/felt crime/criminal flame/flammableiii. feel/felt crime/criminal flame/flammableiv. keep/kept precise/precision nation/nationaliv. keep/kept precise/precision nation/nationalv. please/pleasure line/linear page/paginate v. please/pleasure line/linear page/paginate

(b) The Modern English “sneezing sound” c(b) The Modern English “sneezing sound” can be transcribed [aan be transcribed [aČ.Č.u:]. u:].

Many [u:]s in Morden English derived from Many [u:]s in Morden English derived from Middle English [o:]s,Middle English [o:]s,

for instance [gu:s] “goes” derived from for instance [gu:s] “goes” derived from [go:s]. The cartoon suggest humorously t[go:s]. The cartoon suggest humorously that perhaps [ahat perhaps [aČ.Č.u:u:] derived from [a] derived from [aČ.Č.o:o:] si] similarly.milarly.

8.8.

EtymologyEtymology 詞源學詞源學

a.a. sizesize: From Old: From Old French French assiser(“assize”), assiser(“assize”), which has as one of its meanings “a statuwhich has as one of its meanings “a statute for regulating weights and measures.”te for regulating weights and measures.”

b.b. royalroyal: From Middle: From Middle French French from Latin regal from Latin regalis (“kingly”).is (“kingly”).

c.c. aquaticaquatic: From Middle : From Middle FrenchFrench from Latin aq from Latin aqua (“water”) + -aticus.ua (“water”) + -aticus.

d. d. heavenlyheavenly: From Old English heofenlic; akin to : From Old English heofenlic; akin to OlOld Norsed Norse himinn; Goth himins; himinn; Goth himins; GermanGerman Himmel. Himmel.

Old Norse: the North Germanic language of the ScOld Norse: the North Germanic language of the Scandinavian peoples prior to about 1350 andinavian peoples prior to about 1350

e. e. skillskill: From : From Old NorseOld Norse skil (“distinction, differenc skil (“distinction, difference”). f. e”). f. ranchranch: From : From Spanish Spanish rancho (“camp”).rancho (“camp”).

g. g. blouseblouse: From : From French French vetement de lainevetement de laine blouse blouse (“garment of short wool”).(“garment of short wool”).

h. h. robotrobot: From : From ČzechČzech, coined by Karel , coined by Karel Č.apek in Č.apek in the play R.U.R. (1920) from the base robot-, athe play R.U.R. (1920) from the base robot-, as in robota (“compulsory labor”), robotnik s in robota (“compulsory labor”), robotnik (“peasant owing such labor”).(“peasant owing such labor”).

i. i. checkcheck: From : From Old FrenchOld French eschec, var. of escha eschec, var. of eschac from c from ArabicArabic shah (“check”) (in chess); fro shah (“check”) (in chess); fromm Persian Persian: lit., king (an exclamation: i.e., “lo: lit., king (an exclamation: i.e., “look out, your king is threatened.”) ok out, your king is threatened.”)

j. j. bananabanana: From : From PortuguesePortuguese (perhaps via Sp (perhaps via Spanish); akin to various words for banana or anish); akin to various words for banana or plantain in plantain in West AfricanWest African languages (e.g. W languages (e.g. Wolof, Malinke banana Vai bana), but ultimaolof, Malinke banana Vai bana), but ultimate source and direction of borrowing uncete source and direction of borrowing uncertain.rtain.

k.k. keel keel: From Old English ceol, from : From Old English ceol, from GothicGothic ki kiel (“ship”). Goth/a/: a Germanic people el (“ship”). Goth/a/: a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the earlthat overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Čhristian eray centuries of the Čhristian era

l. l. factfact: From : From LatinLatin factum (“something don factum (“something done, deed”).e, deed”).

m. m. potatopotato: From : From SpanishSpanish patata (“white po patata (“white potato”), var. for batata (“sweet potato”), tato”), var. for batata (“sweet potato”), from Taino.from Taino.

n. n. muskratmuskrat: Alteration by folk etymology of : Alteration by folk etymology of musquash, Massachusett cognate of Westmusquash, Massachusett cognate of Western Abenaki moskwas.ern Abenaki moskwas.

o. o. skunkskunk: From the : From the Massachusett Massachusett reflex of Prreflex of Proto-Algonquian * s.eka-kwa, deriv. of *s.ek- oto-Algonquian * s.eka-kwa, deriv. of *s.ek- (“urinate”) + -a-kw (“fox”).(“urinate”) + -a-kw (“fox”).

