CHAPTER 10 AMERICA CLAIMS

AN EMPIRE

Section 1

Imperialism and America Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand.

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Section1:IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA

I. American Expansionism A. Throughout the 19th century America expanded their control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean (Manifest Destiny) B. Global Competition 1. Imperialism —policy of extending control over weaker nations C. In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China D. Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas

E. WHY IMPERIALISM? 1)  Desire for Military strength –

Mahan advised strong navy a)  Political rivalries – Each nation wanted

a larger empire than the other, which led to more world power.

b)  Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to

build up navy to compete and influence world

c)  U.S. builds modern battleships,

becomes third largest naval power – began under T. Roosevelt

E. WHY IMPERIALISM? 2) Thirst for new markets – to spur

economy & trade. a) Industrial countries needed raw

materials and markets for their surplus goods.

•  U.S. farms, factories produce more than Americans can consume

•  U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for goods

b) Foreign trade: solution to

overproduction, unemployment, depression

U.S. naval officer who helped convince American leaders of the importance of maintaining a large navy and overseas territories.

Alfred T. Mahan

E. WHY IMPERIALISM? 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority a)  Some combine Social Darwinism,

belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons, Manifest Destiny

- US leaders believed their culture

was superior to any in the world (Western).

•  Idea that came from Social Darwinism

•  English-Speaking nations were superior – Character – Ideas – Systems of Government

•  Destined to dominate the planet

Anglo-Saxonism

1. Americans became interested in protecting their interests overseas.

2. This required a navy that could compete with Europeans.

F. Growth of a Modern Navy

II. THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA

Early Expansion A. William Seward —Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson B. 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million 1. has trouble convincing House to fund purchase Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly” C. Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil and after Seward's death, gold was discovered in Alaska. C. Became a state in 1959

Alaska

III. U.S. TAKES HAWAII

A. The Cry for Annexation ince 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India 1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands B. Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth C. 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor 1. becomes refueling station D.1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free (tax free) status of Hawaiian sugar E. Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so will not have to pay duty

1. Midway between the U.S. and Asia.

2. Climate allowed for growing sugar, fruit.

3. U.S. began trade and settlement of Hawaii in 1887.

H. Importance of Hawaii

F. Queen Liliuokalani removed by business groups-1893 G. Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole • President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen • recognizes Republic of Hawaii H. Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory 1898 1.  Annexation-to add on

The End of a Monarchy

Queen Liliuokalani

Location of Hawaii

SECTION 2: THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

I. Cubans Rebel against Spain A.  During 1868–1878

First Cuban war for independence, American sympathizes with Cuba

--not successful--

B.1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. investment in sugar cane

Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida

1. U.S leaders wanted more trade and cooperation with Latin America. 2. Wanted to show Europe that US was the dominant power in Latin America 3. Cuba is in Latin America.

C. Latin American

Latin America

The Spanish-American War

CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

D. José Martí —poet, journalist—launches second revolution in 1895 1. Cuban revolutionary leader •  Raised money from Americans •  Planned an invasion of Cuba • Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar mills, plantations E. U.S. public opinion split: 1. business wants to support Spain 2. others favor Cuban cause- a revolt against colonial (Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention)

Marti

Cuban sugar imported into the U.S. Investments in Cuban mines, railroads and sugar plantations

Economic Ties to Cuba

II. WAR FEVER ESCALATES Spain Takes Action • 1896, General Weyler sent to Cuba to restore order • Puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps Headline Wars A. Newspapers exploit Spain’s abusive actions in circulation war 1. Yellow journalism —sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers B. Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and

Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

writers exaggerate or make up stories to attract readers. Support for Cuban rebels

Yellow Journalism

Modern yellow journal

Publisher of the New York World.

Joseph Pulitzer

•  Publisher of the New York Journal.

“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” (p. 347) – watch video

William Randolph Hearst

That’s all for today!

Yellow Journalism activity

•  Small Groups…

•  Large Groups…

•  Whole Class – read best aloud

C. Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba D. McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis E. Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published= The de Lôme Letter 1. calls McKinley weak, swayed by public F. Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry

McKinley’s Position on the War

U.S.S. MAINE EXPLODES G. Early in 1898, U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up, or evacuate, U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property H. February 15, 1898 the Maine blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain I. A navy report Spanish mine had sunk the ship. (More than 260 men were killed)

Before

After

III. WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN

A. Congress declared war on April 19, 1898. B.“Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

“Remember the Maine!” • American people blamed Spain. • McKinley was under tremendous pressure to declare war. The U.S. Declares War

War with Spain Erupts

U.S.S. Maine

The Maine Explodes

Unknown artist , 1898

Notice the men flying dramatically through the air

Wreckage of the Maine

“Remember the Maine!”

