CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Science

PN NOR HAPISZAH BINTI ARIPEN

What is Science???

Science is the systematic study of natural phenomena(fenomena alam)

What is natural phenomena?Natural phenomena that happen in our environment can be explained through science.

Example of natural phenomena that occur in everyday life

1. Ball falling to the ground ( bola jatuh ke bwh)2. Melting of ice (ais mencair)3. A baby growing into an adult 4. Evaporation of water (penyejatan air)5. Lightning strikes (kejadian kilat)6. Flowers blossoming (bunga berkembang)

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING!!!!

1. Which of the following is a natural phenomenon?

A) Air pollutionB) Boiling of waterC) Formation of rainbowD) Information and communication technology

Importance of science (kepentingan sains)

1. Through science we get to know and understand the environment and ourselves.(dpt mempelajari & memahami alam di sekeliling dan diri kita).

2. Science enables us to develop new technologies.(memperkembangkan pelbagai teknologi baru)

3. Science has helped us to produce more food,new materials and more efficient appliances for our benefit.

Contributions of science and technology to the lives of human beings

(Sumbangan sains dan teknologi kpd manusia)

• Transport (pengangkutan)• Communication (perhubungan)• Entertainment (hiburan)• Agriculture (pertanian)• Comforts of life (keselesaan hidup)• Healt (kesihatan)• Space pioneering (penerokaan angkasa lepas)

Science covers a very wide area of study. It is divided into various fields, such as

• Biology : the study of living thing• Physics : the study of interaction of matter and

energy• Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical

properties of substances• Geology : the study of rocks and minerals• Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets• Meteorology : the study of weather and climate

Career in science (kerjaya dlm bidang sains)

• Science teacher (guru sains)

what else???• doctor• scientist• Engineer

exercise

1. Science is the

A. study of matterB. knowledge obtained from experimentsC. study of natural phenomenaD. the investigation of our environment

2. Which of the following is NOT a natural phenomenon?

A. PollutionB. EarthquakesC. RainbowsD. Eclipse of the sun and the moon

3. Which of the following is an example of natural phenomena?

A. Pollution in the waterB. A robot that can moveC. An object falling to the groundD. Factory that produces good quality canned

sardines

4. If Ali is interested in the study of planets and stars, which field of study should he take up

A. GeologyB. AstronomyC. MeteorologyD. Biochemistry

5. The following are some topics covered by an area of science.

• Matter• Energy• Force and motion

What is this area of science?A) Biology C) PhysicsB) Chemistry D) Meterology

6. A metereologist studies

A) Chemical properties of substances.B) Matter and energyC) Planets and starsD) Weather and climate

1.2 A SCIENCE LABORATORY

Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions m/s 5

1. You should only enter a science laboratory with your teacher’s permission

2. You must not bring food and drinks into the science laboratory

3. You are not allowed to enter the preparation rooms and stores.

4. You must not take out apparatus or chemicals from the laboratory.

5. You should only use apparatus and chemicals with the teacher’s permission

6. All the apparatus and chemicals must only be used for the purpose instructed by the teacher

7. Materials must be handled correctly, for example, bottles should not be carried by the neck

8. You must not taste any chemicals unless your teacher instructs you to do so

9. You must always check the label on the bottle to make sure that you are using the correct chemical.

10. Should a chemical accidentally come into contact with your mouth, you should spit it out and wash your mouth with plenty of water.

11.Should a chemical come into contact with your skin or clothing, wash thoroughly with water.

12. You must report all accidents and injuries such as cuts and burns to your teacher immediately

13. You should NOT PLAY in the laboratory

14. You should NOT PLAY with apparatus and chemicals

Question

1. Which of the following is NOT a laboratory safety rule?A. You should not play in the laboratoryB. You can taste the chemicals in the laboratoryC. Enter a science laboratory with teacher’s permission onlyD. All accidents and injuries must be reported to the teacher immediately

COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

crucible

For heating chemicals

Test tube

To contain chemicals and solutions

Evaporating dish

For evaporating liquidFrom a solution

Cork / rubber stopper

TO USE AS A STOPPER FOR TEST TUBES OR

CONICAL FLASK

Test tube holder

To hold test tubes

Syringe

To transfer small quantitiesof liquids

Glass slide

To hold specimen forObservation under a

microscope

Stop watch

To measure time

beaker

To contain chemicals andliquids

Conical flask

TO CONTAIN CHEMICALS AND SOLUTIONS

Flat-bottomed flask

To contain chemicals usedIn preparing gases if the

Process requires no heating

Filter funnel

To filter mixtures of Solid and liquids

Tripod stand

To support apparatusduring heati ng

Bunsen burner

TO PROVIDE FLAME

Test tube rack

To hold the test tubes in a vertical position

Glass rod

To stir solutions in a container

Retort stand and retort clamp

To hold the apparatus whileexperiments are being done

burette

To measure a volume of Liquid to an accuracy of

0.1 cm3

Gas jar

To contain gas

Crucible tongs

To hold hot objects

pipette

To measure a specific volumeOf a liquid

Measuring cylinder

To measure a volume of Liquid to an accuracy of 1cm3

thermometer

To measure temperature

EXERCISE :Match the following apparatus to their general uses

apparatus use(a) Glass rod • to measure temperature(b) Gas jar • to stir solution in a

