chapter 1 introduction -...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction
Page 1
Tribal development as a subject has remained an important area of study in the
social sciences. In recent years tribal development acquired greater significance both at
the national and international level in the context to raise their socio-economic status so
as to bring them out of the clutches of poverty.
The term „Tribe‟ is derived from Latin word „Tribes‟ meaning the poor or the
masses. In English language the word denotes a community of persons claiming descent
from a common ancestor. According to oxford dictionary, a tribe is a group of people in a
primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and
regard themselves as having common ancestors.
A tribe inhabits and remains within definite and common topography. The
members of a tribe possesses a consciousness of mutual unity. The members of a tribe
speak a common language. Usually they marry into their own group but now due to
increased contact with outsiders there are instances of tribal marrying outside as well.
The tribes believe in ties of blood relationship between its members as they have faith in
their having descended from a common, real or mythical ancestor. Tribes follow their
Introduction
Page 2
own political organisations which maintain harmony. Religion is of great importance in
the tribes as their political and social organisation has religious base where they maintain
its sanctity and recognition.
The tribal societies commonly have been designated/nomenclatured as „Adivasi‟
(Original settlers), „Girijan‟ (hill dwellers), „Vanyajati‟ (forest dwellers) „Adimjati‟
(primitive castes) „Janjati‟ (folk communities), „Anusuchit Janajati‟ (Scheduled Tribes)
besides the ethnic and cultural appellation too (Behura 1996:6). Ghury (1943) however,
entitled them as “backward hindhus” (Mehta 1996:11) and called them aboriginals,
primitive tribes, vanabasi, pahari, etc. The anthropologists and other social scientists
looked these tribes as a social type rather than an economic or technological ones. These
tribals, whatever the case may be, are the weaker section of Indian population along with
the scheduled caste society both of which calls for protection against social injustice and
all forms of exploitations. The constitution of India, article 366(25) defines scheduled
tribe as “such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under article 342 to be the
scheduled tribes (ST) for the purpose of constitution. In article 342, the procedure to be
followed for specification of a scheduled tribe is prescribed though it does not contain the
criteria for the specification as scheduled tribe. A commonly used criterion is based on
attributes such as; (i) geographical isolation, (ii) distinctive culture and (iii) shyness of
contact. However, Naik (2004) stated that a community to earn the status of a tribe must
have the following features:-
A tribe should have least functional interdependence within the community.
It should be economically backward.
There should be a comparative geographical isolation of its people.
They should have a common dialect.
These should be politically organised with influential community panchayat.
A tribe should have customary laws.
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Indian Tribes
India is second largest country after South Africa, having a very large population
of scheduled tribes (Table 1.1). There are 533 scheduled tribes (table1.2) as per notified
schedule under article 342 of the constitution of India in different States and Union
Territories of our country. Before independence, the tribals were isolated from the main
stream as their socio economic status was unsatisfactory. They were exploited by other
communities and even their land, forest and property was grabbed by landlords and
money lenders & hence had to lead a life of extreme poverty. After independence
however to address their problems, constitution of India laid several provisions for the
development of tribals. As such, constitution laid greater emphasis on both protective and
developmental aspects to bring tribals into the mainstream of development. The
constitution guarantees the tribals (i) promotion of social, economic and educational
interests (ii) safeguard their interests and (iii) political upliftment by providing
reservations in government jobs, besides administration of tribal areas with their
involvement.
Table 1.1: Population of scheduled tribes and their percentage in total population in
different states of India
S.No. India/States/UTs Total Population Population of
Scheduled tribes
Percentage
to Total
Population
INDIA 1,270,272,105 84326240 8.6
1 Jammu & Kashmir 12,548,926 1,493,299 11.9
2 Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 392,126 5.7
3 Punjab 27,704,236 NST NST
4 Chandigarh 1,054,686 NST NST
5 Uttarakhand 10,116,752 291,903 2.9
6 Haryana 25,353,081 NST NST
7 Delhi 16,753,235 NST NST
8 Rajasthan 68548437 9238,534 13.5
9 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 1,134,273 0.6
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10 Bihar 103,804,637 1,336,573 1.3
11 Sikkim 607,688 206,360 33.8
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 951,821 68.8
13 Nagaland 1,980,602 1,710,973 86.5
14 Manipur 2,721,756 902,740 35.1
15 Mizoram 1,091,014 1,036,115 94.4
16 Tripura 3,671,032 1,166,813 31.8
17 Meghalaya 2,964,007 2,555,861 86.1
18 Assam 31,169,272 3,884,371 12.4
19 West Bengal 91,347,736 5,296,953 5.8
20 Jharkhand 32,966,238 8,645,042 26.2
21 Odessa 41,947,358 9,590,756 22.8
22 Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 7,822,902 30.6
23 Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 15,316,784 21.1
24 Gujarat 60,383,628 8,917,174 14.8
25 Daman &Diu 242,911 15,363 6.3
26 D &N Haveli 342,853 178,564 52
27 Maharashtra 112,372,972 10,510,213 9.4
28 Andhra Pradesh 84,665,533 5,918,073 7
29 Karnataka 61,130,704 4,248,987 7
30 Goa 1,457,723 149,275 10.2
31 Lakshadweep 64,429 61,120 94.8
32 Kerala 33,387,677 484,839 1.5
33 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 794,697 1.1
34 Pondicherry 1,244,464 NST NST
35 A & N Islands 379,944 28,530 7.5
Source: Office of Registrar General & Census commissioner of India (ORGI), Ministry of Home
Affairs, New Delhi (Census 2011)
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Table 1.2: State wise list of major tribes in India
S.No. Name of the State Tribes
1 Andhra Pradesh Bhil, Chenchu, Gond, Kondas, Lambadis,
Sugalis etc.
2 Assam Boro,Kachari, Mikir(Karbi), Lalung, Rabha,
Dimasa, Hmar, Hajong etc.
3 Bihar & (Jharkhand) Asur, Banjara,Birhor, Korwa, Munda, Oraon,
Santhal etc.
4 Gujarat Bhil,Dhondia, Gond, Siddi,Bordia, etc.
5 Himanchal Pradesh Gaddi, Gujjar, Lahuala,Swangla, etc.
6 Karnatka Bhil, Chenchu, Goud, Kuruba, Kammara, Kolis,
Koya, Mayaka, Toda, etc.
