chapter 1 -- globalization

Rowntree, et. al., as modified byRowntree, et. al., as modified by

Joe Naumann, UMSLJoe Naumann, UMSL

Chapter 1 -- Chapter 1 -- GlobalizationGlobalization

2Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Conclusion from a healthy world Conclusion from a healthy world viewview

• "The deeper we look "The deeper we look into nature the more into nature the more we recognize that it is we recognize that it is full of life, and the full of life, and the more profoundly we more profoundly we know that all life is a know that all life is a secret, and we are all secret, and we are all united to all this life."united to all this life."

Albert SchweitzerAlbert Schweitzer

Origins of Geographic Study: natural Origins of Geographic Study: natural human inquisitiveness human inquisitiveness

• Thinking geographically is one of the oldest Thinking geographically is one of the oldest human activities. Perhaps the first geographer human activities. Perhaps the first geographer was a prehistoric human who crossed a river or was a prehistoric human who crossed a river or climbed a hill, observed what was on the other climbed a hill, observed what was on the other side, returned home to tell about it, and side, returned home to tell about it, and scratched the route in the dirt. Perhaps the scratched the route in the dirt. Perhaps the second geographer was a friend or relative who second geographer was a friend or relative who followed the dirt map to reach the other side.followed the dirt map to reach the other side.• James M. Rubenstein in James M. Rubenstein in Contemporary Human Contemporary Human

GeographyGeography3Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff


World RegionsWorld Regions

Map of World Regions (fig. 1.2)

Regions defined by Rowntree et al.

Chapter 1:

Globalization and Diversity


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives• Understand framework for studying world regional Understand framework for studying world regional

geographygeography• Examine varied aspects of globalization Examine varied aspects of globalization

• Economic, cultural, geopolitical, environmental, socialEconomic, cultural, geopolitical, environmental, social

• Understand the following models and termsUnderstand the following models and terms• Demographic transitionDemographic transition

• Measures of population growth and changeMeasures of population growth and change

• Indicators of social developmentIndicators of social development

• Measures of economic developmentMeasures of economic development

• State, nation, and nation-stateState, nation, and nation-state

• CultureCulture

• Core-periphery modelCore-periphery model


What is Geography?What is Geography?

• An Exploration of Terrestrial Patterns and An Exploration of Terrestrial Patterns and

ConnectionsConnections

• The geographic perspective.The geographic perspective.

• Elements of geographic studyElements of geographic study

• Began with basic human needs for order and meaning in Began with basic human needs for order and meaning in

life life

• The “Mother” of sciences and other disciplinesThe “Mother” of sciences and other disciplines

• The Five Themes of GeographyThe Five Themes of Geography


Awaken to Wonders . . .Awaken to Wonders . . .

• Click on the globe above to see the videoClick on the globe above to see the video


Geography as a bridging subjectGeography as a bridging subject• Regional Regional

geography geography serves as a serves as a bridge bridge between between many many disciplines disciplines which which originated as originated as branches of branches of geographygeography


Regional geography may Regional geography may be seen as areal systems be seen as areal systems

analysisanalysis


Areal (spatial) systems analysisAreal (spatial) systems analysis


Four Laws of Ecology – many applicationsFour Laws of Ecology – many applications

1.1. Everything is connected.Everything is connected.• Think of a spider web of Think of a spider web of interconnections.interconnections.

2.2. Everything goes somewhere.Everything goes somewhere.• Think of changing forms – from log to ashes and Think of changing forms – from log to ashes and

gases! (Every atom from the log still exists)gases! (Every atom from the log still exists)

3.3. Nature knows best!Nature knows best!• NonbiodegradableNonbiodegradable compounds can be compounds can be

dangerous, and they never go away!dangerous, and they never go away!

4.4. There’s no such thing as a free lunch.There’s no such thing as a free lunch.• Every environmental change has Every environmental change has consequences!consequences!


Point of view – broad & connectivePoint of view – broad & connective• Geographers are concerned with more than Geographers are concerned with more than

locatinglocating phenomena and cataloging their phenomena and cataloging their characteristics. – that may be a starting point.characteristics. – that may be a starting point.

• Geographers may seek to identify Geographers may seek to identify regionsregions, , areas of commonality, once the locations of areas of commonality, once the locations of phenomena have been plottedphenomena have been plotted• May use historical perspectiveMay use historical perspective

• Geographers may seek Geographers may seek connectionsconnections between between this phenomena and others to see if there are this phenomena and others to see if there are cause-effect relations.cause-effect relations.

