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Notes CHAPTER 1 SOME ISSUES IN HISTORICAL EXPLANATION AND RESEARCH

1. Time Magazine, 10 August 1987. 2. P. Gay, 'Introduction' to K.D. Bracher (1971) The German Dictatorship. 3. Time Magazine, op. cit. On a similar theme see K.H. Gruber, 'The past

that won't pass', Times Education Supplement, 6 January 1989. 4. M. Stiirmer (1987) 'Geschichte in geschichtslosem Land', in R. von

Augstein et al., Historikerstreit, p. 38. The Historikerstreit itself is the debate between German historians who are divided by politics (Left versus Right) and age (young versus old) in the debate about whether or not the horrors of Nazism can be equated with those of Stalinism.

5. R. Breitling (1971) Foreword in Die nationalsozialistische Rassenlehre. 6. A. Mohler (1950) Die konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1919-45,

p. 11. 7. W. Hofer (1986) 'Fifty years on: historians and the Third Reich', JCH,

Vol. 21, pp. 225 ff. 8. I. Kershaw (1985) The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 1. 9. L. Dawidowicz (1987) The War against the Jews 1933-45, Introduction to

the lOth anniversary edition. 10. Ibid. 11. I. Kershaw, op. cit., p. 4. 12. R. Cecil (1972) The Myth of the Master Race, Preface. 13. This is especially important to remember since on 19 March 1990 the

House of Commons voted to give the War Crimes Bill a second reading, so starting to clear the way for the prosecution of alleged war criminals in Britain. The decision of the House of Lords to reject the bill on 4 June, however, means that no court cases are imminent as yet. Canada, of course, has already allowed similar trials. See The Times, 20 March 1990, The Independent, 30 December 1989, and The Daily Telegraph, 5 June 1990.

14. H. Arendt (1964) Eichmann in Jerusalem. 15. Ibid., p. 6. 16. Ibid., p. 11. 17. Ibid., pp. 22 f. 18. Ibid., Epilogue. 19. Ibid., pp. 25 ff. 20. Ibid., p. 26. 21. D. Thomson (1983) Europe Since Napoleon, (19th edn) p. 489. 22. Arendt, op. cit., p. 276. 23. For articles on various trials of Nazis see, for example, The Times,

10 March 1987, 23 March 1987, 24 March 1987. For the sake of balance it can be added that when on trial in Lyons, Claus Barbie chose not to reveal his inner thoughts. So the fault is not always with the court alone.

213

214 Notes to Chapter 1

24. Arendt, op. cit., p. 221. The comment was made in the early 1960s but still holds true today.

25. J. Fest (1972) The Face of the Third Reich. See also the review by J.R. Sontag (1966) in AHR, Vol. 71, p. 996. The modem entertainment industry has not been slow to 'cash in' on the morbid fascination which the subject retains. For example, Ira Levin's book (1977) The Boys From Brazil (London: Pan) concerns a fictitious plot manufactured by Dr Mengele to recreate a Hitler figure. The paperback carries a spurious quotation from the doctor dated September 1974. The book was turned into a film starring, amongst others, Lord Olivier.

26. M. Maschmann (1963) Account Rendered, p. 220. 27. Ibid., p. 218. 28. P.R. Merkl (1975) Political Violence Under the Swastika, p. 5. 29. Ibid., pp. 33 and 681 ff. 30. Ibid., p. 446. 31. P.R. Merkl (1980) 'The Nazis of the Abel Sample: why they joined the

NSDAP', inS.U. Larsen et al. (eds), Who Were The Fascists?, pp. 268 ff. 32. Merkl (1975), op. cit., p. 7. 33. Ibid., p. 448. 34. I. Kershaw (1987) The Hitler Myth. For example, p. 143 where he talks

of a deep-seated anti-Polish prejudice. 35. The same can be said of a similar study by Schmidt based on material

from the BDC. Here Nazis were said to have joined the Party to overcome their isolation from society which often resulted from unemployment. Such large-scale studies, however, do not allow the precise investigation required to do justice to the life of an individual. C. Schmidt (1981) 'Zu den Motiven "alter Kampfer" in der NSDAP', in D. Pleukert and J. Reulecke (eds), Die Reihen Fest Geschlossen, pp. 21 ff.

36. Merkl (1975), op. cit., Preface; P.R. Merkl (1980) The Making of a Stormtrooper, Preface.

37. For a survey of social historical literature, see R. Bessel (1984) 'Living with the Nazis', European History Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 211-20, and J. Hiden and J. Farquharson (1989) Explaining Hitler's Germany, 2nd edn, Ch. 4.

38. G. Eley (1986) From Unification to Nazism, p. 237. 39. R.J. Evans (1987) Rethinking German History, p. 89. 40. Merkl, for example, argued that anti-Communism was an important

motivating factor in precipitating people towards Nazism, and Schmidt that some were precipitated towards Nazism for economic reasons. Schmidt cites an example of a worker who thanked Hitler with 'bread and work' for giving him a job. Merkl (1975), op. cit., pp. 33 and 681 ff, and Schmidt, op. cit.

41. For an example of a social historical approach, see H.U. Wehler (1984) The German Empire 1871-1918. See also G. Plekhanov, Ueber die Rolle der Personlichkeit; W. Ruge (1965) Stresemann: Ein Lebensbild, and (1983) Das Ende von Weimar; K. Patzold (1975) Faschismus, Rassismus, Judenverfolgung, and (1983) Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung.

Notes to Chapter 1 215

42. K. Hildebrand (1976) 'Geschichte oder "Gesellschaftsgeschichte"?', HZ, Vol. 223, pp. 328 ff.

43. A. Hilgriiber (1973) 'Politischer Geschichte in moderner Sicht', HZ, Vol. 216, pp. 529 ff.

44. This is the theme which has driven Simon Wiesenthal on in his career and to write his book Justice, not Vengeance (1989). An interesting point also concerns Lady Mosley (Diana Mitford). There were numerous complaints to the BBC for her edition of 'Desert Island Discs' on Radio Four. Some objected to her choice of the record 'A Whiter Shade of Pale' on the grounds that it might have had racist overtones.

45. D. Blackbourn and G. Eley (1984) The Peculiarities of German History, p. 273.

46. N. Poulantzas (1974) Fascism and Dictatorship, p. 255. 47. D. Orlow (1973) The History of the Nazi Party, Vol. II, p. 7. 48. See, for example, H. Mommsen (1979) 'National Socialism: continuity

and change', in W. Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader's Guide, pp. 151 ff. 49. R. Skidelsky (1975) Oswald Mosley, p. 23. 50. A. Bullock (1952) Hitler a Study in Tyranny; J. Fest (1973) Hitler;

D. Irving (1977) Hitler's War?; K. Hildebrand (1980) 'Nationalsozialismus ohne Hitler?', Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, Vol. 5; H. Mommsen (1977) 'Nationalsozialismus oder Hitlerismus?', in M. Bosch (ed.), Personlichkeit und Struktur in Geschichte; N. Stone (1980) Hitler.

51. See, for example, the chapters concerning Hitler in Hiden and Farquharson, op. cit., as well as Kershaw (1985) op. cit.

52. Fest (1972) op. cit.; S. Piotrowsky (1961) Hans Frank's Diary; articles by Hans Frank's son in Stern magazine beginning May 1987.

53. P.R. Black (1984) Ernst Kaltenbrunner: Ideological Soldier for the Third Reich; J. Hiden in THES, 27 July 1984.

54. See Kershaw (1987), op. cit. 55. A point also made by Kershaw (1985), op. cit., p. 5. 56. H. Nicolai, Mein Kampf urns Recht, MSS 109 in IfZg. Nicolai com

mented that a copy of Hitler's signature on an official document would be worth a fortune to a collector.

57. A similar point is made by K.D. Bracher (1976) in 'Tradition und Revolution in Nationalsozialismus, in M. Funke (ed.) Hitler, Deutschland und die Miichte.

58. Kershaw (1987), op. cit., e.g. p. 31. 59. This decree was used for the deportation of slave labourers from the

Occupied Territories during the Second World War. 60. I realise I might stand accused of introducing bias into study here, but we

cannot study aspects of history for which there is no reliable evidence. 61. B. Miller Lane (1974) 'Nazi ideology: some unfinished business', CEH,

Vol. 7, pp. 3 ff. 62. H. G. Zmarzlik (1972) 'Social Darwinianism in Germany', in H. Holborn

(ed.), Republic to Reich, pp. 436 ff. 63. K.D. Bracher, W. Sauer and G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische

Machtergreifung; review by C. Epstein (1962) in JMH, Vol. 34, p. 62.


64. E.N. Peterson (1969) Introduction to The Limits of Hitler's Power. 65. F. Neumann (1942) Behemoth, p. 37; H. Trevor Roper (1947) The Last

Days of Hitler, pp. 1-3; Riden and Farquharson, op. cit., pp. 42 and 47. 66. Riden and Farquharson, op. cit. 67. Breitling. op. cit., p. 9. 68. E. Nolte (1969) Three Faces of Fascism, p. 41. 69. E.E. Evans-Pritchard (1937) Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the

Azande. 70. C. Hill (1974) The World Turned Upsidedown, p. 17. 71. For example, K. Anderbriigge (1978) Volkisches Rechtsdenken, K. Saller

(1961) Die Rassenlehre des Nationalsozialismus in Wissenschaft und Propaganda, and Breitling, op. cit., p. 12.

72. G.L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis in German Ideology, pp. 1-2; E. taux (1986) 'Fiihrung und Verwaltung in der Rechtslehre des Nationalsozialismus' in D. Rebentisch and K. Teppe (eds), Verwaltung contra Menschenfuhrung im Staat Hitlers.

73. K. Sontheimer (1983) Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Re-publik.

74. Anderbriigge, op. cit., p. 26. 75. Hiden and Farquharson, op. cit., pp. 41 f. 76. N. Baynes (1942) The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, p. 513. 77. Anderbriigge, op. cit., Foreword. 78. Baynes, op. cit., p. 522. 79. For example, see H. Trevor-Roper (1973) Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44,

p. 585. 80. For further details on this, see H. Frank (1953) Im Angesicht des

Galgens. 81. E. Fraenkel (1941) The Dual State, pp. 17 and 26 ff. 82. Ibid., pp. 26 ff. 83. Frank, quoted in F.L. Schumann (1936) The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 365. 84. G.C. Boehnert (1981) 'The jurists in the SS-Fuhrerkorps 1925-39', in

G. Hirschfeld and L. Kettemacker (eds), Der Fuhrerstaat: Mythos und Realitiit.

85. H. Weinkauff (1968) Die Deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus, p. 19.

86. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, Ch. 10 on 'Law and Justice'. 87. Mosse, op. cit. 88. Bracher, Sauer and Schulz, op. cit., p. 20. 89. J. Caplan (1981) 'Civil service support for National Socialism', in Hirsch

feld and Kettemacker (eds), op. cit. 90. H. Mommsen (1966) Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, pp. 21 and 29;

Caplan, op. cit., 91. Mommsen, ibid., p. 15, and in W. Laqueur (ed.) (1982) A Reader's

Guide to Fascism, p. 165; Laux, op. cit., p. 43; Peterson, op. cit., pp. 15 ff.

92. Mommsen, (1966) op. cit., p. 13, and J. Caplan (1978) 'Bureaucracy, politics and the National Socialist State', in P. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, p. 250.