7 Kerala Adiyam, Kammrar, Kondkappus, Malais,
Palliyar,etc.
8 Madhya Pradesh &
Chhattisgarh
Bhil, Birhor, Damar, Gond, Kharia, Majhi,
Munda,Oraon,Pardhi, Rathwa etc.
9 Maharashtra Bhil, Bhunjia, Chodhara, Dhodia, Gond,
Kharia, Nayaka, Oraon,Pardhi, Rathwa, etc.
10 Meghalaya Garo, Khasi, Jayantia, etc.
11 Orissa Mundari, Oraon, Santhal, Tharua,etc.
12 Rajasthan Bhil, Damor, Garasta, Meena, Salariya etc.
13 Tamilnadu Irular, Kammara, Kondakapus, Kota,
Mahamalasar, Palleyan, Toda etc.
14 Tripura Chakma, Garo, Khasi, Jayantia, Mikir etc.
15 West Bengal Asur, Birhor, Korwa, Lepcha, Munda, Santhal,
etc.
16 Mizoram Lusai, Kuki, Garo, Khasi, Jayantia, Mikir etc.
17 Arunachal Pradessh Dafla, Khamptii, Singpho etc.
18 Goa Dhodi, Siddi (Nayaka).
19 Daman & Diu Dhodi, Mikkada, Varti,etc.
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20 Andaman & Nicobar Island Jarawa, Nicobarese, Onges, Sentinelse,
Shompens, Great Andamanese.
21 Dadra & Nagar Haveli As in Daman & Diu
22 Uttar Pradesh & Uttaranchal Bhoti, Buxa, Jaunsari, Tharu, Raji.
23 Nagaland Naga, Kuki, Mikir, Garo, etc.
24 Sikkim Bhutia, Lepcha.
25 Jammu & Kashmir Chddangpa, Garra, Gujjar, Bakerwal, Gaddi etc.
Source: Development Programmes and Social Change Among the Tribals. (Sujata Kannongo),
New Delhi.
Location of tribes
The Tribal communities, inhabitated in most of the states of India have very few
concentration points of regional distribution particularly with reference to the
geographical, social, economic, linguistic, ecological, ethnic and racial factors. The tribal
communities living in different regions of the country can be broadly divided into
following six zones:-
1. North eastern Region: This region covers Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Assam. Main tribes of this
area are Aborts, Dafla, Garos, Khasis, Kukis, Mizos, Mikris, Mishmis, and
Nagas. All these tribes mostly belong to Mongolian race.
2. Himalayan Region: It includes parts of mountainous belts of West Bengal, tarai
areas of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. The main
tribes of this region viz; Garos, Lepchos, Assurs, Lohars, Rajis, Giddis,
Gujjars belong to racial stock assistance.
3. Central Region: This region Comprises of older hills & Chotanagpur plateau and
includes states of southern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West
Bengal and northern Andhra Pradesh. Main tribal communities of this region are
bhunijs, Gonds, hot, Oraons, Munda, Khonds, Saoras, Baigas, and Santhals.
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4. Western Region: It covers the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In this region most important tribes are racially proto-
Austroiaid groups.
5. Southern Region: This region covers the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and Kerala and Nilgiri hills along the lines of the Ghats. The main
scheduled tribes of this region are chenchus, koyas, kotas, Kurubas, Todas,
Irulasn.
6. Island Region: This region of scheduled tribes concentration includes Andaman
and Lakshadweep islands. In this region a number of small tribes of Andamanies
dwell.
Development of Scheduled Tribes
For the development of scheduled tribes various approaches have been adopted from time
to time. Following is a brief description of some of the important approaches:
Political Approach: The political approach for tribal development may be
understood in the context of pre-independence and post- independence period.
The colonial rule adopted the policy of isolation to keep tribal away from rest of
the world. However, after independence the constitution gave the tribes a number
of safeguards considering them to be the weaker section of the population
Administrative approach: Government of India has constituted a number of
administrative set-ups for tribal areas. At the state level welfare ministers are
incharge of the special schemes to be implemented in the tribal areas. In some of
the heavily concentrated tribal areas the state can even have independent tribal
ministry.
Religious Approach: Different religious agencies like Christen missionaries,
Rama Krishna Mission, Arya Samaj and local religious institutions engaged in the
welfare works for the tribals have adopted religious approach for tribal people.
Voluntary Approach: Under this approach many social workers, social welfare
agencies & social reformers are engaged in the upliftment of weaker section of
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our society in their own ways but their idealism and spirit of service did not match
the understanding of tribal values and problems.
Anthropological Approach: Anthropologists believe in the ultimate integration
of tribes into the main stream of national life. After independence many tribal
research institutes are now engaged in conducting research on scheduled castes &
tribes. This helps in their overall development.
Whatever approach may be adopted, the most important point of concern
is to bring the tribal people into the main stream of development & economic
growth.
Support schemes & programmes for development of scheduled tribes at National
Level
Government of India immediately after independence initiated a good number of
programmes for the development of Scheduled Tribes/Scheduled Castes. All of these
schemes for their development aimed at economical, social and educational development.
Following is a brief write up of some of the major schemes.
1. Special Central Assistance (SCA) for Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): This programme
is meant for Family Oriented Income Generation (FOIG) in such areas as
agriculture, horticulture, minor irrigation, soil conservation, animal husbandry,
forest, education and infrastructural development.
2. Grants under article 275(1) of the constitution: Special grants are given to
States/UTs, under the first provision of article 275(1) of the Constitution to meet
the costs of projects for tribal development. Part of this fund is also utilised for
setting up of residential schools for providing quality education to tribal students.
3. Boys and Girls Hostels for Scheduled Tribes Students: This scheme was
launched in the year1961-62 with central assistance limited to 50 % of funds
provided by the state Governments. These funds are usually used for construction
of hostel buildings and extension of existing hostels with the main objective to
promote literacy among tribal girls and boys.
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4. Ashram School in Tribal Sub Plan Areas: This scheme, launched in the year
1990-91 had the main objective to extend educational facilities by establishing
residential schools for scheduled tribes.
5. Scheme for Educational Complex in low Literacy Pockets for Development of
Female Literacy: Under this scheme the main aim was to provide education to
females in such areas which have literacy rate below 10 % among scheduled tribe
women.