•  An attitude of aggressive nationalism.

•  Very strong after the Maine incident.

Jingoism

1. American support for Cuban rebels 2. Yellow journalism 3. Explosion of the USS Maine

C. Causes of Spanish American war

U.S. forces fought the Spanish in two areas: (colonies)

1. A land war in Cuba. 2. A naval battle in the Spanish

Colony of the Philippines.

D. War on Two Fronts

War on Two Fronts

1. Newer and better battleships 2. Spanish were poorly trained

E. Advantages over Spain

THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

F. The War in the Philippines 1. First battle with Spain occurs in Spanish colony of the Philippines 2. Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harbor- defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay 3. Filipinos, led by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo, support Dewey 4. August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila surrender to U.S.

•  American Admiral who defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay.

George Dewey

• Filipino revolutionary leader. • Unrest developed between Filipino revolutionaries and the Americans.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippines

I. THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

1. U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harbor followed by a land invasion by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider 2. Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battle 3. U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after 4. Unlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, many volunteers a) volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied

Cuba

1.Rough Riders —Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalry 2. Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan Hill http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war

J. Rough Riders

•  Second in command of the Rough Rider unit.

•  http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war

Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Charge of the Rough Riders

U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS

K. Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty- Treaty of Paris 1. ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” 2. Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines $20 million Debate over the Treaty L. Treaty of Paris touches off great debate over imperialism M. McKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral grounds N. Opponents give political, moral, economic arguments against

Treaty of Paris, 1898

SECTION 3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS

I. Military Rule A. During Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles occupies Puerto Rico 1. People split on independence, statehood, self-government under U.S. 2. important to the U.S. strategically as post in the Caribbean, for protection of future canal. B.1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government 1. president appoints governor, upper house 2. 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

II. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES

A. U.S. recognizes Cuban independence from Spain B. U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitution C. Platt Amendment does not allow Cuba to go into debt; also stipulates 1. no treaties that let foreign power control land 2. U.S. has right to intervene 3. U.S. can buy, lease land for navy D. D. Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S. 1. Protectorate —country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one Today the U.S. has a

prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

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Protecting American Business Interests E. U.S. wants strong political presence to protect

American businesses F. Some object to colonial entanglements, do not

think colonies needed G. U.S. state department continues to push for

control of Latin America

Cuba and the United States

III. FILIPINOS REBEL Philippine-American War A. Filipinos outraged at Treaty of Paris call for annexation B. 1899, rebel leader, Emilio Aguinaldo leads fight for independence against U.S. C. The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) Aftermath of the War D. U.S. president appoints governor who appoints upper house 1. people elect lower house E. July 4, 1946, Philippines become independent

U.S. troops fire on rebels

•  U.S. leaders saw the economic benefit of starting trade with Japan and China.

Pacific Expansion

IV. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA U.S. Interest in China

A. U.S. sees China as vast potential market, investment opportunity B. France, Britain, Japan, Russia have settlements, spheres of influence - area where a foreign country controlled the economic development-in China C. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issues Open Door Notes = ask imperialist nations to share trading rights (free trade) with U.S. Other powers reluctantly agree

Foreign nations were opening the door to China’s trade

Spheres of Influence- An area in China where a foreign country controlled the

economic development.

BOXER REBELLION D. Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities E. Chinese form secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners F. Boxers kill hundreds of foreigners, Chinese converts to Christianity- BOXER REBELLION G. U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxer Rebellion

Chinese Boxer

Execution of Boxers

V. AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN ASIA

Protecting American Rights A. Hay issues new Open Door notes saying U. S. will keep trade open- Open Door Policies B. Open Door policy reflects beliefs about U.S. economy: 1. growth depends on exports 2. U.S. has right to intervene keep markets open 3. closing of area threatens U.S. survival or America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets

VI. The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains

A. The Anti-Imperialist League B. McKinley’s reelection confirms most Americans favor imperialism C. Anti-Imperialist League has prominent people from different fields D. For various reasons, agree wrong to rule others without their consent

SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

I. Teddy Roosevelt and the World Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics A. Two events signaled America’s climb toward being the#1 world power 1. Roosevelt negotiates settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War =Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gets Manchuria, Korea • U.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks • pledge to respect each other’s possessions a) won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize 2) Construction of Panama Canal

The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually

II. THE PANAMA CANAL A. U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama (Columbia controls) B. Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down C. French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion 1. U.S. gives military aid D. U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone

