chapter 1: the earth’s atmosphere by the end of this chapter you should: by the end of this...
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Chapter 1: The Chapter 1: The Earth’s Earth’s
AtmosphereAtmosphere By the end of this chapter you should:By the end of this chapter you should:
Know the different between weatherKnow the different between weatherand climateand climate
Understand what is in the air youUnderstand what is in the air youbreathebreathe
Know how the atmosphere isKnow how the atmosphere islayered above your headlayered above your head
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What is What is Meteorology?Meteorology? Aristotle first defined meteorology in Meteorologica
What was a meteor during that period?
He defined a meteor as anything and everything that fell from the sky.
Examples include _________ and _________. rain snow
Now meteorology is the study of its atmosphere and its related phenomena.
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Weather and Weather and ClimateClimate
What is weather?
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time
So a statement of weather would be____________________________.the temperature is 86°F
Another is - the sky was cloudy this morning.
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Elements of WeatherElements of Weather
Air temperatureAir temperature
Weather can be described many ways:
Air pressureAir pressure HumidityHumidityCloudsCloudsPrecipitationPrecipitationVisibilityVisibilityWindWind
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What Is Climate?What Is Climate? What is climate?
The study of weather over a long period of time
So a statement of climate would be___________________________________.the average temperature for today is 86°F
Another is - San Francisco is usually cloudy in August. Climate deals with averages
“Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get”
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Wind chill, cold weatherWind chill, cold weather
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Fig. 1-16, p. 19
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Crop damage from cold weather, freezeCrop damage from cold weather, freeze
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Hot weather, drought, heat strokeHot weather, drought, heat stroke
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Hot weather, drought, heat strokeHot weather, drought, heat stroke
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, floodingSevere thunderstorms, tornadoes, flooding
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Weather and Climate in Weather and Climate in Our LivesOur Lives
Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, floodingSevere thunderstorms, tornadoes, flooding
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Overview of the Overview of the Earth’s Earth’s
AtmosphereAtmosphere
Credit: NASA
Earth’s atmosphere is no thicker than the relative thickness of the skin on an apple.
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Composition of the Composition of the AtmosphereAtmosphere
Two category of gases:Two category of gases:
PermanentPermanent
VariableVariable
______ balanced by ____________ balanced by ______Output inputOutput input
Output and input Output and input notnot always balanced in always balanced in time and placetime and place
Example of a Example of a variablevariable gas is gas is ____________.____________.water vaporwater vapor
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Table 1-1, p. 3
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Source and Removal of Source and Removal of Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22))
Abundant because mainly Abundant because mainly inertinert Removed by soil Removed by soil bacteria, ocean bacteria, ocean planktonplankton Source is from Source is from decaying plants decaying plants and animals, and animals, volcanoesvolcanoes
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Source and Removal of Source and Removal of Oxygen (OOxygen (O22))
Removed when plant and animals decayRemoved when plant and animals decay Removed in chemical processes when Removed in chemical processes when oxygen combines with other stuffoxygen combines with other stuff Removed during Removed during breathingbreathing Source is from Source is from plants during plants during photosynthesis (COphotosynthesis (CO22 + water = sugar and + water = sugar and oxygen)oxygen)
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Source and Removal of Water Source and Removal of Water Vapor (HVapor (H22O vapor)O vapor)
Very, very Very, very importantimportant Varies greatly in place and timeVaries greatly in place and time Removed when Removed when
precipitation precipitation falls to surfacefalls to surface
Source is from Source is from evaporation, evaporation, sea windsea wind
Only substance in lower Only substance in lower atmosphere as gas, liquid, atmosphere as gas, liquid, and solidand solid
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Source and Removal of Source and Removal of Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))
Occupies Occupies smallsmall portion of atmosphere portion of atmosphere So what is the big deal? So what is the big deal?