6. Scheme for Vocational Training in Tribal Areas: Launched with the main aim
of upgrading the skills of the tribal youths in various traditional/modern
vocational activities. This scheme enabled them either to gain suitable
employment or to become self employed.
7. Scheme for development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PTGs):
This scheme is meant for protection & development of such tribal groups who
practice primitive agriculture and have low level of literacy facing various
problems in their progress and development.
8. Scheme for the Financial Assistance to Scheduled Tribes: Under this scheme
financial assistance at concessional rate is provided for income generation
activities and training in skill development to those STs whose income is below
the poverty line.
9. Grant in aid to State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations and
others (STDCCS): This central sector scheme has 100 percent grant available to
the State Tribal Development Cooperatives Corporation (STDCCs). Other similar
corporations of the state which are engaged in the collection and trading of minor
forest produce (MFP) through tribal grants and for construction of warehouses,
establishment of processing industries ensure high profitability of the corporation.
10. Educational Development of Scheduled Tribes: For the promotion of education
among Scheduled Tribes the following schemes are in operation;
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a. Centrally Sponsored scheme of post-metric scholarship: This scheme
provides financial assistance to all ST students for pursuance of post-
metric studies in recognised institutions within India.
b. National overseas scholarship scheme for higher studies abroad: Ministry
of Tribal Affairs provides annually a financial assistance to meritorious ST
students for post- graduate, doctoral studies in foreign universities/
institutions of repute.
c. Book bank scheme:- Under this scheme Ministry gives financial assistance
for setting up Book-Banks in institutions running professional courses.
d. Scheme of up-gradation of merit: Under this scheme Ministry provides
financial assistance for up-gradation of merit to the ST students.
e. Coaching for Competitive examinations: This Scheme provides 100%
central assistance to State/ UT administration for arranging coaching
classes in reputed colleges for developing competence among ST students.
Support Schemes for the Development of Scheduled Tribes in J&K State/ Study
Area
Following are the various support schemes for the development of Scheduled Tribe in
J&K state:-
1. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): The tribal Sub-Plan strategy was introduced in the state
of Jammu and Kashmir during 1990-91 after the declaration of some ethnic group
as scheduled tribes. The TSP strategy lays special emphasis on tribal development
to ensure their socio-economic upliftment.
2. Integrated Tribal Development Area Programme (ITDAP): This programme
has been launched by the central government and implemented in all the states,
including J&K, where the tribal population exceeds 50 per cent of the local
population.
3. Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution: Every year, funds are released
to the state governments to meet the cost of such schemes of development as may
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be undertaken by them for promoting the welfare of scheduled tribes and for
raising the level of administration of the scheduled areas. The objective is to
promote the welfare of scheduled tribes and better administration of scheduled
areas.
4. Construction of Hostels for ST Boys/ Girls Students: In order to provide
safeguard against exploitation and to promote and protect this socially,
economically, educationally weaker section, special care has been taken for their
educational interests. Construction of hostels for ST boys/girls come under two
centrally sponsored schemes shared between the centre and state on 50:50 basis.
5. Post-Matric Scholarship to SC/ST Students: This is a 100% centrally
sponsored scheme (CSS) over and above the committed liability which is to be
borne by the state government. Under the scheme students of SC/ST community
are being provided scholarships.
6. Ashram School in Tribal Sub Plan Areas: This is a centrally sponsored scheme
launched during 1990-91 and extended to our state also with an objective to
extend educational facilities like establishing residential schools for scheduled
tribes. The scheme provides funds for the construction of school building from the
primary standard to the senior secondary stage of education including
construction of hostels for student and staff quarters.
7. Advisory Board for Scheduled Tribes (Gujjar and Bakerwal): The J&K state
social welfare advisory board was set up in the year 1995 to implement the
programmes of social welfare and to assist the central social welfare board in
expansion and development of welfare services. The scheduled tribes (Gujjar and
Bakerwal) sub- plan is being implemented through state advisory board for the
development and upliftment of scheduled tribes (Gujjar and Bakerwal).
8. Provision of Mobile Schools: In order to provide education to the nomadic
Gujjar and Bakerwal children, the state government launched the scheme of
mobile schools for providing basic education to the nomadic children of Gujjar
and Bakerwal tribes.
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Anti-poverty programmes
In addition to the above schemes, number of other programmes has also been launched
by the government of India for the development of rural areas wherein special provisions
were kept for the development of scheduled tribes. Mention may be made of
Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Village Industries Programmes of
Khadi &Village Industries Board (KVIB) Scheme for development of Schedule Castes,
Schedule Tribes & other Backward Classes of (SC/ST/ & BC Corporation), Special
Education Programmes, Indira Awas Yojana, Fisheries Development etc. Our study
mainly covers three support schemes viz. (1) Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, (2)
Khadi & Village Industry Board Schemes & (3) SC/ST/ & BC corporation schemes.
Salient features of these schemes are being discussed here under:
1. Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
The SGSY is a centrally sponsored scheme which was launched by the Ministry
of Rural Development, Government of India in the year 1999 after restructuring six major
programmes viz .Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of rural
youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM), Development of Women and Children in Rural
Areas (DWCRA), Supply of Toolkits in Rural Areas (SITRA) and Ganga Kalyan Yojana
(GKY), besides Million Wells Schemes (MWS).
The basic objective of SGSY scheme was to bring the identified poor families
above the poverty line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank
credit and government subsidy. The District Rural Development Agency (DRDA)
implements SGSY scheme with the active involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions,
Banks and the Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOS). SGSY is financed on 75: 25
cost sharing basis between the centre and the states.
This scheme was different from all previous programmes in terms of the strategy
envisaged for its implementation. It covered all aspects of self-employment of the rural
poor viz;
Formation of Self Help Groups: The scheme enabled the poor to form self help groups
in which they participate & take decisions on all issues that enable them to cross the
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poverty line. The scheme further says that 50% of SHG‟s in each block should be
exclusively from women.
Selection of key activities: Each block may select about 10 key activities but focus
should be on 4-5 key activities based on local resources, occupational skills of the people
and availability of markets so that the swarozgaris can draw sustainable income.
Cluster Approach: SGSY lays stress on the cluster approach for taking up economic
activities. The key activities are to be taken up in clusters where backward and forward
linkages can be made available.
Project Approach: SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. The Banks
and other financial institutions have to be closely associated and involved in preparing
these project reports, so as to avoid delay in sanctioning of loans and to ensure adequacy
of financing.