93. Laux, op. cit., p. 33.


94. Peterson, op. cit., p. 3; and Mommsen (1966) op. cit., p. 16. 95. P. Diehl-Thiele (1969) Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, Foreword. 96. Ibid., p. 57, n.70.

CHAPTER 2 THE TRIVIALISATION OF NAZISM?

1. K.D. Bracher (1971) The German Dictatorship, p. 249. 2. Ibid., pp. 250-1. 3. L. Dawidowicz (1987) The War against the Jews 1933-45, lOth edn,

p. xxvi. 4. K.D. Bracher (1976) 'Tradition und Revolution in Nationalsozialismus',

in M. Funke (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Miichte, pp. 17 ff. 5. T. Mason (1981) 'Intention and explanation', in G. Hirschfeld and

L. Ketternacker (eds), Der Fuhrerstaat: Mythos und Realitiit, pp. 23 ff. 6. Despite what has been said above vis-a-vis anthropology etc. needing to

allow things to be different, one must still be sceptical, questioning and in search of proof- only once this proof is found can one decide finally on the extent to which things really were significantly different from the way they are today.

7. E. Fraenkel (1941) The Dual State, Introduction. 8. F. Neumann (1967) Behemoth; see, for example, p. 103. 9. H.A. Turner (1969) 'Big business and the rise of Hitler', AHR, pp. 56 ff.

For the view that political forces came to dictate economics for the Nazis, see T. Mason (1972) 'The primacy of politics', in H.A. Turner (ed.), Nazism and the Third Reich, pp. 175 ff.

10. Fraenkel, op. cit., p. 73. 11. It might be contended that the application of Marxist ideas to individuals

is inappropriate on the grounds that economic principles only operate on the social level. The contention here, however, is that society is essentially the sum of its parts. If the socio-economic whole manifests certain patterns, this is only because the individuals comprising the whole have decided to act so as to create those patterns.

12. Imagining that the actors were civil servants is, of course, entirely arbitrary. X, Y and Z might equally have been businessmen or even historians who exhibited similar attitudes towards the NSDAP. The point is to indicate whether or not people merely act in the way economic circumstances dictate.

13. The only unlikely actor here is Y, but in fact Hans Pfundtner, who Hans Mommsen writes off as a blatant opportunist and who was a State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of the Interior during the Third Reich, apparently gave up a senior administrative post during the Weimar years in protest at the new regime. For discussion of the Pfundtner case, see H. Mommsen (1966) Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, and K.D. Bracher, W. Sauer and G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung.

14. This failure to be able to account for why people decide to act according to personally decided principles or morals is further reflected in inconsistencies in Neumann's account of law. In at least one essay (in The


Democratic and the Authoritarian State, (1957), pp. 32 ff) he agrees that law changes with social context. Elsewhere, however, (e.g. ibid, p. 87) he recognises that there are moral rights and wrongs which stand above social dictates. As a member of capitalist society, which is supposed to be dominated by immoral laws, how could Neumann make this mental and moral leap if he were not a freely thinking individual? And if Neumann can reason for himself about what is right and wrong, so can others. As Herman Weinkauff has pointed out already, had lawyers in Germany all believed that everyone was due inalienable human rights, then Nazism could not have ravaged them as it did. (See H. Weinkauff (1968) Die deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus, pp. 28 f.) The point is to explain why too few chose to do so.

15. For further discussion, see J. Diiffier (1976) 'Bonapartism, Fascism and National Socialism', JCH, Vol. 11, pp. 109 ff.

16. Mason (1972), op. cit., pp. 175 ff. 17. Diiffier, op. cit.; A.G. Rabinbach (1974), 'Towards a Marxist theory of

Fascism and National Socialism', NGC, Vol. 3, pp. 127 ff. 18. N. Poulantzas (1974) Fascism and Dictatorship, p. 24. 19. Ibid., p. 302. 20. Ibid., p. 113. 21. Ibid., p. 252-3. 22. Ibid., p. 255. 23. R. Kiihnel (1975) 'Problems of a theory of Fascism and National Social

ism', NGC, Vol. 4, p. 34. 24. D. Blackboum and G. Eley (1984) The Peculiarities of German History,

p. 58. 25. D. Abraham (1981) The Collapse of the Weimar Republic, dedication

page and Introduction. 26. M. Broszat (1958) 'Die volkische Ideologie und der Nationalsozialis-

mus', in Deustche Rundschau, Vol. 84, pp. 53 ff. 27. M. Broszat (1966) German National Socialism 1919-45. 28. Ibid., p. 60. 29. Ibid., p. 59. 30. M. Broszat (1969) Der Staat Hitlers- with longer explanatory theoretical

introduction than the English translation. 31. M. Broszat (1970) 'Soziale Motivation und Fiihrerbindung des National

sozialismus', VjhfZg, Vol. 18, pp. 392 ff. According to this analysis, of course, the final absurdity of Nazism was that much of its direction was decided in an attempt to 'keep up' with the strivings it was trying to satisfy. In fact it had to take the metaphors seriously- on the one hand in terms of the Endlosung, on the other by the invasion of the USSR. Such decisions became not matters of policy, but reflections of popular pressure.

32. M. Broszat (1977) 'Hitler und die Genesis der "Endlosung" ', VjhfZg, Vol. 25, pp. 739 ff. See pp. 765-6 where he notes that the Germans had transport difficulties in the occupied territories that mitigated against mass movement of the Jews. The implication is that the only solution was mass extermination.

33. Broszat (1970), op. cit., p. 395.


34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid., p. 152. 37. Mommsen, op. cit., p. 13, and 'National Socialism: continuity and

change' in W. Laqueur (ed.) (1979) Fascism: A Reader's Guide, pp. 151 ff. 38. H. Arendt (1966) The Origins of Totalitarianism, pp. 3 ff. 39. H. Arendt (1964) Eichmann in Jerusalem, 2nd edn, p. 287. 40. M. Weber (1964) Methodology of the Social Sciences, p. 53. I am aware

that Weber runs into problems with his inadequate conception of 'ends' and 'causality', but still his work provides a good introduction to the topic on hand.

41. M. Weber (1964) Theory of Social and Economic Organisation, p. 88. 42. M. Weber, quoted in R. Keat and J. Urry (1975) Social Theory as

Science, p. 146. 43. Weber (1964), op. cit., p. 99. 44. Keat and Urry, op. cit. 45. For discussion of this point see ibid. In fact, however, Weber had too

limited a view of rationality. To his way of thinking, the ends to which actions were directed could never be evaluated as right or wrong. This failing caused him numerous theoretical problems.

46. Weber (1964), op. cit., pp. 79 f. 47. Ibid., p. 93. 48. Keat and Urry, op. cit., p. 145. 49. The line of reasoning goes as follows: someone looks angry (i.e. they are

red in the face and swearing) and then knocks over a chair. This is seen to happen nine times out of ten when the subject looks angry. Therefore we can explain why the chair is knocked over by saying that anger causes it.

50. E. Benton (1977) Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies, pp. 130 ff.

51. Keat and Urry, op. cit. See their introductory section on rationalism. 52. ibid., p. 146. 53. Weber (1964), op. cit., pp. 33 ff. 54. Keat and Urry, op. cit., p. 169. 55. Weber (1978) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, p. 183. 56. E. Nolte (1969) Three Faces of Fascism, p. 537. Nolte owes much to the

German historicist school in so far as he is fascinated by a step-by-step unveiling of history. Nolte was taught by Heidegger during the years of the Reich.

57. M. Kitchen (1972-5) 'Ernst Nolte and the Phenomenological Method', Science and Society, Vol. 38, pp. 130 ff.

58. Hegel attempts this, but is unsuccessful as even Habermas notes - see J.Habermas (1972) Knowledge and Human Interest, p. 21.

59. M. Hollis (1982) 'The social destruction of reality', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds), Rationality and Relativism, pp. 73-4.

60. For a discussion of the 'Lord Acton' view of history, see E.H. Carr's famous What is History? (various editions), Chapter 1.

61. Keat and Urry, op. cit. 62. For a fuller discussion see M. Hollis (1977) Models of Man.


63. M. Hollis (1979) 'The epistemological unity of Mankind,' in S.C. Brown (ed.), Philosophical Disputes in the Social Sciences.

64. Kant was the first to identify the fact that moral laws had to be formulated according to synthetic a priori statements. Nevertheless his system was imperfect, since he remained tied to anachronistic concepts such as 'the will'. See H.J. Paton (ed.) (1983) The Moral Law.

65. A. Gewirth (1978) Reason and Morality. 66. Ibid., p. 27. 67. Ibid., pp. 38 ff. 68. Ibid., p. 135. 69. A. Gewirth (1982) Human Rights, p. 262. 70. Nolte, op. cit., p. 540. 71. Ibid., p. 529. 72. Ibid., p. 537. 73. It has to be highly doubtful that history is moving necessarily towards

some ideal goal. Since people always are free to choose their ends, they may do well or badly. The possible outcomes of life on earth are hardly defined in some teleological fashion.

74. Aristotle, quoted in J. Finnis (1983) The Fundamentals of Ethics, pp. 1 ff. 75. J. Raz (1975) Practical Reason and Norms, p. 162. 76. Ibid., and J. Raz (1975) 'Reasons for action decisions and norms', in

J. Raz (ed.), Practical Reason and Norms. 77. J. Raz, 'Reasons for Action Decisions and Norms', in J. Raz (ed.),

op. cit. 78. P.T. Holbach in T. McCarthy (1984) The Critical Theory of Jurgen

Habermas. 79. Hollis, op. cit., pp. 168 ff. 80. E. LeRoy Ladurie (1981) Montaillou, 6th edn. For just one example of

the church's hold on the people seep. 308 where a peasant woman is so daunted by religion that she cannot commit adultery in a house of God.

81. C.G. Jung (1958) The Undiscovered Self, p. 5. Jung, in J. Jacobi (ed.) (1973) C.G. lung: Psychological Reflections, p. 25.

82. E. Fromm (1949) Man for Himself, pp. 19 f. 83. That is, man's historical dichotomy, see ibid.

CHAPTER 3 ROOTS, EARLY YEARS, EARLY IDEAS

1. This is his name as given on the Nazi official documents of research into Nicolai's ancestry dated 17 July 1933, Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg; Mannel Folder No.7.

2. Ibid. 3. Rat: a senior civil servant in the Liinder. 4. Medizinalrat: a senior civil servant concerned with medical affairs. 5. Sanitiitsrat: a senior civil servant in charge of nursing. 6. Forstrat: a forestry administrator. 7. Oberkonsistorialrat: a senior administrator for the Protestant Church. 8. Kirchenrat: a member of the Protestant Church council. 9. H. Nicolai (1954) Arolsen: Lebensbild einer deutschen Residenzstadt,


pp. 131 ff; and H. Nicolai (1956) 'Staat, Behorden und Beamte in Waldeck 1814-1868', Geschichtsbliitter fur Waldeck, Vol. 48, pp. 3 ff.

10. Hofrat: a senior government official. 11. Nicolai, ibid. 12. H. Nicolai, Mein Kampf urns Recht, (dated 20 March 1950)- Nicolai's

unpublished memoirs. IfZg, MSS 109, p. 36. Hereafter referred to as MKuR.

