chapter 1: the influence of mind over body cankaya university - office of basic and elective...

CHAPTER 1: The Influence of Mind over Body

CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Inescapable (adj): incapable of being avoided or ignored, cannot be escaped,

Word Formation : inescapably (adv) Synonyms : inevitable (adj) unavoidable (adj)

e.g. She is smoking too much. I’m afraid, her respiration problems will be inescapable.


Immune System (phr): Body’s defences against disease

e.g. Since she lost weight, her immune system has recently collapsed. She should immediately visit a doctor.

e.g. Taking protein regularly help people improve their immune system.


Cope with (phr. v): manage someone or something, deal with a problem

Synonyms: deal with (v) – handle (v) – get over (v)

e.g. I told my friend to visit a psychologist or a psychiatrist

because she was unable to cope with her panic disorder.


Relaxation (n):The act of relaxing or the state of being relaxed; the aim of recreation and leisure activities

Word formation: relax (v)Synonyms : remission (n) - recreation (n)Antonyms: stress (n) – tension (n) – intensification (n)

e.g. The doctor advised my father some relaxation techniques to get over his stress at work.


Comfortably (adv): In a relaxed manner; at ease

Word formation: Comfortable (adj) Comfort (v)

Synonyms : spaciously -pleasantly – adequately-well-restfully

Antonyms: inadequately - poorly,- uncomfortably

e.g. When I had some waist problems, my doctor told me to lie comfortably in bed for a week.

e.g. If you don’t sit comfortably while working in front of computer, you might have some problems in your back.


Breathe out (v): to send air out of your lungs through your nose or mouth.

Synonym: exhale – blow oute.g. When you feel stresses, it is useful to breathe out and

ease your knees in toward your chest.


Gently (adv): in a gradual manner; with little weight or force;

Synonyms: softly -mildly – smoothly –lightly - tenderly, benevolently

e.g. He talked gently to the injured animal.e.g. The vet cleaned the wound of my dog gently.


Medication (n): medicine that is used to treat and cure illness; a medicine, or all the medicines regularly taken by a patient

e.g. Taking the right amount of medication is very important when you become ill.


Emotional (adj): determined by emotion rather than reason; easily affected by emotion

Word Formation : Emotional Intelligence (phr) Emotional decision (phr)

Synonyms: affective – sentimental – passionateAntonym: unemotional – cold - cool

e.g. My two cousins are completely different from each other. Alice is very emotional while Sandra is rational


Susceptible to (phr): likely to be affected by something; vulnerable to being infected by a certain disease

Word Formation: susceptible to illnessSynonyms: be sensitive to- be affected by- be influenced by

e.g. He is susceptible to minor ailments since she is overwight.


Weaken (v): cause someone to lose physical strength; to make weaker; to become weaken

Synonyms: lessen (in force or effect)-debilitateAntonym: strenghten

e.g. Malnutrition obviously weakened the patient.e.g. In order not to weaken the body, people should take

vitamins regularly.


Relieve (v): to ease (someone, a part of the body etc.) or give relief from physical pain or discomfort

Synonyms: release – alleviate – diminish - comfortAntonyms: harm – burden - increase

e.g. The medicine that the doctor gave relieved the pain in my head.

e.g. Some people who are suffering from back pain go to masseurs to relieve their pain.


Fatigue (n): The state of being very tired

Word formation: mental fatigue (in a weakened state caused by long stress)

Synonym: overtiredness – weakness - burnoutAntonyms: energy – freshness – liveliness - spirit,

e.g. The effects of fatigue can sometimes be dangerous for people.


Supervise (v): To direct, manage, or oversee; to be in charge

Word Formation: Supervisor (n) Supervision (n)

Synonyms: deal with – direct – handle – inspect - keep an eye on

e.g. If you supervise an activity or a person, you make sure that the activity is done correctly or that the person is doing a task or behaving correctly.

e.g. Teachers from Cambridge will supervise the students' examinations at our college.


Manifest (v): show plainly

Synonym: appear (v)

Antonym: conceal (v) hide (v)

cover (v)

e.g. The stress manifests itself in some certain ways, one of which is depression.

e.g. Finally my allergy to eggs manifested itself. The colour of my skin


Psychosomatic (adj):Pertaining to both the mind and the body

Word Formation: Psychosomatic disorder (phr)

e.g. Psychosomatic disorders are related to both mind and body. Ulcer, acne and eczema are well known psychosomatic disorders caused by stress.

e.g. If someone has a psychosomatic illness, their symptoms are caused by worry or unhappiness rather than by a physical problem. Doctors refused to treat her, claiming that her problems were all psychosomatic


Psychoneuroimmunology (phr): the study of the interactions between behavioural, neural, endocrine and immune functions

Word formation: psychoneuroimmunologist (n)

e.g. The number of psychoneuroimmunologists is inadequate in the city.


Immunology (n): The branch of medicine that studies the body's immune system; the sub-field of biology that deals with the study of antigens and how humans fight with disease

Word formation: Immune (n) Immune system (phr)

e.g. My brother, who is now studying in Biology Department, wants to do his master’s in immunology since he is interested in how humans fight with diseases.


Inactivate (v): cause not to work; put out of action

Synonym: make inert - deactivate

Antonym: activate

e.g. Since my little brother inactivated my computer, I had to go to the internet cafe to complete my assignment yesterday.


Malfunction (v): to function improperly; function in a defective manner; fail to function properly

Antonym: work perfectly – function properly

e.g. When our immune system malfunctions, we should go to doctor.

e.g. She told him the machine was poorly built, but they both knew that she was the one who had malfunctioned.