Target Group: Families below the poverty line (BPL) in rural areas constitute the target
group of the SGSY. Within the target group, special safeguards have been provided to
vulnerable sections by way of reserving 50 percent benefits for SCs /STs, 40 percent for
women and 3 percent for disabled persons.
Financial Assistance: Assistance under the SGSY to individual Swarozgaris/ SHGs is
given in the form of subsidy by the government and credit by the banks.
Subsidy: Under SGSY subsidy per individual is uniform at 30 percent of the project cost
subject to a maximum of Rs.7500. In respect of SCs, STs and disabled persons, the
subsidy is 50 percent of the project cost, subject to a maximum of Rs. 10,000. For groups
of swarozgaris (SHGs), the subsidy is 50 percent of the cost of the scheme; subject to per
capita subsidy of Rs. 10,000 or Rs. 1.25 lakh whichever is less.
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Performance of SGSY
1. Performance at National Level:
Table 1.3: Physical and financial performance of SGSY at National Level
(Rs. in Crores)
Year
No. of
SHGs
assisted
for
economic
activity
No. of
individuals
assisted
for
economic
activity
Total
Swarozgaris
Assisted
Credit
Disbursed
Subsidy
Disbursed
Availability
of funds
(Rs. in
crores)
Expenditure
(Rs. in
crores)
Expenditure.
%age
2007-2008 1154269 253503 1699295 2760.31 1289.10 2394.17 1965.97 82.12
2008-2009 1470032 291392 1861875 3530.07 1742.27 3003.05 2285.40 76.10
2009-2010 1736214 278136 2085177 4447.03 1962.13 3495.65 2779.19 79.50
2010-2011 1743726 296113 2109986 4585.98 1814.11 3752.21 2804.04 74.73
2011-2012 1468796 208321 1677117 4399.00 1675.90 3202.39 2318.17 72.39
2012-2013 407492 30607 438099 1673.54 254.53 1801.14 413.15 22.94
Total 13137995 4760226 18431169 33500.46 14701.16 29705.72 21632.38 72.82
Source: Ministry of Rural Development, GoI, New Delhi:
Data on physical and performance of SGSY at national front is given in table 1.3.
It is evident from the table that in the year 2007-08, 1154269 SHGs and 253503
individuals were assisted for economic activities under SGSY. Whereas, in the year
2010-11 a total of 1743726 SHGs were given assistance besides 296113 individual
swarozgaris, there by registering an increase of 69% compared to 2007-08. However,
during 2012-13, only 407492 SHGs and 30607 swarozgaris were assisted exhibiting a
decline. It is further clear from the table that in the year 2007-08, Rs.1965.97 crores were
utilized amounting to 82.12% of the total available funds and increased to utilization of
Rs.2804.04 crores in the year 2010-11 registering thereby a growth of 74.73%. Out of the
total funds available, the funds utilized were to the extent of 72.82 %.
2. Performance at State Level
The SGSY scheme was implemented in Jammu and Kashmir along with rest of
the country covering all the blocks. The BPL survey conducted by the rural development
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Page 15
department was used by the VLW‟s to identify the potential beneficiaries under the
scheme. The performance of SGSY in Jammu &Kashmir state is given in table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Physical & financial performance of SGSY at State Level
(Rs. in Crores)
Year
No. Of
SHGs
assisted
for
economic
activity
No. Of
individuals
assisted
for
economic
activity
Total Credit
Disbursed
Subsidy
Disbursed
Availability
of funds
(Rs. in
crores)
Expenditure
(Rs. in
crores)
Expenditure
%age
2007-2008 4205 5243 9448 24.72 6.55 13.53 9.31 69
2008-2009 4123 6155 10278 30.98 7.23 16.27 10.42 64
2009-2010 6534 6557 13191 30.46 8.38 21.78 12.02 55
2010-2011 6645 6510 13155 32.35 7.83 22.02 13.33 61
2011-2012 6974 7335 14309 35.46 9.06 20.56 13.27 65
2012-2013 4418 5412 9830 25.85 6.62 17.58 10.70 61
Source: J&K Economic survey 2013-14.
From the table it is clear that in the year 2007-08 4205 number of SHGs were
assisted for economic activities which increased to a highest of 6974 in the year 2011-12
but hereafter declined to 4418 in 2012-13. Table further shows that the number of
individuals assisted under SGSY in the year 2007-08 were 5243 compared to a highest of
7335 in the year 2011-12 but only 5412 individuals could be assisted in the year 2012-13.
It is also evident from the table that in the year 2007-08 Rs.6.55 crores subsidy got
disbursed which increased to Rs. 9.06 crores in the year 2011-12 but declined to Rs. 6.62
crores during 2012-13. Table also shows that out of total funds available 69% were
utilized in the year 2007-08 which however declined in the year 2012-13 to 61%.
3. Performance in district Rajouri
The SGSY scheme was implemented in Rajouri district in the year 1999 with the
main objective to assist the below poverty line families by providing them income
generating units.
The performance of the programme for the last six years with effect from 2007-08
to 2012-13 is given below in table 1.5.
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Table 1.5: Physical and financial performance of SGSY in district Rajouri
(Rs.in Lakhs)
Year Targets Achievements Funds
Available Funds Utilized
2007-08 898 401 128.24 76.50
2008-09 1165 491 169.91 84.765
2009-10 1230 493 171.026 88.305
2010-11 1212 377 173.20 77.25
2011-12 1055 403 128.66 61.64
2012-13 1308 143 105.83 53.58
Source: DRDA office Rajouri.
It is evident from the table that in the year 2007-08 although a target of 898
swarozgaris was set for their assistance but only 401 swarozgaris were assisted there by
registering an achievement of 44.65% of the total targets. Table further reveals that in the
year 2009-10 maximum of 493 swarozgaris were assisted against 1230 targets reflecting
40.08% achievements of the total targets. Data from the table also exhibit that in the year
2007-08 out of available funds of Rs.128.24 lakh only Rs.76.50 lakh were utilized
amounting to 65.65% utilization of funds and in the year 2009-10 maximum of Rs.
88.305 lakh were utilized out of the available funds of Rs.171.026 lakh meaning thereby
51.63% utilization of available funds. During 2012-13, however, only Rs.53.58 lakh were
utilized out of the available funds which means 50.62% utilization of funds.