• Geographers try to understand the Geographers try to understand the ““whole whole picturepicture”” of the human relationship with the earth of the human relationship with the earth which humanity occupies.which humanity occupies.


Past & Present Past & Present PerspectivesPerspectives

• Environmental DeterminismEnvironmental Determinism• Largely discreditedLargely discredited

• PossibilismPossibilism• More balanced and realisticMore balanced and realistic


Diversity Amid GlobalizationDiversity Amid Globalization• GlobalizationGlobalization:: the increasing interconnectedness of the increasing interconnectedness of

people and places through the converging processes of people and places through the converging processes of economic, political, and cultural changeeconomic, political, and cultural change

• Converging Currents of GlobalizationConverging Currents of Globalization• Global communications link world regionsGlobal communications link world regions• Global transportation moves goods quicklyGlobal transportation moves goods quickly• Transnational conglomerate corporations; international Transnational conglomerate corporations; international

financial institutions more powerful than many countriesfinancial institutions more powerful than many countries• Global free-trade agreementsGlobal free-trade agreements• Market economies replace state-controlled economiesMarket economies replace state-controlled economies• Privatization replacing goods & services from governmentsPrivatization replacing goods & services from governments• Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or not)Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or not)• Globalization of workers, managers, executivesGlobalization of workers, managers, executives


• Global Consumer CultureGlobal Consumer Culture• May erode local diversityMay erode local diversity• Can cause social tensions between traditional Can cause social tensions between traditional

cultures and new, external globalizing influencescultures and new, external globalizing influences• Examples: clothing, food, movies, and moreExamples: clothing, food, movies, and more• Global goods and services more familiar in Global goods and services more familiar in

North America, because many originated thereNorth America, because many originated there• Hybridization:Hybridization: sometimes occurs when forms of sometimes occurs when forms of

American popular culture spread abroad then are American popular culture spread abroad then are melded with local cultural traditionsmelded with local cultural traditions

• HybriditesHybridites include world beat music, Asian food, include world beat music, Asian food, Japanese comic books, that are now found worldwideJapanese comic books, that are now found worldwide


• The Geopolitical ComponentThe Geopolitical Component• Globalization goes beyond national boundariesGlobalization goes beyond national boundaries• United Nations provides representation to all countries United Nations provides representation to all countries • Global trade and cultural exchange are the product of Global trade and cultural exchange are the product of

international agreementsinternational agreements

• Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns• Globalized economy creates and intensifies environmental Globalized economy creates and intensifies environmental

problems, disrupts local ecosystems as transnational firms problems, disrupts local ecosystems as transnational firms search for natural resources and factory sites search for natural resources and factory sites

• Native peoples may lose resource baseNative peoples may lose resource base• Globalization aggravates world environmental problems Globalization aggravates world environmental problems

(climate change, air & water pollution, deforestation)(climate change, air & water pollution, deforestation)• International treaties may helpInternational treaties may help


• Social DimensionsSocial Dimensions• Increased international migrationIncreased international migration

• Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S.Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S.

• Africans, Asians to Western EuropeAfricans, Asians to Western Europe

• Japan and Korea less homogeneousJapan and Korea less homogeneous

• Immigrants from poor countries to less poorImmigrants from poor countries to less poor ones nearbyones nearby

• Criminal element to globalizationCriminal element to globalization• Terrorism (discussed later in the chapter)Terrorism (discussed later in the chapter)

• DrugsDrugs

• Illegal narcotics link remote Burma to global economyIllegal narcotics link remote Burma to global economy

• Economies reorient to drug smuggling & money Economies reorient to drug smuggling & money launderinglaundering

• Pornography, prostitution and gamblingPornography, prostitution and gambling


Drug TradeDrug TradeThe Global Drug Trade (Fig. 1.6)


• Advocates and Critics of GlobalizationAdvocates and Critics of Globalization• The Proglobalization Stance (Advantages)The Proglobalization Stance (Advantages)

• Globalization is logical expression of capitalismGlobalization is logical expression of capitalism

• Removing trade barriers increases efficiency, spreads new Removing trade barriers increases efficiency, spreads new technology and ideastechnology and ideas

• Free flow of capital will enhance global economic wealthFree flow of capital will enhance global economic wealth

• World’s poorer countries will catch up through globalizationWorld’s poorer countries will catch up through globalization

• The Antiglobalization Stance (Disdvantages)The Antiglobalization Stance (Disdvantages)• Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s free-Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s free-

market economic model to foster their own developmentmarket economic model to foster their own development

• Globalization creates greater inequalitiesGlobalization creates greater inequalities