Removed during ______________. Removed during ______________. COCO22 is is stored in roots and branchesstored in roots and branches
Removed by the _______ (massive Removed by the _______ (massive storage - 50 times atmospheric content)storage - 50 times atmospheric content)
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Source is Source is burning of fossil fuelsburning of fossil fuels (stored (stored COCO22)), , deforestation, vegetation decay, deforestation, vegetation decay, exhalation, volcanoesexhalation, volcanoes
oceansoceans
Past measurements come from ice coresPast measurements come from ice cores
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Fig. 1-4, p. 5
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Two-faced Ozone (OTwo-faced Ozone (O33))
Largest concentration in the stratosphereLargest concentration in the stratosphere (above 10 km)(above 10 km)
GoodGood in upper atmosphere, absorbs in upper atmosphere, absorbs ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation
BadBad near the surface, irritates eyes and near the surface, irritates eyes and throats. Main ingredient of photochemical throats. Main ingredient of photochemical smogsmog
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Other Stuff in the AtmosphereOther Stuff in the Atmosphere
AerosolsAerosols• Ash from ________Ash from ________• Salt from wind blown saltwaterSalt from wind blown saltwater• Dust from wind (dust devils)Dust from wind (dust devils)
PollutantsPollutants• Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxidehydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide
Volcanoes
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A Changing AtmosphereA Changing Atmosphere
The earliest atmosphereThe earliest atmosphere• Most likely made of of ________ and ________Most likely made of of ________ and ________• So light they escaped to spaceSo light they escaped to space
Subsequent atmosphereSubsequent atmosphere• Volcanoes put gas, outgassing, (water vapor, Volcanoes put gas, outgassing, (water vapor,
COCO22, and some nitrogen) into environment, and some nitrogen) into environment• Water vapor produced rain for thousands of Water vapor produced rain for thousands of
years, COyears, CO22 into into oceansoceans, nitrogen became , nitrogen became abundantabundant
hydrogen helium
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How Is the How Is the Atmosphere Atmosphere Structured?Structured?
What is above our heads?What is above our heads?
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Air Pressure and Air DensityAir Pressure and Air Density
Air density (_______ per ______)Air density (_______ per ______)• Gravity holds molecules to surface (most dense near Gravity holds molecules to surface (most dense near
surface)surface) Air pressure (______ per ____)Air pressure (______ per ____)
• Always decreases with heightAlways decreases with height• Air pressure changes with changing air densityAir pressure changes with changing air density
Sea-level pressureSea-level pressure• PressurePressure is weight pushing down on your head is weight pushing down on your head• Atmospheric standards (14.7 lbs per square Atmospheric standards (14.7 lbs per square
inch=1013.25 millibars (mb)=29.92 inch Hg)inch=1013.25 millibars (mb)=29.92 inch Hg)
weight volume
force area
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Fig. 1-7, p. 8
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Fig. 1-8, p. 9
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Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere
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TroposphereTroposphere
Temperature generally Temperature generally __________ with height__________ with height
Cools due to ____ heating Cools due to ____ heating surfacesurface
Temperature increasing Temperature increasing with height is called an with height is called an inversioninversion
Contains all weather we Contains all weather we knowknow
decreasessun
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StratosphereStratosphere
Is characterized by Is characterized by ____________ air ____________ air temperaturetemperature
Height ofHeight of tropopause tropopause varies varies in heightin height
Ultraviolet light is absorbed Ultraviolet light is absorbed in the stratosphere, in the stratosphere, ________ the layer________ the layer
increasing
warming
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MesosphereMesosphere Temperature _____________ Temperature _____________
rapidly once againrapidly once again
Air very thinAir very thindecreasing
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ThermosphereThermosphere
Just a small amount of Just a small amount of absorption leads to warmingabsorption leads to warming
Warmer than troposphere, Warmer than troposphere, but you would still freeze to but you would still freeze to death in itdeath in it
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The IonosphereThe Ionosphere
Electrified regions of the atmosphereElectrified regions of the atmosphere D, E, and F regionsD, E, and F regions
D region is efficient at absorbing AM radio D region is efficient at absorbing AM radio waves, thus these waves don’t travel very farwaves, thus these waves don’t travel very far
But, at night, the D region dissipates, allowing But, at night, the D region dissipates, allowing for AM waves to bounce off the E and F for AM waves to bounce off the E and F regionsregions
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Fig. 1-11, p. 13