Restructuring of SGSY
The programme SGSY was restructured as National Rural Livelihood Mission
(NRLM) by the Govt. of India in 2013. The NRLM programme also known as UMEED
takes care of all the weaknesses of erstwhile SGSY programme specially the self-help
groups. In case of SGSY though there was a cluster approach but it could not work on
account of reasons like lack of training to SHGs members, problems in linkage of groups
etc. In NRLM compared to SGSY, during formation of SHGs, NRLM lays greater stress
on training component at (a) group (b) village (c) cluster and (d) block level. Additionally
NRLM also takes care of revolving fund, community investment fund (1 & 2) and
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vulnerable reduction fund including bank loans. The programme also lays emphasis on
post-financial assistance. There is also a layout for the proper follow-up and functioning
of the groups.
Further, the programme ensures that at least one member of each rural below
poverty line (BPL) family, preferably a women member, gets covered under SHGs. With
a view to form strong people‟s institution, NRLM focuses on setting up of federations of
SHGs. It also proposes to ensure universal financial inclusion to facilitate opening of
saving bank accounts by encouraging thrift and credit activities from banks.
In brief, the core belief of NRLM/UMEED is that the poor have abilities and strength to
overcome the poverty and the new scheme creates a suitable and friendly environment
where their potential is unleashed. In order to achieve this objective, it is required that the
groups of the poor should (1) be more stronger (2) allow the poor to maximise their
abilities & strengths and (3) channelize them into productive economic activities for their
livelihood. The seven steps to poverty reduction as laid down by NRLM (Additional
Mission Director, JKSRLM, UMEED) are:-
Identification of the poor
Organizing the poor
Creating favourable environment to unleash their potential
Showing them the path to capital
Showing them the path to right livelihood
Social awareness
Safety nets around the poor and converging welfare schemes as their entitlements.
Main Provisions of NRLM
1. Social Mobilisation: NRLM proposes to ensure that at least one member from
each identified rural poor household, preferably a woman, is brought under the
self-help group (SHG) network in a time bound manner.
Introduction
Page 18
2. Target Group: NRLM also ensures that there is an adequate coverage of
vulnerable sections of the society such that 50 percent of the beneficiaries are
SCs/STs, 15 percent to be derived from minorities and 3percent are persons with
disability.
3. Institutions of the Poor: The programme lays stress on promotion of strong
institutions of the poor such as SHGs and their village and higher level
federations to provide space, voice and resources for the poor.
4. Capacity and Skill Building: NRLM would ensure that the poors are provided
with the requisite skills for managing their institutions, linking up with markets,
managing their existing livelihood, enhancing their credit absorption capacity and
credit worthiness etc.
5. Revolving Fund and Capital Subsidy: NRLM envisages that a subsidy would
be available in the form of revolving fund and capital subsidy.
6. Infrastructure and Marketing Support: NRLM also ensure to provide support
for marketing to Self-help groups.
7. Rural Self-employed Training Institutes (RSETIs): NRLM encourages public
sector banks to set up RSETIs so as to transform unemployed rural youth in the
district into confident self- employed entrepreneurs through need- based learning
programmes.
8. Recovery of loan: In NRLM there is less chance of NPAs as the implementing
agency itself recovers loans with the active participation of village organisations
and repayment committees.
NRLM in Jammu & Kashmir
In the state of Jammu and Kashmir, NRLM has also been launched though in few
selected blocks under the banner of Jammu and Kashmir State Rural Livelihoods Society
named „UMEED‟. But as on date in the study area i.e., in Rajouri and Budhal blocks this
programme has not been implemented yet. In district Rajouri, the programme however,
Introduction
Page 19
has been implemented in Kalakote block. Here in this block the programme has started
functioning from Dec. 2014 and upto June 2015, a total of 322 SHGs have been formed.
It is expected that shortly this programme will be extended to both the blocks
where the present studies have been conducted. It is further hoped that „UMEED‟ will
bring the expected results and will overcome all the weaknesses of the SGSY
programme. But only time can stand as a witness.
2. Khadi and Village Industry Board Schemes (KVIB)
The Jammu and Kashmir Khadi and Village Industries Board (KVIB) established
in the year 1962, is playing a vital role in generating employment for rural poor,
unemployed youth and down-trodden artisans of the state by providing financial and
technical assistance for setting up of micro and small industrial production units. The
board under its umbrella has the following programmes:-
1. Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)
2. Khadi Programme
3. Scheme of funds for regeneration of traditional Industries(SFURTI)
4. Establishment of Clusters.
5. Development of Beekeeping.
6. Science &Technology.
7. Rural Industrial Consultancy Services (RICS)
8. Export Promotion.
9. Orientation and Training etc.
Out of the above enlisted programmes, PMEGP is the major programme which has
been prompted by KVIB. None of the other schemes has been implemented in the study
area on account of topography (hilly terrain), unsuitable environmental condition, low
employment opportunities, high input costs (people being very poor) etc. The details of
the PMEGP scheme are as under:-
Introduction
Page 20
Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)
PMEGP a credit linked subsidy programme introduced in 2008 by merging Prime
Minister‟s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) and Rural Employment Generation Programme
(REGP) with the objective to generate employment opportunities in rural as well as urban
areas. The programme provides a subsidy of 35% to scheduled tribes for the project
financed by the banks in the rural areas (Annexure-I)
Objectives
1. To generate employment opportunities in rural as well as urban areas of the
country through setting up of new self- employment ventures.
2. To bring together widely dispersed traditional artisans/ rural and urban
unemployed youth by extending them self employment opportunities.
3. To provide sustainable employment to a large segment of traditional and
prospective artisans and rural & urban unemployed youth so as to help arrest
migration of rural youth to urban areas.
The maximum cost of the project/ unit admissible under manufacturing & service
sector is Rs.25.00 lakhs & Rs, 10.00 lakhs respectively.
Eligibility: Only one person from one family of above 18 years is eligible for obtaining
financial assistance for setting up of projects under PMEGP.
The KVIC has grouped various village industries under following seven heads for
the purpose of implementation of its programmes:
New Modifications
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Govt. of India
has brought certain modifications in the operational guidelines of PMEGP vide their
circular no: PMEGP/ policy/modification of negative list/2014-15 Dated: 11.05.2015.To
make the programme more beneficiary friendly government have advised that the
negative list of activities (Annexure-II) will not be allowed for setting up of micro
enterprises. Since PMEGP is mainly concerned with manufacturing and service sector
Introduction
Page 21
activities for developing small enterprises only and hence it does not undertake activities
like horticulture, agriculture & floriculture etc. as these are looked after by separate
Ministries.