13. Landesobermedizinalrat: the senior medical officer for the Land. 14. Ibid., p. 10-11. 15. Ibid. 16. Interview with Fr. E. Kappert, August 1987. 17. Documents relating to Nicolai's schooling are to be found at Zentrales

Archiv, Potsdam, No. 9368. 18. Letter from the Deutsche Dienststelle, Eichborndamm 167, D-1000 Ber-

lin 51, dated 30 March 1987. 19. M. Maschmann (1963) Account Rendered, p. 207. 20. See A.Hitler, Mein Kampf. 21. W.T. Angress and B.F. Smith (1959) 'Diaries of Heinrich Rimmler's

Early Years', inJMHVol. 31, pp. 206ff; R. Cecil (1972) The Myth of the Master Race.

22. Details of Nicolai's university studies at Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, No. 9368.

23. MKuR, pp. 11-12. 24. Ibid., p. 13. 25. Deutsches Fuhrerlexikon, (1934/35). Information supplied by Institute

for Contemporary History and Wiener Library, London. 26. MKuR, p. 13. 27. Ibid., pp. 13--14. 28. F. Neumann (1957) The Democratic and the Authoritarian State- see

Chapter 2; H. Weinkauff (1968) Die deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus, pp. 28-9.

29. MKuR, p. 14. 30. Weinkauff, op. cit. 31. MKuR, p. 14. 32. Ibid. Gerichtsreferendar: articled clerk to a law court. Oberlandesgericht:

an upper provincial court. 33. MKuR, p. 15. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid., pp. 15 ff and 32 ff. 36. Ibid., p. 16. 37. Ibid., pp. 16-17. 38. This is housed in Kassel University (title trans. The Loans of the Joint

Stock Companies). 39. H. Nicolai and W. Hellwig (1952) Die Landesdirektoren und Landriite in

Waldeck und Pyrmont 1850-1942, p. 30. Landrat: a senior civil servant in a district in one of the Liinder.

40. Regierungsassessor: a financial administrator in local government. 41. Regierungsrat: a civil servant in the lower ranks of the senior service. 42. 'The Society of German State'.


43. 'Concentration or decentralisation?', in Savings Bank. 44. 'The necessity of the public banking system', in National Economy. 45. H. Nicolai (1925) 'Die Notwendigkeit des offentlichen Bankwesens', in

Nationale Wirtschaft, Vol. 5, pp. 320-1. 46. Ibid., pp. 322-3. 47. Ibid., p. 323. 48. Ibid., p. 325. 49. Ibid. 50. MKuR, pp. 39-40. 51. Bankwesen was not actually published until 1934. In the Foreword,

however, Nicolai noted that he wrote it in the rnid-1920s. In MKuR Nicolai also makes mention of an economic script which was written during this period but which was not published (p. 40). Therefore it seems reasonable to allocate Bankwesen to the early period of Nicolai's thought.

52. The Roots of the Modern Banking System: Race and the Banking System. 53. H. Nicolai (1934) Die Wurzeln des modernen Bankwesens, p. 3. 54. Ibid., pp. 6-7. 55. Ibid., p. 15. 56. Ibid., p. 16. 57. Ibid., pp. 26-7. 58. Ibid., pp. 32-3. 59. Ibid., p. 34. 60. Ibid., p. 76. 61. 'Law and arbitrariness', in Germany's Renewal. 62. G .L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis in German Ideology, p. 224. 63. H. Nicolai (1926) 'Recht und Willkiir', Deutschlands Erneuerung, Vol. x,

pp. 466 ff. 64. Volksgemeinschaft: a natural, organic community of the nation. 65. J. Tenenbaum (1956) Race and Reich, p. 4. 66. P.H. Merkl (1975) Political Violence under the Swastika, p. 448; K.D.

Bracher (1980) The German Dictatorship, 6th edn, p. 15. 67. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, p. 18, and (1970) 'Soziale Motivation

und Fiihrer-bindung des Nationalsozialismus', VjhfZg, Vol. 18, pp. 392 ff. 68. I. Kershaw (1987) The Hitler Myth, pp. 229 f. 69. Bracher, op. cit., pp. 27, 38, 189, 184. 70. J. Hiden and J. Farquharson (1983) Explaining Hitler's Germany, p. 34. 71. R.D'O. Butler (1941) The Roots of National Socialism; W.N. McGovern

(1973) From Luther to Hitler, 2nd edn. 72. Bracher, op. cit.; G.L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis of German Ideology,

(1963) The Culture of Western Europe; P.W. Massing (1967) Rehearsal for Destruction; P. Pultzer (1964) The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria; F. Stem (1961) The Politics of Cultural Despair.

73. K. Lowenstein (1936) 'Law in the Third Reich', Yale Law Review, Vol. 45, pp. 779 ff.

74. S. Gordon (1984) Hitler, Germans and the 'Jewish Question', p. 32. 75. G.G. lggers (1983) The German Conception of History, 2nd edn.


CHAPTER' 4 IN OPPELN

1. H. Nicolai (1930) Oberschlesien im Ringen der Volker (Upper Silesia in the Struggle 'of the Peoples), Foreword.

2. An Outline of the Savings Bank System: A Manual and Textbook. 3. H. Nicolai (1928) Grundrij3 des Sparkassenwesens, Chapter II. 4. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf ums Recht, unpublished memoirs by

Nicolai held in IfZg, Munich, MSS 109, p. 48. Hereafter cited as MKuR. 5. Ibid., pp. 50-1. 6. Ibid., p. 51. 7. Nicolai (1930), op. cit., Foreword. 8. B.M. Lane and L.J. Rupp (eds) (1978) Nazi Ideology Before I933, pp.

123 ff. 9. Ibid.

10. R. Cecil (1972) The Myth of the Master Race, p. 56. 11. Nicolai (1930), op. cit., pp. 9-10. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., pp. 10-11. 14. Ibid., p. 17. 15. Ibid., p. 21. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., pp. 23-4. 19. Ibid., p. 49. 20. Ibid., p. 59. 21. Ibid., p. 88. 22. Ibid., p. 89. 23. Ibid., pp. 97-8. 24. Ibid. 25. R. Kuhn (1983) Die Vertrauenskrise der Justiz I926-28, p. 54. 26. J. Noakes and G. Pridham (1983) Nazism 1919-1945, Vol. I, p. 93. 27. Ibid., p. 95. F.M. Marx (1937) Government in the Third Reich, p. 44,

suggests that the NSDAP had 27,000 members in 1925, 49,000 in 1926 and 179,000 in 1929.

28. H. Weinkauf£ (1968) Die deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus, p. 27.

29. Ibid., p. 30. 30. F. Neumann (1957) The Democratic and the Authoritarian State, p. 69. 31. MKuR, pp. 64-5. 32. Ibid., p. 68. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., p. 70. 35. K. Anderbriigge (1978) Volkisches Rechtsdenken, p. 168; K. Lowenstein

(1936) 'Law in the Third Reich', Yale Law Review, Vol. 45, p. 786. 36. MKuR, pp. 72-3. 37. G.L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis of German Ideology, p. 78. 38. The Sachsenspiegel was a German law book compiled in about 1230. 39. K.D. Bracher (1980) The German Dictatorship, 6th edn, p. 27


40. Actually in the latter stages of Oberschlesien im Ringen der Volker Nicolai quotes extensively from H.F.K. Gunther.

41. Mosse, op. cit. 42. Of course some of the issues involved in the academic debates of the time

are still at stake today, for example that of Positivism versus Rationalism. 43. L. Krieger (1957) The German Idea of Freedom, p. 138. 44. See H.J. Paton (ed.) (1972) The Moral Law. 14th edn. 45. See G. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, available in numerous

editions, and alsoP. Singer's good introduction, Hegel (1983). 46. A. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation (1966 transla

tion by E.F.J. Payne), p. 86. 47. A. Schopenhauer (1965) On the Basis of Morality, p. 130; D.W. Hamyl

(1985) Schopenhauer, p. 133. 48. R.J. Hollingdale (1985) Nietzsche, p. 40. 49. J.P. Stern (1978) Nietzsche, p. 52; R.J. Hollingdale (ed.) (1984) A

Nietzsche Reader, 7th edn, pp. 29-30, 50-1. 50. A Nietzsche Reader, op. cit., p. 223. 51. F. Nietzsche (1985) Twilight of the Idols, 16th edn, p. 36. 52. 0. Spengler, The Decline of the West (1971 translation by C.F. Atkin

son), 1922 Preface. 53. For a general discussion of Freudian psychoanalysis, see E. Berne

(1968), A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis. 6th edn. 54. C.G. Jung, in J. Jacobi (ed.) (1971) C.G. lung: Psychological Reflec-

tions, 2nd edn, p. 25. 55. A. Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, p. 105. 56. Hamyl, op. cit., p. 34 ff. 57. Schopenhauer, ibid. pp. 329-30. 58. F. Nietzsche (1984) Beyond Good and Evil, 11th edn, p. 17. 59. Spengler, op. cit., pp. 5, 16. 60. e.G. Jung, in Jacobi, op. cit., p. 40, and C.G. Jung (1916) The Role of

the Unconscious, p. 202. 61. e.G. Jung (1936) 'Wotan', in Collected Works, Vol. X. 62. H. Mommsen (1982) 'National Socialism: continuity and change', in W.

Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader's Guide, 3rd edn; K. Sontheimer (1983) Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik, pp. 14 f.

CHAPTER 5 RECASTING MINDS, RECONSTRUCTING GERMANY

1. H. Schulz (1982) Weimar, p. 109. 2. For some official reports on NSDAP as a revolutionary party see Haupt

archiv microfilm, reel 24a, folder 1759. 3. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf urns Recht - unpublished memoirs in

IfZfg, Munich, MSS No. 109, p. 93. Hereafter cited as MKuR. 4. Ibid., p. 94. 5. Reichsleitung: a central 'think-tank' being organized in Munich by the

NSDAP. 6. MKuR, p. 111.


7. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, p. 18. 8. A. Rosenberg (1934) 'Lebensrecht, nicht Formalrecht', Deutsches Recht,

Vol. 4, p. 133. 9. MKuR, pp. 110 f.

10. Ibid., p. 111. 11. Ibid., p. 112. 12. Roughly the title can be translated as The Doctrine of Law Based on the

Law of Race. 13. MKuR, pp. 113-14. 14. H. Nicolai (1933) Rasse und Recht. 15. A. Hitler (1939) Mein Kampf (published by Hurst & Blackett), p. 92. 16. H. Nicolai (1934) Die rassengesetzliche Rechtslehre, Foreword to 1st

Edition. 17. Ibid., p. 6. 18. For the text of the Party Programme, see J. Noakes and G. Pridham

(eds) (1974) Documents on Nazism 1919-45, pp. 37-40. 19. Ibid., p. 7. 20. Ibid., pp. 7 ff. 21. Ibid. 22. Nicolai (1933), op. cit., pp. 27 ff. When he discussed this point, Nicolai

asserted that women were ready 'to give themselves' to just about anyone who asked.

23. Volk is notoriously difficult to translate. It means 'nation' or 'a people' but as used by Nicolai has distinctly chauvinistic connotations.

24. Nicolai (1934), op. cit., pp. 54-6. 25. See H. Frank (ed.) (1935) Nationalsozialistisches Handbuch fUr Recht

und Gesetzgebung, and G. Stier (1934) Das Recht als Kampfordnung der Rasse.

