Chapter 10: WWI

Section 1: From Neutrality to War

Nationalism Extreme loyalty to a nation and its welfare.

Alsace-Lorraine

France longed to regain control of this territory it lost to Germany.

The Balkans

Text Notes

For some European leaders it was not if a war would start but when. To prepare leaders increased the size of their armies and stockpiles of weapons.

Militarism The glorification of

military strength.

European leaders engaged in an arms race in which they tried to develop larger armies and more powerful weapons.

Text Notes

European leaders also prepared for war by forming alliances. Before 1914, two major ones emerged. Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy joined together in the Triple Alliance. While the Triple Entente was made up of France, Great Britain, and Russia.

Archduke Franz-Ferdinand Heir to the Austro-

Hungarian throne.

Assassinated in Sarajevo.

Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Nationalist)

Assassinated Franz-Ferdinand and his wife.

William II

German emperor who assured Austria Hungry they would stand by them if war came.

Text Notes

Austria-Hungary quickly declared war on Serbia. Germany immediately offered its support. Russia, with a large Slavic population of it own, was compelled to honor its alliance with Serbia. The alliance system soon turned a local conflict into a global war.

Allied Powers Britain, France,

Russia

Later US

Central Powers Germany, Austria-

Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

New Weapons

Machine gunPoisonous gasAir planeTanks Submarines

Schlieffen Plan Called for German

forces to avoid the heavily guarded French-German border by invading France through Belgium.

First Battle of the Marne The allies pushed

the German lines back some 40 miles.

Western Front Battle front between

the Allies and Central Powers in western Europe during WWI.

Text Notes

Leaders had thought that this war would resemble earlier conflicts-with Calvary charges, decisive battles, and a quick victory. Both sides threw troops and arms into a battle, expecting to achieve a clear victory. Instead, each side battered and bloodied the other in a brutal stalemate.

Text Notes

As 1914 drew to a close, leaders of both sides realized that there would be no quick victory.

No-Man's-Land Strip of bombed-out

territory that separated the trenches of opposing sides along the Western Front during WWI.

Barbed wire and land mines.

Trench Warfare WWI military

strategy of defending a position by fighting from deep ditches.

Trench foot

Trench Life Lice and rats

plagued the troops Dead soldiers often

lay unburied for days.

Unsanitary conditions bred disease and sickness claimed nearly as many lives as fighting did.

Trench Foot

Text Notes

The war remained locked in a stalemate throughout 1915. Determined to break out, each sides prepared massive offensives for 1916.

Verdun French city

Germans targeted

Germans knew France would defend this city.

Text Notes

As the war spread in Europe, President Wilson called for Americans to be “impartial in thought as well as action.” Wilson did not want to see the war turn Americans against each other

Battle of the Somme Offensive launched

by the Allies near the Somme River.

British suffered 60,000 casualties in one day.

4 month battle left more than 1 million wounded or dead.

Text Notes No event at the beginning of the war

swayed American opinion more than the German invasion of neutral Belgium. German soldiers marching through Belgium committed atrocities killing unarmed civilians and destroying entire towns. Eventually three district groups crystallized in America. The isolationists that didn’t want to get involved. The interventionist who believed the US should become involved and the Internationalist who believed the US should work toward achieving peace.

The Seas The British Navy

blockaded Germany.

1915 the German Navy created a “war zone” around Britain.

Contraband

Weapons and other articles used to fight a war.

It was legal for it to be confiscated.

U Boats

German submarines

Wilson warned the US would hold Germany accountable for any injury to American lives,

Lusitania A British passenger

liner that was torpedoed by a German U boat.

The dead included 128 Americans

Americans were outraged!

Sussex Pledge Renewal of an

earlier promise not to sink liners w/o warning or w/o ensuring passenger safety.

Some Am. Start to criticize Wilson

National Defense Act (1916)

Increased the number of soldiers in the army.

2 months later Congress passed a bill appropriating $313 million to build up the navy.

1916 Presidential Election

“ He kept us out of war”

Wilson won

Text Notes

On February 1, 1917 Germany resumed full scale U boat warfare. The Germans hoped that their U boat fleet would be able to defeat the Allies before the US could join.

Zimmerman Telegraph A message from

the German foreign secretary Zimmerman to the German Minister to Mexico.

The message offered German support to re-conquer lost territory in NM, Texas, and Arizona.

Text Notes

Wilson concluded that the US could no longer stay out of war. On April 2, 1917 the president asked Congress for a declaration of war. The Senate declared war on April 4, 1917; the House followed two days later

Chapter 10: WWI

Section 2: The Home Front

Text Notes

War affects many things, but its greatest impacts is on the lives of ordinary people. People fight, sacrifice, and sometime die in war. People work to produce the food soldiers eat and the guns that they fire.

Text Notes

Once the US entered the war, President Wilson quickly moved to mobilize the nation. The gov’t set up programs to finance the war, conserve scarce resources, and redirect labor and industry toward wartime production. The president also launched a huge propaganda campaign to win the support for the war effort.

William McAdoo Secretary of the

Treasury Promoted the

selling of bonds to finance the war.

“ Every person who refuses to subscribe is a friend of Germany”

Selective Service Act May 18, 1917

Required men between the ages of 21 to 30 to register with local draft boards.

Later 18-45

Bernard Baruch

Leader of theWar Industries Board (WIB)

Allocated scarce goods, established production priorities, and set prices on goods.

Food Administration Regulated the

production and supply of food.

Director: Herbert Hoover

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Led a propaganda campaign to encourage the American people to support the war.

Portrayed Germans as monsters

Hard on German Americans

George Creel

Director of the CPI

Text Notes

The work of the CPI was important because Americans did not always peacefully agree with one another with the war.