Performance of PMEGP
1. Performance at National Level
Table 1.6: Physical & financial performance of PMEGP at National Level
(Fig. in Crores)
Source: Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India. Mumbai.
Table 1.6 shows the achievements of PMEGP in India. From the table it is evident
that in the year 2008-09 a subsidy of Rs. 740 crore were provided to MSMEs which
increased to the highest ofRs.1228.44 crore in the year 2012-13. Table further shows that
marginal money subsidy utilized in the year 2008-09 was Rs. 356.23 crore which
increased to 1080.66 crore in the year 2012-13. In addition the table also highlights that
in the year 2008-09, 2,04,747 employment opportunities were created which increased to
4,95,523 in 2011-12 there by observing 41.31% increase. However, in the year 2013-14
only 42,001 employment opportunities were created.
Year Subsidy
(MSME)
Project
Financed
Margin
Money/
subsidy
utilized
Employment
opportunities
created
Margin
Money/Project
Employment/
Project
2008-09 740 19,166 356.23 2,04,747 1.86 10.68
2009-10 504.21 40,918 762.44 4,24,982 1.86 10.39
2010-11 877.2 49,064 891.18 4,80,613 1.82 9.8
2011-12 1010.24 55,135 1057.84 4,95,523 1.92 8.99
2012-13 1228.44 57,078 1080.66 4,28,221 1.89 7.5
2013-14 676.5 5,955 138.01 42,001 2.31 7.05
Total 5036.59 2,27,316 4286.36 20,76,087 1.89 9.13
Introduction
Page 22
2. Performance at State Level
The performance of the programme in J&K is given below in table 1.7.
Table 1.7: Physical & financial performance of PMEGP in J&K
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Year Targets Achievements
M.M
(Subsidy)
Available
M.M (Subsidy)
Utilised
2008-09 325 698 390 558.39
2009-10 548 1150 657.55 1093.11
2010-11 410 1282 574.49 1435.02
2011-12 409 1224 572.29 1736.79
2012-13 304 738 700.40 1251.23
2013-14
(Ending
10/2013)
1184 167 1414.91 347.27
Source: J&K Economic Survey 2013-14
It is evident from the table that there were 698 cases sanctioned in the year 2008-
09 against the target of 325 there by having 214.76% achievement. In the year 2010-11 a
total of 1282 units were assisted registering an increase of 54.44%. However, during
2013-14 only 167 cases were sanctioned recording 14% achievement of the total target.
It is also evident from table that in the year 2008-09 Rs.558.39 lakhs of margin money
was released (registering 143.17 % achievement of the target) against Rs.1736.79 lakhs
margin money in years 2011-12. It however declined during 2013-14 to Rs.347.27 lakhs
margin money against target of Rs.1414.91 lakhs.
3. Performance in district Rajouri
The PMEGP programme is implemented in district Rajouri by KVIB in the year
2008 with the objective to generate employment opportunities. The performance of the
programme in district Rajouri is given below in table 1.8.
Introduction
Page 23
Table 1.8: Physical & financial performance of PMEGP in district Rajouri
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Year Targets Achievements Employment
M.M
(Subsidy)
Available
M.M
(Subsidy)
Utilised
2008-09 22 37 127 14.40 9.82
2009-10 20 60 279 14.40 34.99
2010-11 30 55 266 27.00 39.00
2011-12 30 50 357 27.00 57.48
2012-13 25 55 252 34.70 63.12
2013-14 56 60 260 66.40 71.60
Source: KVIB office Rajouri
Table 1.8 gives the physical & financial performance of PMEGP scheme. It is
evident from the table that during the year 2008-09 the targets for establishing 22
numbers of projects involving margin money subsidy of Rs.14.40 lakhs was fixed.
PMEGP however, established a high of 37 number of projects with the employment of
127 persons indicating 185% physical and 68% financial achievement of PMEGP. For
the year 2009-10 there were targets of 20 units and the PMEGP established 60 units with
the employment of 279 persons meaning thereby 300% physical achievements and 243%
financial achievements. Data thus very clearly shows that PMEGP achieved very high
percentages of both physical and financial achievements from the year 2008-09 onward.
On the whole it is also evident from the table that upto year 2012-13 there was the target
of 127 units of PMEGP with subsidy of 117.50 beneficiaries, and after installation of the
units 1281 persons were able to get employment with 203% physical and 174% financial
achievement. However, in the year 2013-14 it has been observed that 60 units were
established against a target of 56 units, registering an achievement of 107%. Table further
reveals that an amount of Rs.71.60 lakhs subsidy was utilised against a target of Rs.66.40
lakhs by generating employment to 260 beneficiaries.
Introduction
Page 24
3. The J&K Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe & other Backward Classes
Development Corporation Schemes (J&K SCs, STs & BCs Development
Corporation)
The Jammu & Kashmir Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes & Backward Classes
development corporation (J&K SC/ST & BC Corporation) was established in the year
1986 for socio–economic upliftment of the weaker sections of the society belonging to
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes & backward classes. This corporation (wholly owned
by Jammu & Kashmir Government) has been registered under companies Act 1956.
Objectives of the Corporation
The prime objective of the Corporation is to work for (1) socio-economic and
educational upliftment of its target group and (2) to provide better self employment
avenues and (3) to make them economically dependent and self reliant. The Corporation
undertakes a wide range of activities viz. transport, small business, agriculture and allied
sector etc.
Schemes
The schemes undertaken by the Corporation for the socio-economic upliftment of the
target group are as under:
1. Bank Tie-up scheme:-This scheme is meant for beneficiaries living below
poverty line who are interested in the establishment of small income generating
units. The corporation provides subsidy to the extent of 50% of the unit cost
subject to a maximum of Rs.10,000 per unit for SCs, STs, & OBCs beneficiaries
and 33.33% subject to maximum of Rs.3,000 in case of other backward class
beneficiaries who are sanctioned loans by the Banks under the scheme.
2. Direct Financing Scheme:- Under this scheme, the corporation provides loan to
the target group in collaboration with the National Level Corporations (Annexure-
III) on concessional rates of interest. The National Level Corporations provides
financial assistances against the state government guarantee cover to the
Introduction
Page 25
corporation for direct financing. These schemes are available subject to the
availability of funds from National Level Corporations.