“The shortcut”

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914

Constructing the Canal E. Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats 1. fight diseases, geographic obstacles 2. at height, 43,400 workers employed

Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

Voyages were cut shorter

Panama Canal

This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama

Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal, which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000

A. McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan.

B. McKinley named Roosevelt Vice President.

Election of 1896

“Cross of Gold” Speech

Election of 1896

William McKinley William Jennings Bryan

Election of 1896

1. McKinley was shot at a pubic appearance by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. 2. Died a few days later. 3. Roosevelt at age 42 became the youngest President. •  http://www.history.com/videos/theodore-

roosevelts-rise-to-presidency#theodore-roosevelts-rise-to-presidency

C. McKinley’s Assassination

McKinley’s Assassination

Sketch of Roosevelt’s Inauguration

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III. The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary A. Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America

defaults on loans B. Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they

stay out of Latin America C. U.S. would intervene militarily against any European

power to keep Latin America stable (big stick diplomacy). D. Roosevelt Corollary(an addition to the Monroe Doctrine) U. S. to use force to protect economic interests

1. U.S.A. was the �policeman� of the Americas

U.S. President James Monroe said all of the Western Hemisphere was closed to European colonization. • Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power on several occasions, ie. Nicaragua F. Under Taft get dollar diplomacy —U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business

E. Monroe Doctrine (1823)

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”

– Theodore Roosevelt

What does this quote mean?

1. Roosevelt�s foreign policy.

2. He wanted America to become a major player in the world.

G. “Big Stick” Diplomacy

Western Hemisphere is off limits according to the Monroe Doctrine

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

New fleet of modern battleships that Roosevelt had sail around the world as a display of American might.

H. Great White Fleet

The Real Great White Fleet

Map of the Great White Fleet’s voyage

•  http://www.history.com/photos/teddy-roosevelt/photo4#

Political Cartoon

Roosevelt during an African safari

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The Mexican Revolution A. President Wilson adopts missionary diplomacy —U.S. has

moral responsibility not to recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic

B. Under dictator Díaz, much U.S. investment in Mexico 1911, peasants overthrow Díaz C. General Huerta takes over government •  Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government D. Huerta regime falls; nationalist Carranza new president Rebellion in Mexico F. Francisco “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata oppose

Carranza G. Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government; Villa threatens

reprisals 1. Villa’s men kill Americans 2. Raid into New Mexico

IV. Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

Continued . . .

John J. Pershing

Chasing Villa H. Under President Wilson’s orders, Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing leads force to capture Villa I. U.S. faces war in Europe, wants peace on southern border 1. Wilson orders Pershing home

A. Taft - Dollar diplomacy – Trade with Latin America

B. Wilson - Missionary Diplomacy – Promoting democracy

VII. presidential foreign policies

Turn to the chart in your notes…

Diplomacy - ROOSEVELT •  “BIG STICK” •  Strong Military

–  “Great White Fleet” / Alfred Mahan •  Desired Dominance in Latin America

– Roosevelt Corrollary •  Civilize weaker nations •  America to be major world player

Diplomacy - TAFT •  “DOLLAR” •  Substitute “dollars for bullets” –

(guarantee loans to keep Europe out) •  Sometimes military, but not first priority •  Focus on trade with Latin America

Diplomacy - WILSON •  “Moral” or “Missionary” •  Moral responsibility to spread

democracy •  Push for human rights •  Did not focus on imperialist conquest •  Military only to push for democracy, not

for takeover

Get your STR questions out! 66. During what time period did Imperialism occur? late 1800s-early 1900s 67. What president is most associated with Imperialism? Teddy Roosevelt 68. What is the term for powerful countries dominating

weaker countries economically, politically, and militarily? Imperialism 69. What was the US�s effort to keep trade with China open

to all countries? Open Door Policy 70. The taking of Hawaii by the US was largely to aid

planters of what crop? Sugar cane

71. What was the method used by the NY World and NY Journal of exaggerating news stories to sell newspapers?

Yellow journalism 72. What was the name of the US battleship that sunk in

Havana Harbor helping to lead to the Spanish-American War?

U.S.S. Maine 73. During the taking of Santiago, Cuba the US won a

famous battle at which hill? San Juan Hill 74. What territory did Spain lose after the Spanish-

American War? Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

75. The US helped Panama win its independence for the right to build what?

Panama Canal 76. What was TR�s foreign policy? Big Stick Diplomacy 77. What statement, issued by TR, was added to the

Monroe Doctrine and declared the US the policeman of Latin America?

Roosevelt Corollary 78. What is Seward�s Folly? the purchase of Alaska from Russia