container(c) thermometer • to hold test tubes(d) beaker • to contain chemicals and

liquids(e) Test tube holder • to contain gas

Using a Bunsen burner

m/s 10

1. The Bunsen burner has an air-hole. The air-hole can be open or closed by turning the collar.(a) When the air-hole is open, the Bunsen burner gives a BLUE flame. This is called a non-luminous flame. The flame is very HOT because the gas is burned completely

b) When the air-hole is closed, the burner gives a YELLOW flame. This is easier to see and it is called a luminous flame. This flame is LESS HOT and produces a lot of black soot because the gas is not burned completely.

The correct way to light up a Bunsen burner is as follows:

(i) Close the air-hole by turning the collar(ii) Hold a lighted match or a lighter at the top of

the barrel(iii) Turn on the gas slowly. A yellow or luminous

flame will be obtained(iv) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue or non-

luminous flame.

Hazard symbols

Example : hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide

• Example : white phosphorus , yellow phosphorus, petrol, kerosene, ethanol

• Example : sodium, potassium

• Example : mercury, lead , sodium cyanide, hydrogen sulphide

• Example : ammonia , bromine vapour, chloroform

• Example : uranium , thorium , radium

Exercise

1. Evaporating dish is used

A. to contain chemicalsB. for heating chemicals C. for evaporating a liquidD. to transfer small quantities of liquids

2. In some experiments, we need to stir solutions in the containers. What do we use to stir the solution?

A. PipetteB. SpatulaC. Glass rodD. Thermometer

3. Crucible is used

A. To contain gasB. For heating chemicalsC. To contain chemicals and liquidsD. To support apparatus and ensure even

heatingn

4. Diagram 1 shows an apparatus

The apparatus is used to A. Contain liquidsB. Measure temperatureC. Transfer small quantities of liquidsD. Measure fixed volume of solutions accurately

5. Diagram 2 shows an apparatus

The apparatus is used toA. Contain gasB. Measure volume of liquidsC. Contain chemicals and liquidsD. Filter mixtures of solids and liquids

6. What do we use in the science laboratory to measure time?

A. StopwatchB. Digital clockC. Cathode ray oscilloscopeD. The period of oscillation of a simple

pendulum

7. Diagram 3 shows a hazard symbol commonly found in a laboratory

The hazard symbol indicates the presence of all of the chemicals below except

A. UraniumB. SodiumC. ThoriumD. Radium

8. Diagram 4 shows a symbol shown on the label of bottle which contains a chemical

The hazard symbol is forA. SodiumB. PotassiumC. MercuryD. kerosene

1.3 The steps in scientific investigation(langkah-langkah penyiasatan saintifik)

1) Identify the problem (kenalpasti masalah)2) State the hypothesis (buat hipotesis)3) Plan the experiment (rancang eksperimen)4) Control the variables (kawal pembolehubah)5) Collect the data (kumpul data)6) Analyse the data (analisis data)7) Make a conclusion (buat kesimpulan)8) Prepare a report (buat laporan)

exercise

1. The steps of scientific investigation are given below. Rearrange them to show the correct order.

(a) drawing a conclusion(b) analysing the data(c) proposing a hypothesis(d) identifying the problem(e) plan the experiment(f) collecting the data(g) control the variables

2. Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

A. Controlling variablesB. Writing a reportC. Making a hypothesisD. Identifying the problem

3. The following information shows the procedures of a scientific experiment.

S – to make a hypothesisT – to make a conclusionU – to observe and record dataV – to analyse and interpret dataThe correct sequence isA) V , U , T , S C) U , V , S , TB) U , S , V , T D) S , U , V , T

4. Which of the following is known as making a smart guess to explain the problem before conducting an experiment?

A) A theoryB) A practicalC) A hypothesisD) A conclusion

5. What should be done after one has made a hypothesis?

A) Plan the experimentB) Analyze the data operatingC) Collect the dataD) Control the various variables

PEKA SCIENCE

1.4 Physical Quantities And Their Units

• Physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured. ( kuantiti fizik ialah kuantiti yg boleh diukur.)