3. Skill development Training Programme:- The SCs, STs, & OBCs Corporation
arranges skill development training for target group candidates in computer,
nursing course, typing, calico printing, , electrician, tailoring, beauty culture and
amber Charkha.
The performance of the above programme is given in below noted table.
1. Performance of SC/ST & BC Corporation
Performance at State Level
Table 1.9: Physical & financial performance of the SC/ST & BC Corporation at
State Level
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Year Targets Achievements Funds
Available
Funds
Utilized
2007-08 2817 558 758.96 204.48
2008-09 2912 665 928.67 238.29
2009-10 3134 609 1270.70 241.87
2010-11 3265 431 1222.50 353.13
2011-12 2989 441 1436.50 243.62
2012-13 2648 479 1709.00 267.28
2013-14 2776 677 1240.94 420.01
Source: J&K SCs, STs & BCs Dev. Corporation, Jammu
It is evident from the above table that in year 2007-08 a total target of assisting
2817 beneficiaries was setup whereas, 558 beneficiaries were given the financial
assistance there by registering an achievement of 19.80% of the total targets. Table also
reveals that in the year 2013-14, only 677 units were set-up against a target of 2776 units.
The table further shows that in the year 2007-08, out of available funds of Rs.758.96
lakhs, only Rs.204.48 lakhs were utilized registering an achievement of 27%. In the year
Introduction
Page 26
2013-14 only 420 lakhs were utilised out of the available funds of Rs. 1240.94 lakhs
registering an achievement of 34%.
2. Performance in district Rajouri.
The SC/ST & BC Corporation in Rajouri district also has the main objective to
raise the socio-economic status of the weaker sections of the society through institutional
credit. The performance of the programme is given below in table 1.10.
Table 1.10: Physical & financial performance of SC/ST & BC Corporation in
district Rajouri
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Year Targets Achievements Funds
Available Funds Utilized
2007-08 124 80 62.00 40.00
2008-09 150 70 75.00 35.00
2009-10 230 120 115.00 60.00
2010-11 211 109 109.00 54.50
2011-12 211 129 105.50 64.50
2012-13 157 43 78.50 21.50
2013-14 150 75 75.00 37.50
Source: SC/ST/ & BC Corporation Office, Rajouri
It is evident from the above table that in year 2007-08 a total target of assisting
124 beneficiaries was setup but only 80 beneficiaries were assisted there by registering an
achievement of 64.51% of the total targets. Table also reveals that in the year 2013-14,
only 75 units were set-up against a target of 150 units. The table further shows that in the
year 2007-08, out of available funds of Rs.62.00 lakhs, only Rs.40.00 lakhs were utilized.
Whereas in the year 2013-14 only 37.50 lakhs were utilised out of the available funds of
Rs. 75 lakhs.
Introduction
Page 27
Scheduled Tribes in Jammu & Kashmir
The constitution of Jammu and Kashmir notified twelve communities as the
scheduled tribes in the state. Out of these twelve communities only eight viz. Balti, Beda,
Bot, Brookpa, Changpa, Garra, Mon and Purigpa were accorded their status in year 1989.
Bakarwals, Gujjars, Gaddis and Sippis however were notified as the scheduled tribes vide
the constitution (scheduled tribes) order (Amendment) act, 1991.
All the twelve scheduled tribes were enumerated officially for the first time
during the census 2001 recording the population of 1,105,979. The scheduled tribes
accounts for 10.9 per cent of the total population of the state and 1.3 per cent of the tribal
population of the country. Most of these tribes in our state reside in Ladakh region of the
state. However, Gujjar and Bakerwal tribes are mostly concentrated in the districts of
Poonch, Rajouri and Kathua of the Jammu province and in the districts of Anantnag,
Baramulla, Pulwama, Kulgam and Kupwara of Kashmir valley. The population of
scheduled tribes in different districts of J&K is given in table1.11
Table 1.11: Population of scheduled tribes and their percentage in total population
in different districts of J&K state
Name of the districts Total Population
of the district
Population of
Scheduled Tribes
Percentage to
total population
J&K 12548926 1493299 11.9
Anantnag 1069749 1,16006 10.8
Badgam 755331 23912 3.2
Baramula 1015503 37705 3.7
Bandipore 385099 75374 19.2
Doda 409576 39216 9.6
Gandgerbal 297003 61070 20.5
Jammu 1526406 69193 4.5
Kathua 615711 53307 8.6
Kulgam 423181 26525 6.2
Kupwara 875564 70352 8.1
Introduction
Page 28
Kishtwar 231037 38149 16.5
Kargil 143388 122336 86.9
Leh 147104 95857 71.8
Poonch 476820 176101 36.9
Pulwama 570060 22607 4.0
Rajouri 619266 232815 36.2
Reasi 314714 88365 28.1
Ramban 283313 39772 14.0
Sirinagar 1250173 8935 0.7
Shopian 265960 21820 8.2
Samba 318611 17573 5.5
Udhampur 555357 56309 10.1
Source: Census of India Registrar General & Census commissioner, (Government of India, New
Delhi 2011)
Scheduled tribes & literacy in J&K state
As per census 2001 the literacy rate of scheduled tribes in the state of J&K is 37.5 percent
which when compared to national average of 47.1 percent aggregated for all scheduled tribes is
quite low. Gender-wise this ratio for males is 48.2 percent & for females stands to be 25.5 percent
which again is much below the national figure of 59.2 percent & 34.8 percent for males &
females respectively. Out of the different scheduled tribes of J&K state, the larger tribes viz;
Balti, Bot, Purigpa and Brokpa (table 1.12) recorded comparatively high literacy rate compared to
Gujjars, Gaddis and Bakerwals. Same is true for males & females of all these tribes.
Table 1.12: Literacy level of scheduled tribes in J&K state
(Fig. in percentage)
Literacy
Rate
All
STs Balti Bot Purigpa Brokpa Gaddi Gujjar Bakerwal
Persons 37.5 62.1 61.3 60.9 55.5 37.3 31.7 22.5
Females 25.5 45.4 50.3 44.2 38.6 19.6 20.4 12.8
Source: Census 2001
Introduction
Page 29
Scheduled tribes in district Rajouri
In district Rajouri, there are only two scheduled tribes, Gujjar and Bakerwals out
of 12 tribes of the J&K state. As per 2011 Census the total population of Gujjar &
Bakerwal tribes is 232815 which constitute 36.2% of the total population of the district.