Compromise (v): cause damage

Synonym: hurt - damage

e.g. If you don’t eat properly, your immune system might compromise easily.


Disruptive (adj): causing disrupt or unrest

Synonyms: distracting- disturbing- troublesome

Antonym: disciplined - well-behaved

e.g. He has tendencies to exhibit disruptive behaviours.e.g. She can easily lose her attention in case of a disruptive

movement.


Patrol (n): An assignment in which a police officer walks, bicycles, or drives around a certain neighborhood

Word formation: patroler (n) patrol (v)

Synonym: protect – watch – observation - guard

Antonym: ignorance - negligence

e.g. The patrol of our house is under their responsibility.


Documented (adj): recorded as evidence; furnished with or supported by documents; shown to be true by research

Synonym: recorded - proven

e.g. He documented each step of the process as he did it, which was good when the investigation occurred.

e.g. The doctor documented the process of my father’s illness.


Salivate (v): to produce saliva

Word Formation: Salivation (n)

e.g. When people or animals salivate, they produce a lot of saliva in their mouth, often as a result of seeing or smelling food.

e.g. We salivated when he described the great meal"


Condition (v): To shape the behaviour of someone to do something

Synonym: teach (v)

e.g. The vet conditioned my dog to warm me in case of a

danger.

e.g. Some experts condition rats for particular behaviours.


Keep one’s temper (phr): not to become angry; to stay cool

e.g. The teachers should keep their temper in the classroom.

e.g. People should keep their temper in public places.


Keep a relationship at its peak (phr): to be in a very good condition

Synonym: healthy (adj)e.g. Since she is careful about her nutrition , she keeps a

relationship at its peak.


Culprit (n): The person or thing at fault for a problem

Synonyms: Guilty/offenderCollocation: To deal with a culprit

e.g. Alcohol consumption is one of the culprits of liver disorders.

e.g. The main culprit of lung cancer for smokers is smoking.


Susceptible (to) (adj): A person who is defenceless to being infected by a certain disease

Word Formation:Synonyms: Affected/liable/inclinedAntonyms: Resisting/resistant

e.g. She was susceptible to minor ailments.e.g. Since he smokes too much, he is susceptible to lung

diseases.


Getting Started (p.2)

*Try to guess the meanings of: inescapable/hassles/cope with

Task 2:1. Major: loved one’s death, divorceMinor: waiting in line, getting stuck in traffic jam2. Stress affects the immune system3. Learn to handle and relieve stress


Before the Interviews-Personalizing the topic(p.5)Answers:-Increased boredom and great fatigue-Increased feelings of anger when small things go

wrong-Frequent colds and infections


Listening for specific information (p.5)1. For 20 years, 3-year-olds, preschool, and

elementary school2. Children bring problems to class; one disruptive

child can disturb the entire class; a teacher cannot forget about work when she goes home.

3. She has to be very patient all day with her class.4. She works very closely with the children, and

they often have colds or flu; teaching is stressful, and stress can lower one’s resistance to illness.

5. She exercises regularly and talks to her friends.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Listening for specific information (p.6)Answers:

1. for 25 years2. Patrol is the most stressful assignment because of

the fear factor. A patrol officer never knows how people will react to being stopped.

3. Police officers have more everyday illnesses, ulcers, and heart disease than the average adult.

4. Exercise programs, psychological counselling, and discussion groups.

5. He’s a baseball fan, he gets daily exercise and he has a good relationship with his wife.


After the interviews-Comparing information from different sources (p.7)

Answers:1. Nancy: Become part of a support system; take

care of your health.Sam or the LAPD: Become part of a support

system; take care of your health; make time for yourself. It may also be inferred that the LAPD teaches patrol officers to anticipate stressful situations (the routine traffic stop)


Drawing inferences (p.7)1. D2. A3. A4. A5. A6. D7. A


Building background knowledge on the topic p.9Task 3*Food (an unconditioned stimulus) naturally makes

a dog salivate (an unconditioned response). *If we always ring a bell (a conditioned stimulus) as

we feed the dog, after a while the dog will salivate even without the food (a conditioned response)


Note taking: Using telegraphic language (p.10-11)Answers:1.

2a Rsrch. shows: stress hurts imm. Syst.4b Drs. Etc. Now say: mind may cure better than

drugs1c Many health probs. Come from mind

(psychosomatic)3d Rsrch. shows: sick + feel helpless --- worse

health


Lecture, Part One: Psychoneuroimmunology and animal studies on stress

Guessing voc. From context: (p.11)1.1.A2.B3.B4.B5.C6.A7.C


Summarizing what you have heard (p.12)Answers (Blanks in the text):-bodies-high blood pressure-ulcers (heart diseases, skin rashes, high cholesterol)-mind-immune systems-disease-immune systems-malfunction-malfunction-get better (heal itself)


Lecture; Part Two: Human Research in PNI

Guessing voc. from context (p.13)1.1.C2.A3.A4.C5.A


Summarizing what you have heard Stress and the Immune System; Part Two (p.13) (Blanks):-human-influence the body (affect the immune system)-immune system-students-exams-immune systems-be there-did-health care (medical)-sleeplessness (high blood pressure)-patients-relaxation techniquesCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

chapter 1: the influence of mind over body cankaya university - office of basic and elective...

Documents

relaxation n

medication n

emotional adj

adv synonyms

handle v

force synonyms

problem synonyms

inescapable adj