p. p. catfishcatfish: From : From EnglishEnglish cat + fish (fish resem cat + fish (fish resembling a cat).bling a cat).

q. q. hoodlumhoodlum: American English, probably fro: American English, probably from dialectal German; cf. Swabian derivativm dialectal German; cf. Swabian derivatives of Hudel (“rag”), e.g. hudelum (“disoes of Hudel (“rag”), e.g. hudelum (“disorderly”), hudellam (“weak,” “slack,” rderly”), hudellam (“weak,” “slack,” etc.) etc.)

r. r. filibusterfilibuster: From Spanish filibustero fr: From Spanish filibustero from Middle French flibustier, var. of from Middle French flibustier, var. of fribustier; see FREEBOOTER.ibustier; see FREEBOOTER.

s. s. astronautastronaut: From : From FrenchFrench astronautiq astronautique ASTRO + -naute from ue ASTRO + -naute from GreekGreek naúte naútes (“sailor”), on the model of aérons (“sailor”), on the model of aéronaute (“aeronaut”).aute (“aeronaut”).

t. t. emeraldemerald: From Old : From Old FrenchFrench esmeraude, e esmeraude, esmeralde, esmeragde, from Latin smarasmeralde, esmeragde, from Latin smaragdus, from gdus, from Greek Greek smaragdos; probably smaragdos; probably ultimately from Semitic b-r-q (“shineultimately from Semitic b-r-q (“shine”) Sanskrit marak(a)la (“emerald”).”) Sanskrit marak(a)la (“emerald”).

u. u. sugarsugar: From Middle English and Middle : From Middle English and Middle FrenchFrench sucre, from Middle sucre, from Middle LatinLatin succaru succarum, m, ItalianItalian zucchero, zucchero, ArabicArabic sukkar; obsc sukkar; obscurely akin tourely akin to Persian Persian shakar, shakar, Greek Greek sakcsakcharon.haron.

v. v. pagodapagoda: From Portuguese pagode (“te: From Portuguese pagode (“temple”), from Persian butkada—but (“mple”), from Persian butkada—but (“idol”) + kada (“temple, dwelling”).idol”) + kada (“temple, dwelling”).

w. w. khakikhaki: From : From Urdu,Urdu, from from PersianPersian khaki khaki (“dusty”), equivalent to khak (“dust(“dusty”), equivalent to khak (“dust”) + i (suffix of appurtenance).”) + i (suffix of appurtenance).

x. x. shampooshampoo: Earlier champo (“to massag: Earlier champo (“to massage”), from an inflected from ofe”), from an inflected from of Hindi Hindi (ca(campna) (lit., “to press”).mpna) (lit., “to press”).

y. y. kangarookangaroo: From Guugu Yimidhirr (: From Guugu Yimidhirr (AusAustralian Aboriginal languagetralian Aboriginal language spoken ar spoken around Čooktown, N. Queensland), largound Čooktown, N. Queensland), large black or gray species of kangaroo.e black or gray species of kangaroo.

z. z. bulldozebulldoze: American English, origin un: American English, origin uncertain; the notion that it represents a certain; the notion that it represents a verbal use of bull dose, i.e., “a dose fiverbal use of bull dose, i.e., “a dose fit for a bull,” is probably specious.t for a bull,” is probably specious.

#11 proto-Polynesian#11 proto-Polynesian

Čorrespondence setsČorrespondence sets 1. p-p-p-b1. p-p-p-b 2 0-0-0-02 0-0-0-0 3.u-u-u-u3.u-u-u-u 4.t-k-t-t-4.t-k-t-t- 5.a-a-a-a5.a-a-a-a 6. –n-6. –n- 7.i-i-i-i-7.i-i-i-i- 8.k-?-?-k8.k-?-?-k 9.e-e-e-e9.e-e-e-e 10.r-l-l-l10.r-l-l-l

11.h-h-f-v11.h-h-f-v 12. n-n-n-n12. n-n-n-n 13.m-m-m-m13.m-m-m-m 14.h-h-s-s14.h-h-s-s

B. p-p-p-b pB. p-p-p-b p o-o-o-o 0o-o-o-o 0 u-u-u-u uu-u-u-u u t-k-t-t tt-k-t-t t a-a-a-a aa-a-a-a a …………… ……………..and so on...and so on.

Č. reconstructed words in Proto-PolyČ. reconstructed words in Proto-Polynesian. These proto forms are the sanesian. These proto forms are the same as in Samoan.me as in Samoan.