• It promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at the expense It promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at the expense of local, indigenous economiesof local, indigenous economies

• Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime, harmful flora and Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime, harmful flora and fauna)fauna)


InequityInequityGlobal Economic Inequity 1960-2000

(Fig. 1.9)


• A Middle Position?A Middle Position?• Many experts say arguments both for and against Many experts say arguments both for and against

globalization are exaggeratedglobalization are exaggerated

• Globalization is probably unavoidableGlobalization is probably unavoidable

• Even anti-globalization forces use the global reach of the Even anti-globalization forces use the global reach of the internet to oppose globalizationinternet to oppose globalization

• It is both necessary and possible to manage globalization It is both necessary and possible to manage globalization at national and international levelsat national and international levels

• Reduce economic inequitiesReduce economic inequities

• Protect the natural environmentProtect the natural environment

• Strong & efficient governments, international Strong & efficient governments, international organizations, and watchdog groups can help manage organizations, and watchdog groups can help manage globalizationglobalization

• Really can’t be stopped, but probably can be channeled Really can’t be stopped, but probably can be channeled


• Diversity in a Globalizing WorldDiversity in a Globalizing World• Will globalization bring a homogenous, culturally Will globalization bring a homogenous, culturally

bland world?bland world?• The world is still a diverse placeThe world is still a diverse place

• Language, religionLanguage, religion• Foods, architecture, urban formFoods, architecture, urban form• Politics, economicsPolitics, economics

• Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing to Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing to separatist political movementsseparatist political movements

• Politics of diversity demands attention to worldwide Politics of diversity demands attention to worldwide tensions over terrorism, ethnic separateness, regional tensions over terrorism, ethnic separateness, regional autonomy, political independenceautonomy, political independence

• List 2 evidences of diversity in St. Louis area.List 2 evidences of diversity in St. Louis area.


Themes and Issues in World Regional Themes and Issues in World Regional GeographyGeography

• Geography describes Earth and explains spatial Geography describes Earth and explains spatial patternspatterns

• Themes and Issues in World Regional Themes and Issues in World Regional GeographyGeography• Environmental geography (biogeography)Environmental geography (biogeography)• Population and settlement (demography)Population and settlement (demography)• Cultural coherence and diversity (cultural geography)Cultural coherence and diversity (cultural geography)• Geopolitical framework (Political geography)Geopolitical framework (Political geography)• Economic and social development (economic geography)Economic and social development (economic geography)


• The human population is at its largest point: more than The human population is at its largest point: more than 6 billion people on earth6 billion people on earth• About 86 million born each year (10,000 each hour)About 86 million born each year (10,000 each hour)

• 90% of population growth in developing regions (Africa, Latin America, South 90% of population growth in developing regions (Africa, Latin America, South Asia, East Asia)Asia, East Asia)

• Several important population issuesSeveral important population issues• Population growth rates vary from region to region; some grow Population growth rates vary from region to region; some grow

rapidly, others with slow or no growthrapidly, others with slow or no growth

• Regions and countries have vastly different approaches to family Regions and countries have vastly different approaches to family planning (to increase or decrease population), from regulation to planning (to increase or decrease population), from regulation to incentives and social cooperationincentives and social cooperation

• Migration is very important; some migrate for better life, but Migration is very important; some migrate for better life, but others migrate to flee war, persecution, or environmental disastersothers migrate to flee war, persecution, or environmental disasters

• The greatest international migration in human history is occurring The greatest international migration in human history is occurring NOWNOW

Population and Settlement: People on the Land


World Population World Population (Fig. 1.12)(Fig. 1.12)


• Population Growth and ChangePopulation Growth and Change• There are several important population There are several important population

statistics that you need to know (memorize)statistics that you need to know (memorize)• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): annual growth annual growth

rate for a country or region as a percentage increase rate for a country or region as a percentage increase • (annual # of births) – (annual number of deaths) = RNI(annual # of births) – (annual number of deaths) = RNI

• Current world RNI is 1.3% per yearCurrent world RNI is 1.3% per year

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR):Crude Birth Rate (CBR): total number of births total number of births divided by the total population, giving a figure per divided by the total population, giving a figure per 1,000 of the population; world CBR is 22 per 1,0001,000 of the population; world CBR is 22 per 1,000

• Crude Death Rate (CDR):Crude Death Rate (CDR): total number of deaths total number of deaths divided by the total population, giving a figure per divided by the total population, giving a figure per 1,000 of the population; world CDR is 9 per 1,0001,000 of the population; world CDR is 9 per 1,000


