Chapter 10

Napoleonic Europe

1799-1815

Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821)

Why is Napoleon know for

being “short”?

He was 5’7”

Born in CorsicaStudied Philosophy and Military

Gained power and

fame during Revolution

Worked for CPS

Napoleon promoted by Directory for stopping a pro monarchy rebellion in

1795 with a “whiff of grapeshot”

1796-1797 Invaded Italy and

establishedrepublics

Bonaparte Crossing the AlpsDelaroche 1850

1798-1799 Invaded Egypt and Ottoman lands to cut off

British trade routes

Army found the

Rosetta Stone

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès

(1748-1836)

Wanted to replace weak Directory with

a strong ruler

“Confidence from below, authority

from above”

Nov. 9 and 101799

Coup d’etat under

General Napoleon

Bonaparte

1801 Treaty of LunevilleAustrian HRE lost Italian and German lands

Created a republic

and ruled as First Consul

1804 Napoleon Crowned Emperor

“France has more need of

me than I have need of France”

Napoleon’s Policies

Enlightened or despotic?

1801 Concordat with Pope Pius VII restored Catholicism

Napoleon had power over clergy and did not force Catholicism

"Religion is what

keeps the poor from murdering the rich"

1804 Napoleonic Codes-Legal Equality (men)-Meritocracy-Property Protection-Secular marriage law-Religious tolerance (Cath, Prot, Jew)

Created a National Bank of France and economic law

Secular Schoolspro-Napoleon and pro-revolution

Built Bridges over Seine River

Pont d'Iéna

Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (1806-1808)Celebrates Napoleonic victories

Built Grand Monuments

Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoilede(1806-1836)Celebrates French Revolution and Napoleonic victories

Large Centralized Bureaucracy

Eliminated political rivals

Hotel de Ville – City Hall, Paris

Created New Nobility of the French Empire

Legion of Honor Awarded by merit or patronage

“Four hostile newspapers

are more to be feared than a

thousand bayonets”

Censorship of the news

Women denied equal rightspaternalistic and regressive on divorce

The Napoleonic Wars1803-1815

The Grande Armée

David’s The Distribution of the Eagle Standards

1802 Victories Against The Second Coalition and occupation of Spain, Holland, and Austrian

Netherlands (no German Unity)

"Never interrupt

your enemy

when he is making a mistake"

EnglandKing George IIIRuled The Sea With His Navy

Horatio Nelson

(1758-1805)

British Admiral

1805 Battle of Trafalgar

British Victory

St. Paul’s Cathedral

1805 Battle of AusterlitzDefeated the Third Coalition

Prussia Occupied and Treaty of Tilsit with Russia

“This is my dear son”

1806 Holy Roman Empire defeated and

position eliminated

Austrian Emperor Francis II the last

HRE

2nd wifeArchduchess

Marie Louise of Austria

She was 18, he was 40

Napoleon now Louis XVI’s Nephew

Napoleon II (1810)

The Peninsular War 1806-1814“The Spanish Ulcer”

1808 Spanish Nationalist Revolts

Goya’s The Third of May 18085,000 Rebels Executed

A total of 7 Coalitions battled against France during the

Revolution/Napoleonic EraUK, Prussia, Austria, Spain, Russia, Sweden, Dutch Republic, French

Royalists, Ottomans, Portugal, Saxony, Bavaria, Sicily, Sardinia, Naples

Grand EmpireFrench Territory

Dependent States Ruled By

Napoleon’s Relatives

Allied States Joined With Napoleon

(Forced)

Spread Enlightenment and Napoleonic Code

Ended Austrian and German Serfdom

Nepotism (anti-rev)

Continental System

Forbade Allied Countries from

trading with Britain

(didn’t Work)

Also collected taxes and demanded support

1803 Louisiana Territory sold to fund wars

1804 Haitian Independence

Loss of Sugar $ for Napoleon

1811

Napoleon’s actions in

Poland strained the

Russian alliance

Tsar Alexander I(1777-1825)

Ruler of Russia

1812 600,000 French troops invaded

Czar Alexander would not

directly fight

1812 Napoleon won Battle of Borodino, but it is costly

850+ miles

1812 Russians Burn Moscow

1812 Late OctoberNapoleon’s Great Retreat

Russians attacked as the French retreated

This map drawn by Charles Joseph Minard portrays the losses suffered by Napoleon’s army in the Russian campaign of 1812

Reached Poland, Jan. 1813, with only 96,000 survivors

Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon

Austria, Prussia, UK, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Portugal

1814 Treaty of Chaumont Exiled Napoleon to

Elba

Constitutional Monarchy Created

King Louis XVIII

(1755-1824)Brother To Louis XVI

Congress of Vienna(1814-1815)

Start of the “Congress System”

Restore MonarchiesBalance Power

Stop Revolutions

Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Furst von

Metternich-Winneburg-

Beilstein

Prince Klemens von

Metternich(1773-1859)

Austria

Metternich hated the Enlightenment

“Drag through the mud the name of God and the powers instituted by His diving decrees and the revolution will be prepared! Speak of a social contract, and the revolution is accomplished!”

“…The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country… It was greatly developed under

the regime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His laws displaced a number of

laws, institutions, and customs….”

What does this map tell

you? Habsburg controlled land

Metternich Feared Change(esp. Liberalism and Nationalism)

Prussia as a “Sentinel” against France

Europe After the C

ongress of Vienna

1815 Napoleon returned

Hundred Days

A Return to Glory

June 18, 1815Battle of Waterloo Belgium

Arthur WellesleyThe Duke

of Wellington(1769-1852)

British General

British, Belgians, Dutch, and Prussiansvs.

French

Inventory of an English Private, Battle of Waterloo 1815 by Thom Atkinson

Napoleon defeated

and exiled to

St. Helena

“Death is nothing, but

to live defeated and inglorious is to die daily”

Death5-5-1821

(Mystery)

Les Invalides

"History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon."

Late 18th century French Political Spectrum

Liberal Conservative

Republic 1792 (Jacobin)

Constitutional Monarchy

1791

Absolute Monarchy Louis XVI

1789

The Committee of Public

Safety1793

Napoleon’s coup1799

Emperor Napoleon

1804

Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory

1795

Constitutional Monarchy

Louis XVIII 1815