Conscientious Objectors

People whose moral or religious beliefs prevented them from fighting in a war.

Sometimes treated very badly.

Espionage ActSedition Act

1917 Outlawed acts of

treason and made it a crime to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal language” criticizing the gov’t, the flag, or the military.

Crushed opposition to the war

More than 1,000 people convicted.

Schenck V US 1919

Upheld the Sedition and Espionage Act.

Court said there are times when the need for public order is so pressing that First Amendment protection does not apply.

Text Notes Many women took traditionally male

jobs during WWI. They worked as automobile mechanics, bricklayers, metalworkers, railroad engineers, or truck drivers. In all, some 1.5 million women worked in industry during the war.

Jeannette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress 1917

MontanaVoted against the

war.

Text Notes

Sometimes the CPI’s propaganda made it very hard for German Americans.

Great Migration Migration of African

Americans from the South to Northern cities between 1915 and 1930.

Job opportunities and the chance of higher wages.

Mexican Americans

Mexicans started crossing the border.Barrios- Hispanic neighborhoods in

California.

Chapter 10: WWISection 3:

Wilson, War, and Peace

Convoys Armed vessels

escorted unarmed merchant vessels transporting troops and supplies through the North Atlantic during WWI

Not 1 solider lost while crossing.

Bolsheviks

A group of radical Russian socialist who seized power of the gov’t.

Vladimir Lenin

Staged a revolution and gained control of Russia in 1917.

Russia drops out of the war!

Chateau Thierry Under the

command of Ferdinand Foch. US troops helped the French stop the Germans advance.

Paris was saved!

Text Notes

American troops called doughboys saw significant action in late spring and summer of 1918. Americans fought on the defensive along with the French at the Second Battle of the Marne.

John J. Pershing Troops were sent to

France under his command.

Most experienced combat officer

Text Notes

On March 21, 1918, some 1 million German soldiers launched a tremendous offensive against the Allies. By late May, the Germans had pushed the Allies back to the Marne River. Just 50 miles from Paris.

Battle of Argonne Forest A successful Allies

effort to push back German troops from a rail center in Sedan, France.

Alvin C. York

Awarded the Medal of Honor in WWI.

One of America’s greatest war heroes.

From Tennessee

369th Infantry Played a major role

on the Argonne offensive.

French awarded them with the Croix de Guerre or Cross of War.

Text Notes

Morale in Germany sagged. In October the German Chancellor formally asked President Wilson for a cease-fire.

Early in the Morning of November 11, 1918, the warring parties signed the armistice. At 11:00 a.m. the cease-fire went into effect.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s program for world peace.Nine of the points dealt with self

determination- The right of people to govern themselves

Other points focused on the causes of modern war.

Self-determination

Wilson belived that people should have the right to choose their own gov’t.

The League of Nations

The final point in the Fourteen Points.The league would be an international

body created to prevent offensive wars.

The Allies were not enthusiastic.

Text Notes

On December 4, 1918 Woodrow Wilson boarded the the USS George Washington- becoming the first US president to cross the Atlantic Ocean. A huge crowd gathered in New York harbor to send Wilson off.

Versailles

Big Four Wilson- US David Loyed George

British Prime Minister George Clemenceau-

French premier Vittorio Orlando-

Italian Prime Minister Gathered to discuss

terms of peace.

Text Notes

Wilson’s idealism did not inspire European leaders at the peace conference. They blamed Germany for starting the war, reminding Wilson they had suffered more in the war than the US, and insisted Germany repay them.

Reparations Payments Orland, Clemenceau, and Lloyd George

insisted Germany pay huge reparations.

Wilson did not want this.

Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 Germany’s colonies and the Ottoman

Empire were divided among the Allied nations.

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created.

Germany was disarmed and forced to admit full responsibility for the war. They were also charged millions of dollars.

An agreement to create the League of Nations was also included.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Senator He kept the league of

nations bill stalled in the Foreign Relations Committee through the summer.

Mad b/c Wilson didn’t invite him to Europe.

It was not passed until after Wilson’s death.

Impact of WWI

More than 8.5 million people died in battle.

21 million wounded.Industry and agriculture in Europe was

ruined.Northern France was completely

destroyed.

The Red Scare

Text Notes

The movement from war to peace would have been difficult even in the best of times. But the end of 1918 & 1919 were not the best of times.

Influenza

Flu Originated in the

US and spread worldwide.

Killed millions worldwide.

Test Notes

Women & African Americans made significant advances during the war. However the end of WWI also spelled the end of wartime economic opportunities. A postwar recession and veterans returning created a competitive job market.

Inflation

Rising prices

After war Americans bought goods and caused inflation.

Text Notes

The reaction against labor was partially spurred by a wave of fear of radicals and communists. The emergence of the Soviet Union as a Communist nation fed these fears. Communist ideology called for an international worker’s revolution. A series of communist revolts did break out,.

Red Scare

A wave of widespread fear of suspected radicals and communists thought to be plotting a revolution in the US .

Palmer Raids

Palmer started arresting suspected radicals in a series of raids. In 1920.

Police aressted thousands some were radicals and some were not.

Sacco & Vanzetti Italian immigrants

and known anarchists.

Charged with shooting and killing two men during a hold up at a shoe factory.

Really no evidence!

Text Notes

Woodrow Wilson hoped that the presidential election of 1920 would prove that Americans supported both the League of Nations and his vision of the role the US should play in the world.

Warren G. Harding

Won election of 1920.

Rejected Wilson’s ideas.

Text Notes

Despite Harding’s election and all it implied, the US did not plan to totally withdraw from world affairs. By 1920 the US was an economic giant.

Creditor Nation

Other nations owed the US more money than the US owed them.