26. See H. Frank (1938) Heroisches und Geordnetes Recht. 27. He was Reich leader in the Professional Civil Servants' Group in the

Association of German Jurists. 28. H. Frank, H. Nicolai and M. Bilke (1933) Reden. 29. MKuR, p. 241. 30. Ibid., pp. 242 f. 31. H. Nicolai (1933) Rasse und Rechte (Berlin: Reimar Bobbing). 32. MKuR, pp. 242 ff. 33. Ibid., p. 244. 'Aufhoren!'- 'Stop!' 34. Ibid., p. 245. 35. L. Preuss (1934) 'Germanic law versus Roman law', Journal of Com-

parative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 16, pp. 268 ff. 36. Nicolai (1934), op. cit., p. 43. 37. Ibid., and section 10. 38. Frank, Nicolai and Bilke, op. cit.; 'Die Aufgaben des Verwaltungsbeam

ten und die fachliche Arbeit der Fachgruppe Verwaltungsbeamte', in Deutsches Recht, Vol. 4 (January 1934), pp. 2 ff; 'Das Regierungsreferendariat', in Preussisches und Reichsverwaltungsblatt (1933), pp. 504 ff.

39. Standesstaat: a state based on hereditary estates; Beamtenstaat: a state built on the civil service.


40. H. Nicolai (1933} 'Riickwirkende Kraft von Strafgesetzen', Juristische Wochenschrift, Vol. 42 (1933), pp. 2315 ff.

41. K.D. Bracher (1971) The German Dictatorship, pp. 230-1. 42. H. Mommsen (1982} 'National Socialism: continuity .and change', in

W. Laqueur (ed.}, Fascism: A Reader's Guide, pp. 151 ff. 43. E.N. Peterson (1969} The Limits to Hitler's Power, pp. 16-17. 44. E. Laux (1986} 'Fiihrung und Verwaltung in der Rechtslehre des

Nationalsozialismus', in D. Rebentisch and K. Teppe (eds}, Verwaltung Contra Menschenfuhrung, pp. 33 ff.

45. H. Ridder, 'Zur Verfassungsdoktrin des NS-Staats', in Der UnrechtsStaat, pp. 24 ff.

46. I say 'constitutional writings' to differentiate them from the earlier ones (for example, on economic theory) which also entailed models of any future state- i.e. one built on economic decentralization.

47. MKuR, p. 113. 48. Ibid., p. 116. 49. The title can be translated as The Foundations of the Coming Constitu-

tion. 50. G. Schulz (1960} Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, p. 153. 51. For one of the few studies of the Reichsleitung, see ibid. 52. H. Nicolai, MKuR, op. cit., pp. 116-17. 53. Schulz, op. cit., p. 153, footnote 107. 54. H. Nicolai, MKuR, op. cit., pp. 225-7. 55. Ibid. 56. H. Nicolai (1933) Grundlagen der kommenden Verfassung, pp. 27-8.

Hereafter cited as Grundlagen. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid., pp. 29 f. 59. Ibid., p. 35. 60. MKuR, p. 118. 61. Grundlagen, p. 35. 62. Ibid., p. 38. 63. Ibid., p. 34. 64. MKuR, p. 117. 65. K. Sontheimer (1983} Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Re-

publik, p. 192. 66. MKuR, pp. 117-18. 67. H.A. Turner (ed.} (1985} Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant, pp. 270 f. 68. B. Losener (1961} 'Das Reichsministerium des Innern und die

Judengesetzgebung', in VjhfZg, Vol. 9, pp. 262 ff. 69. I. Kershaw (1985} The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 93. 70. E.N. Baynes (ed.} (1942) The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, p. 419. 71. Ibid. 72. Grundlagen, Preface to 4th edition. 73. SeeP. Diel-Thiele (1969) Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, p. 66. 74. Turner, op. cit. 75. See Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 37. 76. Ibid. 77. S. Lang and E. von Schenck (eds} (1949} The Memoirs of Alfred

Rosenberg, pp. 312-13.


78. H. Nicolai (1934) Der Neuaufbau des Reiches nach dem Reichsreformgesetz vom 30 Januar 1934, p. 16.

79. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., pp. 61 f.

CHAPTER 6 A POSTWAR NAZI?

1. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf urns Recht, unpublished memoirs located in lfZg, Munich, MSS 109, section 26, 'Der 30 Juli'. Hereafter cited as MKuR.

2. Interview with Fr. Kappert. 3. MKuR, p. 364. 4. Ibid. 5. Letter from Deutsche Dienststelle, Berlin. 6. MKuR, pp. 365 f. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Interview with Fr. Kappert.

10. MKuR, p. 367. 11. Ibid. 12. Interview with Fr. Kappert, correspondence with W. Hellwig. 13. H. Steinmetz (1956) 'Zum Gedenken an den Verfasser' in Geschichs-

bliitter fiir Waldeck, Vol. 48, p. iv. 14. MKuR, pp. 3~. 15. Ibid., pp. 46 f. 16. Ibid., p. 372. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., pp. 37~. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid., pp. 369-70. 21. Ibid., p. 378. 22. Here Nicolai's rationalization pre-empts Nolte's theory of the Histori

kerstreit. At the same time, however, Nicolai contradicts his own comments of Bankwesen where he says he opposes Socialism and Capitalism! See Chapter 3.

23. On the night of 31 July 1932, five drunken SA men kicked a Polish Communist to death in the village of Potempa in Upper Silesia. The case became a Nazi cause celebre. See M. Broszat (1987) Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar, pp. 125-6.

24. H. Nicolai, Meine naturgesetzliche Rechtslehre, 2 September 1947, in Hessisches Staatsarchiv, Marburg, Hestand M 59.

25. MKuR, p. 192. 26. The title means The Meaning of the Word Germane. For a summary of the

text, see last chapter of MKuR and throughout H. Nicolai (1950) Der Stammbaum Christi.

27. The title can be translated as Christ's Family Tree as a Way to Natural Law and Evangelism.

28. R. Breitling (1971) Die nationalsozialistische Rassenlehre, p. 15. 29. H. Nicolai (1950) Der Stammbaum Christi: ein neuer Weg zum Natur

recht und Evangelismus, Foreword.


30. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 31. Ibid., p. 10. 32. Ibid., Chapter 1. 33. Ibid., p. 37. 34. Ibid., pp. 39 ff. 35. Ibid., p. 46. 36. Ibid., p. 51. 37. Actually the whole idea of myth analysis is not new for Nicolai. He

had done the same in his analysis of the Rechtsgeist, for example (see Chapter 4). For the idea that heredity, eternity and 'God' are linked, see Chapter 5, p. 94.

38. Ibid., p. 62. 39. Ibid., p. 64. 40. Ibid., pp. 66 f. 41. Ibid., p. 74. 42. Ibid., p. 85. 43. Ibid., p. 87. 44. Ibid., p. 88. 45. Ibid., p. 97. 46. Ibid., p. 99. 47. H. Nicolai (1985) Waldeckische Wappenkunde (i.e. Waldeck's Heraldic

Art). 48. Ibid., p. 11. 49. Ibid., p. 16. 50. Ibid., p. 68. 51. Ibid., p. 12. 52. Ibid., p. 102. 53. H. Nicolai (1954) Arolsen: Lebensbild einer deutschen Residenzstadt (i.e.

Arolsen: Portrait of a Royal German Town), pp. 378 ff. 54. Title translated as State, Authorities and Civil Servants in Waldeck

1814-65. 55. H. Nicolai (1956) 'Staat, Behorden und Beamte in Waldeck 1814-1868',

in Geschichtsbliitter fur Waldeck, Vol. 48, pp. 16, 51. 56. Ibid., pp. 72 ff. 57. Ibid. 58. MKuR, pp. 6-7. 59. Ibid., pp. 25-6, 39. 60. Letter dated 12 May 1953 from a Dr Deetz (Hofrat and medical doctor in

Arolsen) to Hr Heidsieck. The Bund Deutscher Miidchen (the Association of German Maidens) was a Nazi group for young girls.

61. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, p. 28. 62. I. Kershaw (1983) 'Ideology, propaganda and the rise of the Nazi Party',

in P. Stachura (ed.), The Nazi Machtergreifung, p. 169. 63. E. Nolte (1969) Three Faces of Fascism, p. 40, and in the book Histori

kerstreit (1987) by von Augstein et al. 64. W. Hofer (1986) 'Fifty years on: historians and the Third Reich', JCH,

Vol. 21, pp. 225 ff. 65. Justice= equal claims for all people to freedom of action and equality of

welfare. As a racist Nicolai especially disputed this right of all to be evaluated and treated equally.


66. S. Lang and E. von Schenck (eds}, (1949} Memoirs of Alfred Rosenberg, p. 313.

67. MKuR, pp. 15 ff. 68. Ibid. 69. M. Weber (1978} The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. 70. Interview with Fr. Kappert. 71. H. Nicolai and W. Hellwig (1952} Die Landesdirektoren und Landrate in

Waldeck und Pyrmont 1850-1942. 72. H. Nicolai (1985} Waldeckische Wappenkunde, p. 22. The name of the

first man of note interested in heraldry was Theodor Hoepingk. 73. Nicolai (1947}, op. cit., p. 54. 74. From Die rassengesetzliche Rechtslehre to Stammbaum, from his book on

Wappen to his study of Arolsen, Nicolai noted that characteristics could be handed down through lineages.

75. I realize that this psychological hypothesis can be objected to on the lines that:

(a) the father's family was successful too; (b) paternity and maternity govern descent according to Nicolai's own

theory and so he should have related himself to his father's lineage.

But Nicolai seldom mentions his father's lineage at all, let alone in any positive way. Apparently he affiliated himself to the matrilineal side of the family oblivious of any upset this might cause in relation to his own theory and with a deficiency of interest in the patrilineal side relative to the matrilineal. On balance, the relationship with his mother's family provided more psychological support to him than it cost in terms of failing to fit properly with his Weltanschauung.

76. Waldeckische Landeszeitung, 13 December 1955.

CHAPTER 7 THE FORMATIVE YEARS

1. N. Poulantzas (1974} Fascism and Dictatorship, pp. 71 ff. 2. H. Mommsen (1966} Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, p. 16. D. Reben

tisch and K. Teppe (eds) (1976) Verwaltung Contra Menschenfuhrung im Staat Hitlers, Introduction.

3. P. Diel-Thiele (1969) Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, Foreword. 4. K.D. Bracher (1971) The German Dictatorship, pp. 108 ff. 5. M. Broszat (1966) German National Socialism 1919-45, pp. 19-20. 6. Rebentisch and Teppe, op. cit. 7. H. Arendt's view in (1964) Eichmann in Jerusalem, 2nd edn, p. 287. 8. Mommsen, op. cit., p. 13. 9. A. Hitler (1935) Mein Kampf (Hurst & Blackett edition), p. 236.

10. D. Blackbourn and G. Eley (1984) The Peculiarities of German History, p. 244; H. Schulz (1982) Weimar, pp. 105 f.

11. Blackbourn and Eley, op. cit.; J. Caplan (1978) 'Bureaucracy, politics and the National Socialist State', in P. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the National Socialist State, pp. 234 ff.

12. Schulz, op. cit., pp. 106, 108. SPD: the German Socialist Party.


13. Ibid., p. 105; Caplan, op. cit. 14. G. Schulz (1963) Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur, p. 26. 15. G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, p. 20. 16. Schulz (1963), op. cit., p. 486; Mommsen, op.cit., p. 25. 17. F. Neumann (1942) Behemoth, p. 8. 18. R. Kuhn (1983) Die Vertrauenskrise der Justiz 1926-28, pp. 103 ff. 19. G.L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis in German Ideology, p. 286. 20. Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, No. 9368. 21. Deutsches Fuhrerlexikon, 1934-35. 22. J. Bendersky (1983) Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich, pp. 103, 149. 23. Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, No. 25985. 24. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf ums Recht, unpublished memoirs in

IfZg, Munich, MSS 109, p. 42. Hereafter cited as MKuR. 25. Ibid., p. 43. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., p. 44. 28. For details of the economies, see H. Mommsen (1973) 'Die Stellung der

Beamtenschaft in Reich, Lander und Gemeinden in der Ara Bruning', in VjhfZg, Vol. 21, pp. 151 ff.

