Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Chapter 1 Objectives to be Assessed

1. Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.

2. List and describe the major characteristics of life.3. List and describe the major requirements of organisms.4. Define homeostasis and explain its importance in survival.5. Describe a homeostatic mechanism.6. List the levels of organization in the human body

Chapter 1 Objectives to be Assessed

7. Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

8. List the organs located in each major body cavity.

9. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

10. Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

11. Describe the general function of each organ system.

12. Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.

Aids to Understanding Words

• append- • cardi-• homeo- • -logy- • meta- • peri- • -stasis- • -tomy-

Definitions

• Anatomy-

• Physiology-

Levels of Structural Organization

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-

vascularsystem

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells

Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely

Organism levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules

Organ System Overview

• Integumentary– -

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Organ System Overview

• Skeletal– -

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Organ System Overview

• Muscular– -

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Organ System Overview

• Nervous– -

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Organ System Overview

• Endocrine– -

• -

• -

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Organ System Overview

• Cardiovascular– -

• -

• -

• -

• -

Organ System Overview

• Lymphatic– -

– -– -

Organ System Overview

• Respiratory– -

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Organ System Overview

• Digestive– -

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Organ System Overview

• Urinary– -

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Organ System Overview

• Reproductive– -

Necessary Life Functions

• Movement– -– -

• Responsiveness– -

• Digestion– -

Necessary Life Functions

• Metabolism- chemical reactions within the body– -– -

• Excretion– -

Necessary Life Functions

• Reproduction– -

• Growth– -

Survival Needs

• Nutrients– -

• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen– -

Survival Needs

• Water– -– -

• Stable body temperature– -

• Atmospheric pressure– -

Interactions Among Body Systems

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis-– A dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance– -

Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems– Receptor

• -• -

Maintaining Homeostasis

– Control center• -• -• -

– Effector• -

Feedback mechanisms

• Negative feedback– Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms– -– -

Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback– -

– -

Anatomy Language

• Specific terms are used to avoid misunderstandings

• Exact terms are used for:– Positions– Directions– Regions– Structures

Regional Terms

• Anterior body landmarks(See page 16 and 17)

Regional Terms

• Posterior body landmarks(See page 16and 17)

Directional Terms (See page 15)

Directional Terms (See page 15)

Directional Terms (See page 15)

Body Planes and Sections

• A ________section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

• A ______, or _________, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

• A ______ section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

• A ________, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Body Planes and Sections (See page 16 and 17)

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity– ________ cavity houses the brain– ________ cavity houses the spinal cord

• Ventral Cavity– ______ cavity houses the heart, lungs, and others– __________ cavity houses digestive and urniary

system organs

Body Cavities (See page 20)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (See page 20)

Abdominopelvic Regions (See page 21)

Major Abdominopelvic Organs (See page 21)