• 5 physical quantities : length, mass, time, temperature, electric current

• Physical quantity is measured in the International System of Units ( SI units)

Physical quantities and their units

Physical quantity

SI unit Unit symbol

length metre mtime second smass kilogram kg

temperature kelvin KElectric current

ampere A

Question..

1. Name five physical quantities?

exercise

1) Match the physical quantity and its SI units

Physical quantity SI unit(a)Time • Kilogram(b) Mass • Ampere(c) Length • Kelvin(d) Temperature • Metre(e) Electric current • second

Prefixes

Prefixes are used when the values measured are either very small or very big

(imbuhan awal digunakan apabila nilai yg diukur adalah sgt kecil atau sgt besar)

PrefixesPrefix Symbol Numerical

value

Giga G 1000000000Mega M 1000000Kilo k 1000Deci d 0.1Centi c 0.01Milli m 0.001

Micro µ 0.000001

EXAMPLEValue of physical quantity

Prefix form

5000 000 K 5MK3000 g 3 kg0.008 m 8 mm0.000 006 A 6 µA

exercise

1. Write each of the following values in prefix form:(a) 0.08 m =(b) 6000 g =(c) 0.007 A =(d) 5 500 m = (e) 0.009 m =

answer

(a) 0.08 m = 8 cm(b) 6000 g = 6 kg(c) 0.007 A = 7 mA(d) 5 500 m = 5.5 km(e) 0.009 m = 9 mm

2. Write each of the following values in the scientific notation form.

(a) 0.0028 m = _______________mm(b) 7 700 m = ______________km(c) 0.310 g = ________________mg(d) 0.000005 m = _______________µm(e) 0.004 A = _____________mA(f) 80 000 000 K = __________________MK(g) 100 g = ____________kg(h) 3.3 m = _____________cm

3. Which of the following prefixes has the smallest value?

A. MegaB. MicroC. CentiD. Milli

4. Which of the following pairs is correct?

Value of physical quantity

Prefix form

A. 3 000 000 K 3MKB. 400 g 4 kgC. 0.7 m 7 mmD. 0.00008 A 8 µA

5. Which of the following is the correct numerical value of milli?

A) 0.01B) 0.000001C) 0.001D) 1000

6. Which of the following has the same values as 7 cm ?

A) 0.007 mB) 70mmC) 0.7 mD) 7000 km

7. 10 kg is the same as …………….

A) 0.001 gB) 1000 gC) 0.1 gD) 10 000 g

1.5 WEIGHT AND MASS

Mass1. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter in

an object.(jisim suatu objek adalah kuantiti jirim dlm suatu objek)

2. SI unit : kilogram (kg)3. Mass remains constant everywhere.(jisim kekal

tetap dimana-mana)4. Measuring tools : lever balance, beam

balance,electronic balance (neraca tuas,imbangan alur, penimbang elektronik)

Weight (berat)

1. Weight – the gravitational force acting on the object. (daya graviti yg bertindak pd objek)

2. SI unit : Newton (N)3. Not constant but varies from place to place

because gravitational force changes from place to place.(tdk tetap ttp berubah-ubah dr satu tmpt ke tmpt yg lain krn daya graviti berubah dr 1 tmpt dgn 1 tmpt yg lain)

4) Measuring tools : spring balance and compression spring balance. (neraca spring & neraca spring mampatan)

Differences between mass and weight

Mass (jisim) Weight (berat)SI unit is kilogram SI unit is Newton

Measured by using beam balance or lever balance

Measured by using spring balance or compression

balanceIt is a constant Its value varies from place

to placeThe amount of matter contained in an object

The pull of the Earth’s gravitational force on an

object

Lever balanceSPRING BALANCE

Exercise

1. The weight of an object is

A. the same as its massB. measured in kilogramC. the quantity of matter in the objectD. the pull of the Earth’s gravity on that object

2. Which of the following statements correctly describes mass and weight?

A) Mass and weight have the same SI unitB) The mass and weight of an object do not

change no matter where the object isC) An object that contains matter can have zero

mass or weight.D) Weight is a force whereas mass is not a force.

1.6 MEASURING TOOLSMeasurement of length

description unit Measuring tools

Distance between two points (jarak di antara dua titik)

Kilometre (km)Metre (m)Centimetre (cm)Millimetre (mm)Micrometre (µm)

Ruler, opisometer, external calipers, internal calipers, meter screw gauge, vernier calipers

Physical quantity Measuring toolStraight line less than 1 m Metre rule or half-metre

ruleStraight line more than 1 m

Measuring tape (pita pengukur)

curve String and a ruler or opisometer (pengukur peta)

External diameter External calipers and a ruler (angkup luar)

Internal diameter Internal calipers and a ruler (angkup dalam)

Measurement of areadescription unit Measuring toolsTotal surface covered within the edges of an object

