Chapter 10: A Democratic Revolution: 1800—1844

• How did debates over federal power, states rights, and the authority of different branches of the federal government change the nation’s democratic ideals and reform its institutions?

• How did government policy shaped by interest in expanding trade and national borders give rise to debates and compromises over the extension of slavery? President Andrew President Andrew

JacksonJackson

““KingKing””Andrew?Andrew?

What is the American Democratic Revolution?

• What are the characteristics of this revolution?

• How are things changing?

• What are the effects of this revolution on the U.S.

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voter Turnout:1820 - 1860Voter Turnout:1820 - 1860Voter Turnout:1820 - 1860Voter Turnout:1820 - 1860

Why Increased Democratization?Why Increased Democratization?Why Increased Democratization?Why Increased Democratization?

• White male suffrage increased – new states White male suffrage increased – new states introduce universal male suffrage. introduce universal male suffrage.

• Party nominating committees. Begun by a Party nominating committees. Begun by a third party.third party.

• Voters chose their stateVoters chose their state’’s Presidential s Presidential electors.electors.

• Spoils system.Spoils system.

• Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

• Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)etc.)

• Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:election:

• Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs Whigs (1832) (1832) Republicans Republicans (1854)(1854)

• Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The New The New ““Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””The New The New ““Jackson CoalitionJackson Coalition””• The Planter Elite in the The Planter Elite in the

SouthSouth

• People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

• State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils spoils systemsystem “Turn the rascals out, put our rascals in.”

• Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common ManCommon Man””

JacksonJackson’’s Faith s Faith in the in the ““Common ManCommon Man””

• Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern““establishment,establishment,”” monopolies, monopolies, & special privilege. Notables& special privilege. Notables

• His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the““plain folk.plain folk.””

• Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of The Reign of ““King MobKing Mob””

The Inaugural Brawl!The Inaugural Brawl!

The Reign of The Reign of ““King MobKing Mob””

The Inaugural Brawl!The Inaugural Brawl!

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

1832 Tariff Conflict1832 Tariff Conflict1832 Tariff Conflict1832 Tariff Conflict

• 18281828 ““Tariff of AbominationTariff of Abomination”” reenactment signed in 1832reenactment signed in 1832

• South CarolinaSouth Carolina’’s reactions reaction? – ? – Nullification (Nullification (The South Carolina The South Carolina Exposition and ProtestExposition and Protest, by V.P. , by V.P. Calhoun)Calhoun)

• JacksonJackson’’s responses response? Military Force ? Military Force BillBill

• ClayClay’’s s ““CompromiseCompromise”” Tariff Tariff? Gradual ? Gradual reduction (1832-42)reduction (1832-42)

“The Nullies” v Jackson

• John C Calhoun (VP Under Adams and Jackson) wrote South Carolina Exposition (1828)– “Concurrent Majority” – a federal

law that is harmful to states can be declared null and void via a convention of the people.

• Jackson’s Response – Threatened military force and “Force Bill”

What steps were taken to avoid a military conflict?

Jackson and The Native Americans• 1828 The Cherokee Tribes of Georgia

wrote and adopted a constitution with 3 branch government.– Georgia declared the Cherokee

Assembly illegal (SC ruled in favor of Indians)

• – state has no authority in tribal legislation• Worcester v Georgia –state has no

authority in tribal legislationJackson’s Response:– “John Marshall had made his decision,

now let him enforce it.”• How does this quote from Jackson show his

increasing strength as President?

The Cherokee Nation After The Cherokee Nation After 18201820

The Cherokee Nation After The Cherokee Nation After 18201820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• 100,000 Indians moved from east of Mississippi

• 1832 – Black Hawk War• 1835-42 Osceola and Florida

Seminoles• 1838-39 “Trail of Tears” 14,000

Cherokees, 116 days – 3,000 deaths (25%)– 100 million acres given up– $68 million paid out, 32 million

acres in West

JacksonJackson’’s Professed s Professed ““LoveLove”” forfor

Native AmericansNative Americans

JacksonJackson’’s Professed s Professed ““LoveLove”” forfor

Native AmericansNative Americans

Jacksonians on States’ Rights

• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)– States, not federal government, had

power to enter into contracts regarding infrastructure, transportation.

• Maysville Road Veto - I am not able to view [the Maysville Road Bill] in any other light than as a measure of purely local character.... It has no connection with any established system of improvements; [and] is exclusively within the limits of a State [Kentucky]....

JacksonJackson’’s Use of Federal s Use of Federal PowerPower

JacksonJackson’’s Use of Federal s Use of Federal PowerPower

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

“The Hydra of Corruption” – The Bank Wars

• Nicholas Biddle – President of Bank of US– Functions – print stable currency,

keep federal money, control gold and silver, source of credit

• 1832 – Clay and Webster wanted to use the renewal of the charter to embarrass the President – if he passed the charter he would anger his followers, if he vetoed it the wealthy would be upset.

– How did the veto increase the power of President?

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother Mother BankBank””

The Downfall of The Downfall of ““Mother Mother BankBank””

Hydra of Corruption

An 1832 An 1832 Cartoon:Cartoon:

““KingKingAndrewAndrew””??

An 1832 An 1832 Cartoon:Cartoon:

““KingKingAndrewAndrew””??

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

MainMainIssueIssue??

The The Specie CircularSpecie Circular (1836)(1836)

The The Specie CircularSpecie Circular (1836)(1836)

• ““wildcat banks.wildcat banks.””

• buy future federalbuy future federalland only with gold orland only with gold orsilver.silver.

• JacksonJackson’’s goals goal??

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

$ Banknotes lose their Banknotes lose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in Photo of Andrew Jackson in 18441844

(one year before his death)(one year before his death)

Photo of Andrew Jackson in Photo of Andrew Jackson in 18441844

(one year before his death)(one year before his death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845

“The Era of the Common Man”

• Social mixture• Universal Male Suffrage• Popular Campaigning• Increased Power of President

(through veto)• Kitchen Cabinet• Roger Taney in Supreme

Court