The block-wise population of district is given in table 1.13.
Table 1.13: Block wise population of Gujjar and Bakerwal tribes in district Rajouri
S. No Blocks Total
Population
Population of
Scheduled
Tribes
Percentage to
total population
District Rajouri 642415 232815 36.2
1 Budhal 129902 73023 56.21
2 Darhal 36227 12912 35.64
3 Doongi 35322 16092 45.55
4 Kalakote 72667 31550 43.41
5 Manjakote 48744 15890 32.59
6 Nowshera 69634 11525 16.55
7 Rajouri 69942 31812 45.48
8 Sunderbani 57285 4862 8.48
9 Thanamandi 62283 26438 42.44
Source: Statistical & Planning office Rajouri
Introduction
Page 30
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Objectives:
The main objectives of the present studies are as follows:
1. To assess the socio-economic status of scheduled tribes in the study area.
2. To examine the impact of SGSY, KVIB and SC/ST and BC Corporation
programmes on upliftment of scheduled tribes.
3. To make few recommendations and strategies to bring further improvements in
these programmes.
B. Hypothesis:
In the light of the above objectives the following hypothesis are proposed:
1. SGSY, KVIB and SC/ST & BC corporation programmes have not produced the
expected benefits to Scheduled Tribes.
2. These programmes have not brought about the required involvement of these
tribes in these schemes.
These hypothesis will be subjected to verification in this research studies.
C. Sources of data/Information:
1. Primary Data: The present study is based on both primary as well secondary
data. Primary data has been collected through a well designed questionnaire.
Before administering the questionnaire in the field, it was pre-tested and suitably
modified. The data has been collected before and after the adoptation of support
schemes. The study is also based on personal interviews & group discussions held
with beneficiaries & non-beneficiaries, implementing agencies, village
panchayats, bankers and local leaders etc.
2. Secondary Data: The secondary data has been collected from implementing
agencies, published reports, evaluation studies and official websites of DRDAs
and Ministry of tribal affairs, Govt of India.
Introduction
Page 31
D. Sample design:
1. Selection of the block: Rajouri district comprises of nine blocks (as per 2001
census). This district has been selected for present studies as (a) not much
research work has been carried out on schedule tribes on the basis of primary data
& (b) the researcher is well versed with the area. However, for the purposes of the
present studies two blocks viz. Rajouri & Budhal were selected because these
happen to be thickly populated by scheduled tribes. Out of the two blocks, while
block Rajouri is housed in the district head quarter and the second selected block
is the farthest from the district head quarter. The distance as criteria for selection
of blocks was with a view to find out what has been the impact of support
schemes on socio-economic development of scheduled tribes of far-off block
(Budhal) and the one close to the district administration (Rajouri).
Fig 1.1: Map of district Rajouri showing study area Rajouri & Budhal blocks
2. Selection of Villages: For the selection of villages, a list of villages where the
support schemes/programmes (SGSY, KVIB & SC/ST & BC Corporation) were
in operation was obtained from the block development offices of both the blocks.
In hill areas, villages are small and scattered at different altitudes. Sometime the
Introduction
Page 32
required sample persons were not available because they are away for the wage
employment. Therefore the researcher has to satisfy with the few sample
beneficiary households for some of the villages. For evaluation of these support
schemes the researcher has surveyed 20 villages in Budhal and 15 villages in
Rajouri block. (Annexure-IV)
3. Selection of Respondents: For selection of respondents a list of beneficiaries
under these schemes was obtained from the concerned agencies from both the
blocks. By random sampling technique, five households per village for SGSY and
two households for KVIB and SC/ST/ & BC Corporation schemes were selected
from each village. In all a total sample of 245 households have been sampled. In
addition 100 non- beneficiaries too were selected from the same blocks. This thus
makes the total sample size of 345 respondents for the studies.
E. Data Analysis:
After the collection of the data from the field it was subjected to following statistical
analysis according to the objectives laid for the study. These are:-
(i) ANOVA
(ii) t-test
(iii) Percentage analysis
(iv) Constraint index
F. Profile of the Study Area: (Rajouri):
Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir state is located in the foot hills of Pir-
Panjal range of Himalayas. The district has an estimated area of 2630 sq.km with a total
population of 642415 as per census 2011 with the literacy rate of 68.17%. The other
parameters of the district are given in table 1.14.
Introduction
Page 33
Table 1.14: Profile of district Rajouri
Geographical Area 2630 sq.kms.
Villages 380
Blocks 09
Towns 04
Total Population 642415
Males 345351
Females 297064
Scheduled Tribes 232815
Population Growth 32.93%
Density/km sq. 244
Sex Ratio 860
Literacy Rate 68.17%
Male 78.13%
Female 56.17%
Working Population 2.18 Lakhs (45.23%)
Main Crops Maize, Rice.
Source: BDO Office Rajouri
H. Design of the study:
The entire study has been designed and drafted in five chapters summarised as follows:
1. 1st chapter gives the background of scheduled tribes along with various
development programmes launched by the government. It also highlights the
objectives of the study, hypothesis proposed, research methodology, design of the
study and its limitations.
2 Second chapter deals with the review of literature. In this chapter an attempt has
been made to give an insight into the tribal studies already conducted to find out
the research gap.
Introduction
Page 34
3 The socio-economic profile of the scheduled tribe sample households is discussed
in third chapter. This chapter has been added as an informative chapter to bring
forth the socio-economic realities of the sample households in the study area.
4. Fourth chapter discusses the impact of support schemes on employment, income
and literacy of the scheduled tribe households.
5. Chapter fifth deals with the main findings of the study, conclusions &
recommendations for bringing further improvements in the working of the support
schemes.
I. Limitations of the study:
1. The study does not cover all the support schemes launched in the study area. It
analyses major programmes viz. SGSY, KVIB and SC/ST & BC Corporation.
2. All possible attempts have been made to extract the correct information from the
respondents, yet the peculiar behaviour of some respondents might have caused
limitation to some extent in extracting the true information.
3. The economic condition of beneficiaries & non-beneficiaries was supposed to be
almost same before & after adoption of support schemes in the study area.