Kilometre square (km2)Metre square (m2)Centimetre square (cm2)Millimeter square (mm2)

Using mathematical formulae (for regular shapes) and

check marks on graph paper (for irregular shapes)

regular shape

area = x × y y

x

area = ½ × x × y x

y

Estimating the area of irregular shape

• The area of this shape = ( 17 + 8 ) = 25

EUREKA TIN

Measurement of volumedescription unit Measuring toolsTotal space occupied by an object(isipadu suatu objek adlh ruang yg diisi oleh objek itu)

Cubic metre (m3)Cubic centimetre (cm3)Millilitre (ml)Litre (l)

Measuring cyclinder, burette , pipette, by water displacement method

1. Volume of regular and irregular solids can be estimated by using the water displacement method (KAEDAH SESARAN AIR)

2. The correct way to take the reading of the volume of water or mercury is at the meniscus level.

The importance of standard units

1. Make the communication and sharing of information among scientists easier.(memudahkan komunikasi dan perkongsian maklumat di kalangan saintis)

2. Simplify international trade. (memudahkan perdagangan antarabangsa)

Question

1. The diameter of a ping-pong ball can be measured by using

A. internal calipers and a rulerB. external calipers and a rulerC. string and a rulerD. measuring tape

2. The area of irregular objects can be estimated by using

A. RulerB. CalipersC. Grid paperD. Measuring cylinder

3. The area of an irregular shaped of cardboard can be measured by

A) Metre ruleB) Measuring tapeC) Graph paperD) Eureka can

TEST YOURSELF!!!

• PLAY THE GAME IN GROUPING• ONE GROUP HAVE 4 MEMBER

1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20

NUMBER

WIN!!!

1) The distance between points is known as

A) length C) CelsiusB) area D) seconds

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2) Which of the following is NOT an SI unit?

A) mB) kgC) secondD) inch

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3) What is the standard unit of measurement for mass?

A) MetresB) KilogramsC) SecondsD) kilometres

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4) Science is the study of

A) Human beingB) Natural phenomenaC) Discoveries and inventionD) Living things

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5) Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

A) Controlling variablesB) Writing a reportC) Making a hypothesisD) Identifying the problem

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6) What is the SI unit for length?

A) CentimetreB) MetreC) KilometreD) millimetre

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7) Which of the following pairs of physical quantities and their SI unit is correct?

Physical quantity

SI unit

A) temperature CelsiusB) time hourC) Weight KilogramD) electrical current

Ampere

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8) Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct?

prefix SymbolA) kilo kB) centi ctC) micro mD) milli ml

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9) Figure shows a hazardous symbol found on a chemical bottle.

The symbol shows that the chemical isA) Poisonous D) flammableB) IrritatingC) corrosive

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10)Which of the following represents the prefix value of milli?

A) 0.1B) 0.01C) 0.001D) 0.0001

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11. Name the field of study of planets and stars.

A. GeologyB. MeteorologyC. AstrologyD. Astronomy

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12. Write 760 000 g using the prefix of kilo.

A. 7.6 kgB. 76 kgC. 760 kgD. 7600 kg

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13. Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct?

Prefix SymbolA. kilo KB. centi CtC. micro mD. milli ml

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14. Which of the following pairs of prefix and value is correct?

Prefix ValueA. mega 10 000B. kilo 1 000C. centi 0.1D. milli 0.01

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15. Which of the following is usually the last step in a scientific investigation?

A. Writing a reportB. Collecting dataC. Forming a hypothesisD. Conducting an experiment

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16. Three basic SI measurements are

A. Length, mass and timeB. Length, weight and timeC. Length, volume and areaD. Energy, force and volume

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17. Mass of empty beaker = 200 gMass of beaker with water = 260 g

What is the mass of water?A. 60 gB. 140 gC. 230 gD. 460 g

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18. Which of the following is not a scientific studies?

A. GeologyB. MeteorologyC. EconomicsD. Physics

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19. The following shows the steps of a scientific investigation.

• P : Plan the experiment• Q : Identify the problem• R : Make a conclusion• S : Make a hypothesis

The correct sequence of these steps is

A. P S Q RB. Q S P RC. R P S QD. R Q S P

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20. The table shows some physical quantities and their respective units. Which one is correct?

Physical quantity SI unit

A. Length Kilometre

B. Temperature Kelvin

C. Time Minute

D. Mass gram

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CONGRATULATION…

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GOOD!!!

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VERY GOOD!!!

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GOOD!!!

ANSWER IS RIGHT

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EXCELLENT!!!

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Sorry!!!

TRY AGAIN!!!

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SORRY!!!

DON’T GIVE UP!!TRY AGAIN

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ANSWER IS WRONG!!!

TRY AGAIN

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WRONG!!!

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