29. MKuR, p. 46. 30. BDC, Nicolai file, Schwarz to Nicolai 8 October 1932, and Nicolai to

Schwarz 30 September 1932; GStA, Aktenbande I/77, letter to Dr Schellen, 20 September 1933. The full name of the Kampfbund can be translated as 'The Fighting Association for German Culture.'

31. R. Cecil (1972) The Myth of the Master Race, p. 56; B.M. Lane (1974) 'Nazi ideology: some unfinished business', in CEH, Vol. 7, p. 26.

32. MKuR, p. 53. 33. Broszat, op. cit., pp. 19-20. 34. MKuR, pp. 55 f. 35. The Stahlhelm (Steel Helmet) was a conservative association of First

World War veterans. 36. Ibid., p. 56. 37. Ibid., p. 60. 38. H. Schulz, op. cit., p. 109. 39. Mommsen, op. cit., pp. 25 ff. 40. G.C. Boehnert (1981) 'The jurists in the SS-Fuhrerkorps 1925-39', in

G. Hirschfeld and L. Kettemacker ( eds), Der Fuhrerstaat: Mythos und Realitiit, pp. 361 ff.

41. Hauptarchiv microfilm, reel 59, folder 1411. 42. Mommsen, op. cit., p. 28. 43. See the Hasse case, Hauptarchiv microfilm, reel24a, folder 1759, plus

other cases in Zentrales Archiv 26106 and 26105. 44. J. Caplan (1981) 'Civil service support for National Socialism', in

Hirschfeld and Kettemacker, op. p. 167 ff; I Kershaw (1987) The Hitler Myth, p. 40; J. Caplan (1977) 'The politics of the administration', Historical Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 707 ff.

45. MKuR, pp. 86 f. 46. Ibid., p. 88. 47. Ibid., p. 95.


48. D. Orlow (1971) The History of the Nazi Party 1919-33, vol. I, pp. 81 ff. 49. Ibid., p. 230. 50. BDC, Nicolai file, letter 18 June 1931 Bruckner to Strasser. 51. Ibid., membership card. 52. Schulz (1960), op. cit., pp. 62 ff. 53. For further details of the Reichsleitung see ibid. -note its division into

departments I and II for immediate and future planning. 54. BDC, Nicolai file, Nicolai's department on 3 August 1932. 55. MKuR, p. 98. 56. Ibid., p. 149. 57. Ibid., p. 98. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid., pp. 102, 148. 60. Ibid., p. 108; BDC, Nicolai file, letter from Nicolai to Strasser

7 October 1931. 61. MKuR, p. 121. 62. Ibid. 63. K. Pinsdorff (1931) 'Nature and aims of the National Socialist German

Labour Party', APSR, Vol. 25, pp. 377 ff. 64. MKuR, p. 8. 65. Ibid., p. 133. 66. Ibid., pp. 127 f. 67. Ibid., p. 153 f. 68. Ibid. 69. BDC, Nicolai file, Nicolai to Strasser 7 October 1931. 70. Ibid., Nicolai resigns 19 December 1933. 71. MKuR, p. 161. 72. BDC, Nicolai file, letter to Glaser 26 September 1932. 73. Ibid., letter G. Strasser to Glaser 6 October 1932. 74. Ibid., letter Reinhardt to Ley 29 December 1932. 75. Ibid., letter Nicolai to Reinhardt 15 October 1932. 76. MKuR, p. 168. 77. Ibid., p. 157. 78. F.L. Schumann (1936) The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 148. 79. MKuR, p. 157. 80. Ibid., p. 170. 81. Ibid., p. 173. 82. Ibid., pp. 175 ff. 83. Ibid., p. 178. 84. Ibid., pp. 193 f. 85. Caplan (1977), op. cit. 86. MKuR, p. 199. 87. Ibid., pp. 204-5. 88. Schulz (1960), op. cit., p. 153. 89. Ibid., p. 264. 90. Ibid. 91. Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, R4311/1392. 92. Caplan (1977), op. cit. 93. Mommsen, op. cit., pp. 135 ff; Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 17.


94. MKuR, pp. 156-7, 195. 95. BDC, Nicolai file, Nicolai to Goring 11 February 1933. 96. Ibid., Nicolai to Terboven 18 February 1933, and Nicolai to Goring

9 February 1933. 97. Ibid., letter from Sun!n to Daluege 11 May 1933. 98. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, p. 242; H. Mommsen, op. cit., 39,

Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentum of 7 April 1933. 99. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, pp. 34 f.

100. Bundesarchiv, R431111376, list of Reichsstatthalter with more than one territory; 25 May 1933 Loeper to Hitler, and 29 May 1933 Rover to Hitler.

101. Bundesarchiv, R4311/1376, Loeper to Hitler, op. cit. 102. Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, RIM 6786, April1933, Hitler to the Reichs

s tatthalter. 103. H. Romeyk (1976) 'Der preuBische Regierungsprasident im NS

Herrschaftssystem,' in Rebentisch and Teppe (eds), op. cit., pp. 121 ff. 104. Schulz (1960), op. cit., p. 265. 105. Orlow, op. cit., p. 84; Bundesarchiv, May 1933 Hitler to Reichsstatthal

ter, R18/5441. 106. BDC, Nicolai file, various letters between Kube, Daluege and Nicolai,

February-May 1933. 107. Geheimes Staatsarchiv, op. cit. 108. Ibid. 109. MKuR, pp. 213 f. 110. Ibid., p. 222; Zentrales Archiv, RMdl, 26106. 111. MKuR, p. 224. 112. Ibid.; Schulz (1960), op. cit., p. 265. 113. Schulz (1960), op. cit., p. 272. 114. Geheimes Staatsarchiv, op. cit.

CHAPTER 8 CLASHES WITH THE GAULEITER

1. F. Neumann (1942) Behemoth, Introduction. 2. J. Caplan (1978) 'Bureaucracy, politics and the National Socialist

State', in P. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, pp. 234 ff. For a more detailed study of the civil service, see Caplan's more recent study Government without Administration (1988).

3. J. Hiden and J. Farquharson (1983) Explaining Hitler's Germany, pp. 73, 81.

4. W. Sauer (1967) 'National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?', AHR, Vol. 73, p. 404.

5. W. Hofer (1986) 'Fifty years on: historians and the Third Reich', JCH, Vol. 21, p. 225.

6. I. Kershaw (1985) The Nazi Dictatorship, p. 66. 7. J. Caplan (1977) The politics of administration', Historical Journal, Vol.

20, pp. 707 ff. 8. F.J. Heyen (1967) Nationalsozialismus im Alltag, p. 261. 9. K.D. Bracher (1971) The German Dictatorship, p. 235.


10. Neumann, op. cit., p. 273; H. Mommsen (1966) Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, p. 14.

11. D. Blackbourn and G. Eley (1984) The Peculiarities of German History; J. Caplan (1978) 'Bureaucracy, Politics and the National Socialist State', in P. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the National Socialist State, pp. 234 ff.

12. H. Schulz (1982) Weimar, p. 106, 108. SPD: the German Socialist Party.

13. Ibid., p. 105; J. Caplan, ibid. 14. G. Schulz (1963) Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur, p. 26. 15. G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, p. 20. 16. G. Schulz (1963), op. cit., p. 486; H. Mommsen, Beamtentum, op. cit.,

p. 25. 17. Neumann, op. cit., p. 8. 18. R. Kuhn (1933) Die Vertrauenskrise der Justiz 1926-28, pp. 103 ff. 19. G.L. Mosse (1966) The Crisis in German Ideology, p. 286. 20. Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, No. 9368. 21. Deutsches Fiihrerlexikon, 1934-35. 22. J. Bendersky (1983) Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich, pp. 103, 149. 22. D. Orlow (1973) The History of the Nazi Party 1919-33, p. 107; P.

Diel-Thiele (1969) Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, p. 1. 23. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 19. 24. A. Hitler (1939) Mein Kampf, (Hurst & Blackett edition), pp. 239 f. 25. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf urns Recht, unpublished memoirs in

IfZg, Munich, MSS 109, p. 239. Hereafter cited as MKuR. 26. Ibid.' p. 232. 27. Ibid., p. 212. 28. Ibid., p. 250. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid. 31. Ibid., p. 251. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., p. 252. 35. Ibid., p. 253. 36. Ibid., p. 255. 37. Ibid., pp. 221, 239. 38. Ibid., pp. 232-3. 39. Ibid. 40. GStA, Aktenbiinde 1/77. 41. MKuR, pp. 235 ff. 42. Ibid., pp. 290 ff, 258. 43. Ibid., p. 239; G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische Machtergrei

fung, p. 265. 44. Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, R4311/426a, 11 August 1933 Nicolai to Lammers. 45. Ibid., Lammers to Nicolai, and 17 October 1933 Lammers to Reich

Ministry of the Interior. 46. Der Angriff, 29 July 1931 in Hauptarchiv, reel 56, folder 1361a;

P. Hiittenberger (1969) Die Gauleiter, p. 216. 47. Bundesarchiv, Slg. Schumacher 205.


48. See Hauptarchiv, loc. cit. 49. Hiittenberger, op. cit., p. 66. 50. Ibid., Hauptarchiv reel 56, folder 1361a; Bundesarchiv, Slg. Schumacher

205. 51. Hiittenberger, op. cit., p. 82. 52. Orlow, op. cit., p. 35. 53. Bundesarchiv, R18/5441. 54. Nicolai had suggested in Grundlagen that Reichsstatthalter appoint civil

servants. But clearly he hadn't had Loeper in mind for the job! 55. MKuR, pp. 257 f. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. p. 258. 58. GStA, Aktenbande 1177. 59. GStA, op. cit. 60. Ibid. 61. MKuR, p. 261. 62. Ibid., p. 263. 63. GStA, Aktenbande 1177. 64. BDC, OPG file, report by Loeper 14 November 1933. 65. MKuR, p. 265. 66. BDC, OPG file, Nicolai's Press Notice of 15 October 1933. 67. Ibid., Seyboth to Nicolai 16 October 1933. 68. Ibid., Trommlerverlag to Loeper 20 November 1933; Trommlerverlag

to Nicolai 18 August 1933. 69. Ibid., Loeper to Amann 30 October 1933. 70. Ibid., Amann to Loeper 16 November 1933. 71. Ibid., Loeper report 14 November 1933. 72. Ibid., 23 November 1933 to Reichs-Uschla in Brown House. 73. K.A. Minuth (ed.), Akten der Reichskanzlei: Regierung Hitler 1933-38,

minutes of Reichsstatthalterkonferenz 28 September 1933; MKuR, p. 266.

74. MKuR. 75. Ibid., p. 268. 76. Bundesarchiv, R4311/495, 23 November 1933 Loeper to Lammers. 77. Ibid., 2 December 1933 Lammers to Loeper. 78. Ibid., 5 December 1933 Loeper to Lammers. 79. Ibid., 5 December 1933 Loeper to Lammers, Nicolai suggests a Bran

denburg territory including (amongst others) the Magdeburg and Anhalt areas. A proposed Lower Saxony territory would received Brunswick. Hence Loeper's governmental territory would be split and vanish.