• Population Growth and ChangePopulation Growth and Change

• More population statistics you must knowMore population statistics you must know• Total fertility rate (TFR):Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of the average number of

children born by a statistically average woman children born by a statistically average woman (world average - 2.8; 1.4 – Europe; 5.2 - Africa)(world average - 2.8; 1.4 – Europe; 5.2 - Africa)

• 2.1 is the replacement rate2.1 is the replacement rate• Percentage of population under age 15Percentage of population under age 15

• Signals future rapid population growthSignals future rapid population growth• Percentage of population over age 65Percentage of population over age 65

• Older people need more health care, social Older people need more health care, social security from younger workerssecurity from younger workers

• Population pyramids:Population pyramids: show the gender and show the gender and percentage of the population in specific age groupspercentage of the population in specific age groups


Population PyramidsPopulation PyramidsPopulation Pyramids (Fig. 1.14)


• The Demographic TransitionThe Demographic Transition• Demographic transition model –four-stage model that Demographic transition model –four-stage model that

tracks changes in birthrates and death rates through tracks changes in birthrates and death rates through time as a population urbanizestime as a population urbanizes

• The four stagesThe four stages• Stage 1: High birth rate and high death rateStage 1: High birth rate and high death rate• Stage 2: Death rate falls dramatically; birth rate Stage 2: Death rate falls dramatically; birth rate

stays highstays high• Improved public health, modern medicineImproved public health, modern medicine

• Linked to economic developmentLinked to economic development

• Stage 3: Death rate low, birth rate begins to fallStage 3: Death rate low, birth rate begins to fall• Linked to urbanization, industrializationLinked to urbanization, industrialization

• Stage 4: Low birth rate and low death rateStage 4: Low birth rate and low death rate


Demographic Transition ModelDemographic Transition ModelThe Demographic Transition (Fig. 1.15)


• Migration PatternsMigration Patterns• Today, about 125 million (2%) of total world population Today, about 125 million (2%) of total world population

are migrants of some sortare migrants of some sort• Much international migration linked to global Much international migration linked to global

economyeconomy• Push factors:Push factors: negative conditions that drive people negative conditions that drive people

from a locationfrom a location• Cultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural disastersCultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural disasters

• Pull factors:Pull factors: favorable conditions at a destination favorable conditions at a destination that attract peoplethat attract people

• Economic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good climateEconomic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good climate• Most migration involves both push and pull factors Most migration involves both push and pull factors

working togetherworking together• NetworksNetworks of families, friends, and sometimes labor of families, friends, and sometimes labor

contractors connect migrants from their origins to their contractors connect migrants from their origins to their destinationsdestinations


• An Urban WorldAn Urban World• Cities - the focal points of the modern globalizing worldCities - the focal points of the modern globalizing world• The size and growth rate of some cities is staggeringThe size and growth rate of some cities is staggering

• Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil) Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil) • More than 20 million residentsMore than 20 million residents

• And they’re adding 10,000 new people each weekAnd they’re adding 10,000 new people each week

• Both are predicted to double in the next 15 yearsBoth are predicted to double in the next 15 years

• Urbanized populationUrbanized population:: percentage of a country’s people percentage of a country’s people who live in citieswho live in cities

• Currently, 47% of world’s population lives in citiesCurrently, 47% of world’s population lives in cities

• U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia are more than 75% U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia are more than 75% urbanizedurbanized

• Rates of urbanization in developing world is usually less Rates of urbanization in developing world is usually less than 50%, and may be considerably lowerthan 50%, and may be considerably lower


Growth of World Cities Growth of World Cities (Fig. 1.18)(Fig. 1.18) (2000 and projected 2015)(2000 and projected 2015)


• Cultural Coherence and DiversityCultural Coherence and Diversity: Geography of : Geography of Tradition and ChangeTradition and Change

• Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (not individual) Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (not individual) behavior, and includes both abstract (language, religion) and behavior, and includes both abstract (language, religion) and material elements (architecture, technology)material elements (architecture, technology)

• When Cultures CollideWhen Cultures Collide• Cultural imperialism:Cultural imperialism: active promotion of one’s active promotion of one’s

cultural system over another cultural system over another • Cultural nationalism:Cultural nationalism: the process of defending a the process of defending a

cultural system against offensive cultural expression cultural system against offensive cultural expression while at the same time actively promoting local or while at the same time actively promoting local or national valuesnational values

• Cultural syncretism or hybridization:Cultural syncretism or hybridization: the blending the blending of elements of culture to form a new cultureof elements of culture to form a new culture


• Language and Culture in Global ContextLanguage and Culture in Global Context• Language and culture are closely tiedLanguage and culture are closely tied