80. Ibid., 8 December 1933 Loeper to Lammers following telephone conversation. Loeper cites Nicolai's idea that Bavaria should be made up of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Rhineland as well as having a claim to the Tirol and Salzburg. Austria should be made up of Upper Austria and Lower Austria including Vienna, Burgenland, Steiermark and Kamten.

81. Ibid., Anhalt State Ministry to Hitler 9 December 1933. 82. Ibid., telegram from Loeper to Hitler 8 December 1933.


83. Of course if such a proposal were to be carried through and administrative territories were restructured, this would have raised the possibility that Gaue would eventually be restructed to correspond to the administrative boundaries. Thus even Loeper's Party rank might have been put in jeopardy. In fact the late 1920s had seen the Gaue redefined to correspond more closely to electoral boundaries, although in this instance Loeper had increased his Gau from being simply Anhalt to Magdeburg-Anhalt. .

84. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 57, note 70, where he comments that Nicolai is 'one of the most interesting spokesmen' on the topic of the National Socialist state because he was perhaps 'the most courageous critic of the drawbacks caused by the dualism of Party and state.'

85. Orlow, op. cit., p. 44. 86. BDC, Nicolai file, 28 November 1932 Nicolai to Reinhardt. 87. Akten der Reichskanzlei, pp. 968 f Loeper to Lammers 2 December

1933. 88. Bundesarchiv, R43II/495 Nicolai to Lammers 9 December 1933. 89. Ibid., 8 December 1933 to Rover. 90. Ibid., 13 December 1933 Gauleiter to Kurmark to Hitler. 91. Ibid., Lammers to Loeper and Rover 11 December 1933. 92. Ibid., Nicolai to Lammers 19 December 1933. 93. Ibid., Lammers to Kube and Gauleiter of Kurmark 13 December 1933. 94. Ibid., correspondence between Reich Chancellery and Schaffer Press,

including memo of Chancellery stating that Nicolai should not publish for a while.

95. MKuR, pp. 243 ff. 96. Ibid., p. 308. 97. Diehl-Thiele, op. cit., p. 57. 98. D.M. McKale (1986) 'Der offentliche Dienst und die Parteigerichts

barkeit der NSDAP', in D. Rebentisch and K. Teppe (eds), Verwaltung Contra Menschenfiihrung im Staat Hitters, pp. 237 ff.

99. Ibid. 100. Ibid. 101. Zentrales Archiv, RJM 6804 and RJM 6803; for discussion of Party

Courts vis-a-vis Party-state conflict see A.V. Boerner (1938) 'The position of the NSDAP in the German constitutional order', APSR, Vol. 32, pp. 1059 ff.

102. BDC, OPG file, accusations versus Nicolai 7 March 1934. 103. Ibid., 15 March 1934 Nicolai to OPG. 104. Ibid., Pfalz to Gestapo. 105. OPG file. 106. Ibid. 24 July 1934 Loeper. 107. Ibid., 13 September 1934 Schneider to Nicolai. 108. Ibid., 20 September 1934 Nicolai to OPG. 109. Ibid., Report of27 September 1934 and 18 December 1933 Gauinspek-

tor to Reichsschatzmeister. 110. Ibid., from Baerwinkel to Neef 12 October 1934. 111. Nicolai from the Schwarzwald 24 February 1935. 112. 'Apparently' because the copy of the confession in the OPG files is


typed and does not bear signatures. It is unclear whether the confession had been made before or after Nicolai's voluntary' retirement from the civil service.

113. Ibid., Gestapo 15 April1935. 114. Ibid., telegram to Buch 4 June 1935 and OPG to Gestapo. 115. Ibid., HeB to OPG 21 February 1940.

CHAPTER 9 THE NICOLAI ERA

1. Phrase as used in G. Schulz (1960) Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, p. 273.

2. P. Diel-Thiele (1969) Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich, Foreword. 3. J. Caplan (1978) 'Bureaucracy, politics and the National Socialist State',

in P. Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State, pp. 234 ff. Both the Prussian and Reich administrations had their headquarters in Berlin, thus there was every reason to view them as easy to govern from the Reich Chancellery.

4. Ibid. 5. E.N. Peterson (1969) The Limits of Hitler's Power, p. 77. 6. K.D. Bracher, referred to in D. Orlow (1971) The History of the Nazi

Party 1933-45, Vol. II, p. 49. 7. Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, R18/5439, draft on Neugliederung dated 15 Sep

tember 1933. 8. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 62. 9. H. Nicolai (1950) Mein Kampf urns Recht, unpublished memoirs in lfZg,

Munich, MS 109, p. 266. Hereafter cited as MKuR. 10. Ibid., pp. 268 f. 11. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, Nicolai to Frick, November 1933. 12. See Bundesarchiv, R18/5440, letter from State Secretary Pfundtner to

the Ministers suggesting that when Reich and Prussian Ministries are aligned he will remain senior to State Secretary Grauert.

13. See Schulz, op. cit., p. 270. 14. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, Nicolai to Frick November 1933. 15. The administration of Bavaria, for example, worked on quite different

principles of organisation. 16. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, Nicolai's press notice of 27 November 1933. 17. MKuR, p. 276. 18. See M. Hirsch et al. (eds) (1984) Recht, Verwaltung und Justiz im

Nationalsozialismus, p. 284. 19. MKuR, p. 276. 20. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, Nicolai's draft of 'Gesetz zur Sicherung der

Einheit von Partei und Staat', dated 28 November 1933. 21. G. Schulz (1963) Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur, pp. 577 ff. 22. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, pp. 96 ff; E. Mowrer (1938), Ger-

many Puts the Clock Back, Chapter 1. 23. F.L. Schumann (1936) The Nazi Dictatorship, pp. 245 ff. 24. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 40. 25. Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam, RJM 6786, letter of Reich Interior Ministry


to Reich President, Reichskanzlei and Ministers 9 May 1933. 26. Ibid., Meyenthaler to Reich Interior Ministry 26 May 1933 and Reich

Justice Ministry to Medicus of Reich Interior Ministry 12 July 1933. 27. Ibid., Anhalt State Ministry to Reich Ministry of Justice 29 June 1933. 28. Ibid., 12 July 1933 Reich Interior Ministry to Reich Justice Ministry. 29. Ibid., Reich Interior Ministry August 1933 and report on decree of

3 February 1934. 30. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, November 1933 Reich Interior Ministry to

Reich Ministers, Reichsstatthalter, Liinder governments and Reichskanzlei, R18/5439 Nicolai to Frick 6 December 1933.

31. Ibid., R18/5436, 23 November 1933 Nicolai draft of Neuaufbaugesetz. 32. E. Laux (1986) 'Fiihrung und Verwaltung in der Rechtslehre des

Nationalsozialismus', in D. Rebentisch and K. Teppe (eds), Verwaltung Contra Menschenfiihrung in Staat Hitlers.

33. Bundesarchiv, R18/5436, Pfundtner to Nicolai and Medicus 27 November 1933.

34. Ibid., Nicolai to Frick and Pfundtner with draft of Neuaufbaugesetz, a Begrundung of 29 January 1934, 28 January 1934 Nicolai on Reichsreform.

35. For full text, see Hirsch et al. op. cit., p. 132. 36. MKuR, p. 303. 37. P. Hiittenberger (1969) Die Gauleiter, pp. 88-9. 38. Bundesarchiv, R43II/1372 Sauckel to Lammers. 39. H.-K. Minuth (ed.) (1983) Akten der Reichskanzlei: Regierung Hitler

1933-38, p. 1195. 40. Zentrales Archiv, RJM 6786. 41. D. Orlow, (1973) The History of the Nazi Party, Vol. 2, pp. 144 ff. 42. Ibid. 43. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., p. 64. 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid.; Bundesarchiv, reports over Sprenger letter R43II/495 and Spren

ger to Hitler 2 March 1934. 46. Bundesarchiv, R43II/495, Frick to Lammers. 47. Diel-Thiele, op. cit.; Bundesarchiv, R18/5441 May 1933 Hitler to Reichs-

statthalter. 48. For full text of speech, see Bundesarchiv R18/5441. 49. Broszat, op. cit., p. 117. 50. Bundesarchiv, R43II/1376 Loeper to Lammers 9 April1934. 51. Ibid. Lammers to Loeper 17 April1934. 52. Ibid., 15 June 1934 Frick to Loeper. 53. G. Schulz, Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung, op. cit., n.b. pp.

288-9. 54. MKuR, pp. 345-6. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. p. 347. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid., p. 348. 60. Ibid., p. 358. 61. Ibid.' p. 363.


62. Minuth, H.-K. (ed.) (1983) Akten der Reichskanzlei: Regierung Hitler 1933-38, Loeper to Lammers 28 October 1934.

63. Bundesarchiv, R4311/1376 Loeper to Lammers 13 September 1934, and Lammers to Loeper 25 October 1934.

64. Ibid., R18/5439 Nicolai to Frick and Anlage 8 October 1934. 65. Ibid., Nicolai to Pfundtner 7 November 1934 Vorliiufige Verordnung zur

Vereinheitlichung der Verwaltung. 66. Ibid., R1815440, 9 November 1934 remarks about Neuaufbauverordnung. 67. Ibid., 'Zweiten Verordnung iiber den Neuaufbau des Reiches'. 68. Ibid., R431Ul392, notes relating to Reichsstatthalterkonferenz of 1 Nov

ember 1934. 69. Diel-Thiele, op. cit., pp. 73 ff. 70. See W. Baum (1955) 'Die Reichsreform im Dritten Reich', VjhfZg,

Vol. 3, p. 36. 71. Ibid.

SUMMING UP

1. D. Blackboum and G. Eley (1984) The Peculiarities of German History, pp. 5-6.

2. J. Hiden and J. Farquharson (1983) Explaining Hitler's Germany, p. 34. 3. R.J. Evans (1987) Rethinking German History, p. 59; E.N. Peterson

(1966) 'The bureaucracy and the Nazi Party', Review of Politics, Vol. 28, pp. 172 ff.

4. R. Breitling (1971) Die nationalsozialistische Rassenlehre, Foreword. 5. G. Eley (1986) From Unification to Nazism, p. 261. 6. G.L. Mosse (1966) 'The genesis of Fascism', JCH, Vol. 1, pp. 14 ff. 7. F. Stem (1961) The Politics of Cultural Despair, Introduction. 8. K. Pinsdorff (1931) 'Nature and aims of the National Socialist German

Labour Party', APSR, Vol. 25, pp. 377 ff. 9. M. Broszat (1981) The Hitler State, p. 29.

10. M. Broszat (1970) 'Soziale Motivationen und Fiihrerbindung des Nationalsozialismus', VjhfZg, Vol. 18, pp. 392 ff.

11. Hiden and Farquharson, op. cit., p. 81. 12. H. Mommsen (1966), Beamtentum im Dritten Reich, p. 13. 13. Hiden and Farquharson, op. cit. 14. See W. Sauer (1967) 'National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?',

AHR, Vol. 73, pp. 404 ff. 15. E. Nolte (1969) Three Faces of Fascism, p. 566.

Bibliography ARCHIVES

The following archives were used in the compilation of this study. Where appropriate the main references within the archive are cited below, although more detailed references can be found in the chapter notes. (a) Marburg Staatsarchiv- holds a copy of Mein Kampf urns Recht (1950),

Meine naturgesetzliche Rechtslehre: Ihr Werden und Wirken in Vergangenheit und Zukunft (1947), various newspaper articles by Nicolai and details on his family history. See Bestand M 59.

(b) Institut fur Zeitgeschichte (IfZg), Munich - holds Mein Kampf urns Recht (1950), MS 109.

(c) Bundesarchiv, Koblenz- holds various documents relating to Nicolai's activity in the Magdeburg civil service and Reich Ministry of the Interior. See chapter notes for details.

(d) Berlin Document Center (BDC), Berlin- holds documents on Nicolai's early membership of the Party as well as his trial. In files 'Nicolai' and 'OPG - Nicolai'.

(e) Zentrales Archiv, Potsdam- holds files to the position of the Reichsstatthalter and Begnadigungsrecht in the state, details of Nicolai's school and university careers together with details of his entrance into the civil service and activities in 1919-20. See notes for detailed references.

(f) Hauptarchiv microfilm, Manchester University - holds various documents and newspaper cuttings about Gauleiter Loeper (Reel 56, folder 1361a).

(g) Geheimes Staatsarchiv (GStA), Berlin- holds details of Nicolai's work while in Magdeburg with reference to Loeper (Aktenbiinde IJ77).

(h) Deutsche Dienststelle, Berlin - provided a letter relating to Nicolai's army career.

THE WORKS OF HELMUT NICOLAI

Those works by Nicolai referred to in this study are arranged below chronologically:

Die Anleihen der Aktiengesellschaften, (1920), Doctoral thesis, Kassel University.

'Die Notwendigkeit des offentlichen Bankwesens', Nationale Wirtschaft, Vol. 5 (1925), pp. 320 ff.

'Konzentration oder Dezentralisation?', Sparkasse (1925), pp. 235 ff. 'Recht und Willkiir', Deutschlands Erneuerung (1926), pp. 466 fl. GrundrifJ des Sparkassenwesens: Ein Hand-und Lehrbuch (Breslau: GraB,

Barth u. Comp, 1928).

239

240 Bibliography

Oberschlesien im Ringen der Volker (Breslau: Grass, Barth un Comp, 1930). 'Nordischer Rechtsgeist I', Die Sonne (March 1931), pp. 97 ff. 'Nordischer Rechtsgeist II', Die Sonne (April1931), pp. 152. 'Rasse und Gesetzgebung I', Die Sonne (March 1932), p. 97. 'Rasse und Gesetzgebung II', Die Sonne (April 1932), p. 145. Die rassengesetzliche Rechtslehre; Grundzuge einer nationalsozialistischen

Rechtsphilosophie, volume 39 in the series Nationalsozialistische Bibliothek (Munich: Eher and Son, 1st edition 1932, edition quoted here 3rd edition of 1934).

Grundlagen der kommenden Verfassung: uber den staatsrechtlichen Aufbau des Dritten Reiches, in the series Volk/Recht!Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich (Berlin: Reimar Robbing, 1933).

Rasse und Recht, in the series Volk/Recht/Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich (Berlin: Reimar Robbing, 1933).

Frank, H., Nicolai, H. and Bilke, M., Reden, in the series Volk/Recht/ Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich (Berlin: Reimar Robbing, 1933).

'Das Regierungsreferendariat', Preussisches und Reichsverwaltungsblatt (1933), pp. 504 ff.

'Riickwirkende Kraft von Strafgesetzen', Juristische Wochenschrift, Vol. 42 (1933), pp. 2315 f.

Der Staat im nationalsozialistischen Weltbild, volume 1 in the series Neugestaltung von Recht und Wirtschaft (Leipzig: Schaeffer Press, 1933).

'Die Aufgaben des Verwaltungsbeamten un die fachliche Arbeit der Fachgruppe Verwaltungsbeamte', Deutsches Recht, Vol. 4 (1934), pp. 2 ff.

'Zum Gesetz iiber den Neuaufbau des Reiches', Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung, Vol. 39 (1934), pp. 233 ff.

'Grundsatliches iiber den Zusammenhang von Rasse und Recht', Deutsches Recht, Vol. 4 (1934), pp. 74 ff.

Der Neuaufbau des Reiches nach dem Reichsreformgesetz vom 30 Januar 1934, volume 9 of the series Das Recht der nationalen Revolution (Berlin: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1934).

Die Wurzeln des modernen Bankwesens (Berlin: Reimar Robbing, 1934). Meine naturgesetzliche Rechtslehre: Ihr Werden, Wesen und Wirken in Ver

gangenheit und Zukunft, Marburg Staatsarchiv Bestand M 59 (2 September 1947).

Mein Kampf ums Recht, Institut fur Zeitgeschichte, Munich, MSS 109 (20 March 1950).

Der Stammbaum Christi: Ein neuer Weg zum Evangelium und zum Naturrecht, (Marburg an der Lahn: Deutschritter-Verlag, 1950).

Nicolai, H. and Hellwig, W. Die Landesdirektoren und Landriite in Waldeck und Pyrmont 1850-1942, Korbach-Bad Wildungen (1952).

Arolsen: Lebensbild einer deutschen Residenzstadt (Gliicksburg: C.A. Starke, 1954).

'Staat, Behorden und Beamte in Waldeck 1814-68', Geschichtsbliitter fur Waldeck, Vol. 46 (1954).

Waldeckische Wappen: Beitriige zur Familiengeschichte, Waldeckischer Geschichtsverein (1985).

Bibliography 241

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Abraham, D. The Collapse of the Weimar Republic (Princeton, 1981). . Anderbrugge, K. Volkisches Rechtsdenken (Berlin: Dunker and Humblot,

1978). Angress, W.T. and Smith, B.F., 'Diaries of Heinrich Rimmler's early years',

JMH, Vol. 31 (1959), pp. 206 ff. Arendt, H., Eichmann in Jerusalem (Viking Press, 1964). Arendt, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism (Allen & Unwin, 1966). Augstein, R. von, et al., Historikerstreit (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1987). Baird, J.W., 'Goebbels, Horst Wessel and the myth of resurrection and

return', JCH, Vol. 17 (1982), pp. 633 ff. Baum, W., 'Die Reichsreform im Dritten Reich', VjhfZg, Vol.3 (1955),

pp. 36 ff. Baynes, N.H. (ed.), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April/922 -August 1939,

Volumes I and II (OUP, 1942). Bendersky, J.W. Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich (Princeton, 1983). Benton, E., Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies, (Routledge,

1977). Berne, E., A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (Penguin,

6th edn, 1968). Bessel, R., 'Living with the Nazis: some recent writing on the social history

of the Third Reich', European History Quarterly, Vol. 14 (1984), pp. 211-20.

Black, P.R., Ernst Kaltenbrunner: Ideological Soldier of the Third Reich (Princeton, 1984).

Blackbourn, D. and Eley, G., The Peculiarities of German History (OUP, 1984).

Boehnert, G.C., 'The jurists in the SS-Fuhrerkorps 1925-39', in Hirschfeld and Ketternacker ( eds).

Boerner, A.V., 'The position of the NSDAP in the German constitutional order', APSR, Vol. 32 (1938), pp. 1059-80.

Bosch, M. (ed.), Personlichkeit und Struktur in Geschichte (Dusseldorf, 1977).

Bossenbrook, W.J., The German Mind (Wayne State University, 1961). Bracher, K.D., The German Dictatorship (Penguin, 1980 edition; also 1971

edition with P. Gay's Introduction published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson). Bracher, K.D., 'The role of Hitler: perspectives of interpretation', in

Laqueur (ed.). Bracher, K.D., 'The second revolution', in Holborn (ed.). Bracher, K.D., 'Stages of totalitarian integration', in Holborn (ed.). Bracher, K.D., 'Tradition und revolution im Nationalsozialismus', in Funke

(ed). Bracher, K.D., Sauer, W. and Schulz, G., Die nationalsozialistische Mach

tergreifung (Ulm: Westdeutscher Verlag 1960).

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Breitling, R., Die nationalsozialistische Rassenlehre (Anton Hain, 1971). Broszat, M., German National Socialism 1919-45 (Clio Press, 1966). Broszat, M., Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar (Leamington Spa, Berg,

1987). Broszat, M., 'Hitler und die Genesis der "Endlosung" ', VjhfZg, Vol. 25

(1977), pp. 739 ff. Broszat, M., The Hitler State, translation by J.W. Hiden (London and New

York: Longman, 1981). Broszat, M., 'Soziale Motivation und Fiihrerbindung des Nationalsozialis

mus', VjhfZg, Vol. 18 (1970), pp. 392 ff. Broszat, M., Der Staat Hitters (Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1969). Broszat, M., 'Die volkische Ideologie und der Nationalsozialismus', Deut

sche Rundschau, Vol. 84 (1958), pp. 53 ff. Brown, S.C. (ed.), Philosophical Disputes in Social Sciences (Harvester,

1979). Buchheim, H., 'The position of the SS in the Third Reich', in Holborn ( ed. ). Bullock, A., Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Odhams, 1952). R.D'O. Butler, The Roots of National Socialism 1783-1933 (London: Faber

&Faber, 1941). Caplan, J., 'Bureaucracy, politics and the National Socialist State', in

Stachura (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State. Caplan, J., The Civil Servant in the Third Reich, D. Phil. thesis, Oxford

University, 1973. Caplan, J., 'Civil service support for National Socialism', in Hirschfeld and

Ketternacker (eds). Caplan, J., Government without Administration (OUP, 1988). Caplan, J., 'The imaginary universality of particular interests: the tradition

of the civil service in German History', Social History, Vol. 4, pp. 299 ff. Caplan, J., 'The politics of the administration: The Reich Interior Ministry

and the German Civil Service 1933-45', Historical Journal, Vol. 20 (1977), pp. 707-36.

Carr, W., A History of Germany 1815-1945 (London: Edward Arnold, 1973).

Carr, E.H., What is History? (Penguin, various editions). Cecil, R., The Myth of the Master Race (Batsford, 1972). Chamberlain, H.S., Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, translated by

J. Lees (New York: Howard Fertig, 1977). Childers, T., The social bases of the National Socialist vote', JCH, Vol. 11

(1976), pp. 17-42. Childs, H.L., 'The German presidential election of 1932', APSR, Vol. 26

(1932), pp. 489-96. Dawidowicz, L.S., The Holocaust and Historians (Harvard, 1981). Dawidowicz, L.S., The War against the Jews 1933-45 (Penguin, 1987). Diel-Thiele, P., Partei und Staat im Dritten Reich (Munich: Beck, 1969). Diilffer, J., 'Bonapartism, Fascism and National Socialism', JCH, Vol. 11

(1976), pp. 109-28. Eley, G., From Unification to Nazism (Allen & Unwin, 1986). Epstein, C., 'The Nazi consolidation of power', JMH, Vol. 34 (1962), pp. 74 ff. Evans, R.J., Rethinking German History (Allen & Unwin, 1987).

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Fraenkel, E., The Dual State (New York: OUP, 1941). Frank, H., Im Angesicht des Galgens (Munich: Friedrich Alfred Beck, 1953). Frank, H., Heroisches und Geordnetes Recht (Berlin, 1938). Frank, H., Nationalsozialistisches Handbuch fur Recht und Gesetzgebung

(Munich: Franz Eher, 1934). Frank, N., Stern Magazine (May-July 1987) - series of articles on Hans

Frank by his son Niklas. Fromm, E., The Fear of Freedom (RKP, 1942). Fromm, E., Man For Himself (Ark, 1986). Friedrich, J., 'The development of the executive power in Germany', APSR,

Vol. 27 (1933), pp. 185-204. Funke, M. (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Miichte (Dusseldorf: Droste

Verlag, 1976). Gasman, D., The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism

in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League (London: Macdonald; New York: American Elsevier, 1971).

Gewirth, A., Human Rights (University of Chicago Press, 1982). Gewirth, A., Reason and Morality (University of Chicago Press, 1978). Gisevius, H.B., To The Bitter End (London: Johnathan Cape, 1948). Gordon, S., Hitler, Germans and the Jews (Princeton, 1984). Gott, V.L., 'National Socialist theory of international law', American

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6 January 1989. Habermas, J., 'Eine Art Schadensabwicklung', in Augstein et al. Habermas, J., Legitimation Crisis (Heinemann, 1976). Hagtvet, B. and Kiihnl, R., 'Contemporary approaches to Fascism', in

Larsen et al. ( eds). Hamyl, D.W., Schopenhauer (RKP, 1985). Hauner, M.L., 'A German racial revolution?',JCH, Vol. 19 (1984), pp. 669 ff. Heyen, F.J., Nationa/sozialismus im Alltag (Boppard am Rhein, Harold

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Index Abel sample 7-8 Akademie fur deutsches Recht 98 Amann, Max 172 Ancestors, of Helmut

Nicolai 47-50, 132-3 Anhalt State Ministry 174, 190 Anthropology 14, 34 Anti-republicanism 141-2 Anti-Semitism 7-8, 26-8, 55, 62,

66-70,90,115-16,126,129,150 Arendt, Hannah 5-7, 30 Army 52, 112 Arolsen 49, 126, 134

Bedeutung des Wortes Germane, Die 119

Bible 119-23, 127 Biography 5, 9-13, 212 Bismarck 72, 75 Black Forest 180 Bonapartism 23, 26 Bracher, Karl Dietrich 20-1, 67,

99, 140, 161, 185, 210 Bracht 151, 154, 189 Brandenburg 158, 174, 189 Breitling 14, 205 British, the 112, 116 Broszat, Martin 27-9, 66, 91, 127,

140, 145, 207, 208 Brown House 149-52 Bruckner, Gauleiter 147-8, 155,

158 Brunswick and Anhalt 156, 158,

162, 173, 199, 201 Boundaries, conflict over 161-2 Bruning 91, 146 Buch, Walther 177, 178, 179, 181 Bureaucracy 17-19, 141-3

Caplan, Jane 17, 141, 160, 210 Careerism 108, 211 Catholic Church 102, 106, 118,

119, 126, 131 Chamberlain H.S. 84

Character, of Helmut Nicolai 113--15, 169

Christ 119-23 Citizenship 101-2, 160 Civil service 139, 141-3 Civil service, ban on Nazis and

Communists in the 146 Civil service, ban on

Nicolai 146-7 Coercion 40 Constitution 100 ff, 191 Cultural variety 41

Darwin, Charles 84, 90, 130 Dawidowicz, Lucy 4, 20-1 Deetz, Dr 127 Demjanjuck, John 6 Deutsche

Beamtenversicherung 178 Deutschlands Erneuerung 64 Dessau 170, 174 Diehl-Thiele, P. 19, 139, 184,

190, 196 Divide and rule 160, 164, 182-3 Doctorate 56 Duel 171

Education 51-5 Ehrhardt, Captain 143, 152 Eichmann, Adolf 5-6, 11, 30 Equality 95 Erblehre 47, 78, 115-16, 126-8,

130-1' 133' 205--6 Error 40-1

Family life 50-2, 131-5 Feder, Gottfried 92 Fest, Joachim 6 Filscher, W. 111 First World War 52-3 Fraenkel, Ernst 21-2 Frank, Hans 10, 15-16, 64, 78-9,

97, 107, 119, 150 Freud, Sigmund 41, 88-9

249

250 Index

Frick, Wilhelm 154, 166, 173, 181, 184, 185, 186, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 209, 210

Fromm, Erich 42, 134 Functionalism 21, 27-9

German Jaw 56, 93 Gestapo 111, 180, 181 Gewirth, A. 36-7, 39, 54, 204 Gierke, Otto von 55 God 94, 121, 123 Goebbels 180 Goring, Herman 111, 155, 158,

165, 173, 181, 190, 193, 194, 198, 200

Grauert 154, 158, 166, 170 Grundlagen der kommenden

Verfassung 100-5, 173, 193, 207, 208

Grundri/3 des Sparkassenwesens 71 Gunther, H.F.K. 55, 71, 84

Haagen 180 Halberstadt Beobachter 172, 177 Hegel, Georg 86, 87, 131 Heraldry 123-4 HeB, Rudolf 173, 181, 194, 200 Heydebrandt und der Lasa, Ernst

von 148, 152, 178 Heyen 161 Hierl, Konstantin 91 Hindenburg 189, 192 Historikerstreit 1, 2, 27, 205 Hitler, Adolf 9-11, 97-8, 101,

106, 108, 116, 149-50, 156, 160, 161, 163, 164, 170, 173, 179, 181, 183, 185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 210

Hoepke, lise 111 Hofer, W. 4, 160, 183, 210 Hollis, M. 9, 34 Homosexuality 111, 180-1

Ideal types 31, 36-9 Ideology and ideologists 13-4,

27-8. Iggers, G.G. 69-70 Institutions, nature of 139, 160-1

Intentionalism and intentions 21, 29-30, 33, 37

Jung, C. 87, 89

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 10 Kampfbund fur deutsche

Kultur 79, 91, 144 Kant, I. 44, 51, 86, 87, 118, 120,

206 Kapp, General 54, 64, 142, 143 Kershaw, Ian 4-5, 8, 11, 107, 127,

163 Klagges 200, 203 Knowledge 35 'Konzentration oder

Dezentralisation?' 57-9 Kube 165, 176, 209

Lammers, Hans 167, 173, 174, 176, 193, 197, 199

Lander 103-4, 107 Landtag 152-3 Lane, B.M. 12, 72 Laux 18, 100 Law 17, 38-9, 54, 77, 92 Law for Ensuring the Unity of

Party and State 188, 208 Law for the Reconstruction of the

Reich 191-7, 207-8 Law for the Restoration of a

Professional Civil Service 47, 190

Law for the Protection of the State 91

Lawyers 38-40, 76-7, 124 League of Nations 71, 96 Lex van der Lubbe 99 Ley, Robert 149, 151, 172 Loeper, Wilhelm 154, 156, 158,

Ch. 8, 188, 190, 193, 194-7, 199, 200-1' 207' 209

LOsener 107, 188 Luxemburg, Rosa 142

Magdeburg 156, 162, 164 Mann, Thomas 188 Mannel, Gottfried 49-50

Index 251

Manne!, Maria, (mother) 50, 51, 132

Marburg 53, 113 Marxism 8, 21-6 Mason, T. 21, 24 Matriliny 95 Medicus 195 Mein Kampf 72 Meine naturgesetzliche

Rechtslehre 117-19 Meisinger, Obersturmfiihrer 180 Memoirs, of Helmut

Nicolai 115-17 Merkl, P.H. 7-9, 66 Metaphors 27 Methodology 20 Mind of Germany 67, 85, 204 Minds, ways of thinking, 33--4 Mommsen, Hans 29, 90, 100, 139,

141' 161 Moral rules 36-9 Mosse, G.L. 14, 85, 206 Motive 7-9, 30-2, 86

Nazis, motive of 5-7, 23, 28 Neugliederung 173, 187, 189 Neumann, Franz 22, 160 Nicolai, Friedrich (father) 50-2,

132 Nietzsche, Friedrich 86-7 Notwendigkeit des offentlichen

Bankwesens, Die 59-61 Nolte, Ernst 33, 38, 127, 212 'Nordischer Rechtsgeist' 78-83 November Revolution 96 NSDAP, votes and

membership 77 Nuremberg trials 118

Oberpriisident 157 Oberschlesien im Ringen der

Volker 73-6, 83 Obituary 135-6 Objectivity 4 Oppeln 144-5

Papen, Franz von 151, 189 Party courts 167, 177-82, 188

Party Programme 93 Party-state conflict 161-2, 164-5,

175 Party-state relationship 161-5 Petersen, E.N. 100 Pfundtner, Hans 17, 181, 186, 191 Politics 38 Positivism 34-6, 85, 91 Phenomenology, (Nolte's) 13-14 Planners 13 Popitz 153 Poulantzas, Nicos 24-7, 139 Policy, nature of 139 Prussian Ministry of the

Interior 162, 166 Psychoanalysis 41-3, 89, 128-35 Psychology 41-3

Race 106, 117, 124 Racism 25-6, 55, 83-5, 188, 205 'Rasse und Gesetzgebung' 79,

81-3 Rasse und Recht 99 Rassengesetzliche Rechtslehre,

Die 92-6, 123, 126, 130 Rassenlehre 14 Rationalism 35, 54 'Recht und Willkiir' 63-6 Rechtsstaat 17, 198 Reden 97, 99 Regierungspriisident 156-7, 165-6 Reich Chancellery 166-7, 173,

174, 176, 181, 191, 195, 198, 209 Reich governors 104, 109, 156-7,

161-3, 169, 175, 190, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 208, 209

Reich Ministry of Justice 190 Reich Ministry of the

Interior 107, 110, 154, 157, 162, 167, 174, 184, 185-8, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 202, 207, 211

Reichsleitung 91, 100, 147, 148, 149, 150-1, 178

Reichsreform 173, 176, 186-7, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 201, 207

Rights 16, 36-8 Rivalries 160 Rohm 111, 197-9

252

Roman law 56, 80 Rosenberg, Alfred 5, 92, 109,

128, 195 Rover, Carl 176

SA 163, 165, 169, 170, 186, 197, 198

Sauckel, Fritz 193, 201, 203 Savigny 55, 78, 88, 96, 133 Schmitt, Carl 97, 143, 194 School 51-2 Schopenhauer 86, 88 Schulz, Gerhard 148 Second Law for the Coordination

of the Lander and the Reich 190

Second Ordinance for the Reconstruction of the Reich 200

Secondary leaders 12 Seizure of power 15~ Severing 146, 151, 189 Social democracy 53, 66 Social history 7-9, 39 Sonne, Die 78-9, 121, 122, 123 Sontheimer, K. 90, 106, 130 Spengler, Oswald 69, 87-8 Sprenger, Jakob 146, 195 ss 169, 197 Staat in nationalsozialistischen

Weltbild, Der 105, 17>-6, 196 Stahlhelm 168, 170

Index

Stammbaum Christi, Der 119--23, 132

Steinmetz, Dr 114, 127, 133 Strasser, Gregor 91, 147, 148,

149, 151, 152 Sturmfahne 148 Switzerland 111, 198

Terboven, Josef 155 Trivialisation 2~1, 29--30 Treaty of Versailles 66, 71, 96,

141 Trommlerverlag 169, 171-2, 177

University 53--4 Upper Silesia 71, 7>-6

Value judgements 32-3 Volk 95

VVagener, Adoli 194 VVagener, Otto 106, 108 VValdeck 124, 133 VVeber, ~ax 3~3, 36, 106, 131 VVeizsacker, E. von 3 VVeimar Constitution 91, 97, 140 VVels, Otto 142 VVerningerode 172 Wikingbund 71, 143, 147, 155,

211, 212 Wurzeln des modernen

Bankwesens, Die 61-3