• Language is often the characteristic that best defines Language is often the characteristic that best defines cultural groupscultural groups

• Since language is the means for communication within a Since language is the means for communication within a cultural group, it includes other aspects of cultural identity cultural group, it includes other aspects of cultural identity (politics, religion, commerce, folkways, customs)(politics, religion, commerce, folkways, customs)

• Dialect:Dialect: a distinctive form of a language associated a distinctive form of a language associated with a specific region (e.g., American and British with a specific region (e.g., American and British English)English)

• Lingua franca:Lingua franca: a third language that is adopted by a third language that is adopted by people from different cultural groups within a country people from different cultural groups within a country who cannot speak each other’s language (e.g., Swahili who cannot speak each other’s language (e.g., Swahili in Africa, or English in India)in Africa, or English in India)


LanguagesLanguagesWorld Languages (Fig. 1.22)


Geography of World Religion

• Religion is another extremely important defining trait of cultural groups

• Universalizing religion: attempts to appeal to all people regardless of location or culture (examples: Christianity with 2 billion, Islam with 1.2 billion, Buddhism)

• Ethnic religion: identified closely with a specific ethnic group; does not actively seek converts (examples: Judaism, Hinduism with 850 million in India)

• Secularization: exists when people consider themselves to be non-religious or outright atheistic (about 1 billion) – Secular Humanism – a way of life stressing logical “good values” without basing them on religion


ReligionsReligions

Major Religious Traditions (Fig. 1.36)


Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & UnityGeopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity

• Geopolitics:Geopolitics: term that describes the close link term that describes the close link between geography and political activitybetween geography and political activity

• Focuses on the interaction between power, territory, and Focuses on the interaction between power, territory, and space at all scalesspace at all scales

• State:State: a political unit with territorial boundaries a political unit with territorial boundaries recognized by other countries and internally governed recognized by other countries and internally governed by an organizational structureby an organizational structure

• Nation:Nation: a large group of people who share many a large group of people who share many cultural elements (e.g.: language, religion, cultural cultural elements (e.g.: language, religion, cultural identity) and view themselves as a single political identity) and view themselves as a single political community -- community -- NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

• Nation-state:Nation-state: a relatively homogenous cultural group a relatively homogenous cultural group with its own fully independent political territory (e.g.: with its own fully independent political territory (e.g.: Japan, France); Kurds are a nation without a stateJapan, France); Kurds are a nation without a state


Kurds: A Nation without a State (Fig. 1.26) – A Stateless Nation


Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & UnityGeopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity

Micronationalism:Micronationalism: group identity with the goal of self-rule group identity with the goal of self-rule within an existing nation-statewithin an existing nation-state

- On the rise, and a source of geopolitical tension in the world- On the rise, and a source of geopolitical tension in the world

Centrifugal and Centripetal ForcesCentrifugal and Centripetal ForcesCentrifugal forces:Centrifugal forces: Cultural and political forces acting to Cultural and political forces acting to weaken or divide an existing stateweaken or divide an existing state

- Examples: linguistic minority status, ethnic separatism, - Examples: linguistic minority status, ethnic separatism, territorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-beingterritorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-being

Centripetal forces:Centripetal forces: Forces that promote political unity and Forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structurereinforce the state structure

- Examples: shared sense of history, need for military security, - Examples: shared sense of history, need for military security, overarching economic structureoverarching economic structure


• Global TerrorismGlobal Terrorism• 9/11 terrorist attacks not attached to a nationalist or 9/11 terrorist attacks not attached to a nationalist or

regional geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or regional geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or autonomyautonomy

• Global terrorism - product & expression of globalizationGlobal terrorism - product & expression of globalization• Asymmetrical warfare:Asymmetrical warfare: the differences between a the differences between a

superpower’s military technology and strategy and the superpower’s military technology and strategy and the lower level technology and decentralized guerilla tactics lower level technology and decentralized guerilla tactics used by al Qaeda and the Talibanused by al Qaeda and the Taliban

• Colonialism and DecolonializationColonialism and Decolonialization• Colonialism:Colonialism: formal establishment of rule over a formal establishment of rule over a

foreign populationforeign population • Decolonialization:Decolonialization: the process of a colony’s gaining the process of a colony’s gaining

(or regaining) control over its territory and (or regaining) control over its territory and establishing a separate independent governmentestablishing a separate independent government


The Colonial World in 1914 (Fig. 1.42)


Economic and Social Development: The Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and PovertyGeography of Wealth and Poverty

• Economic development brings increased prosperity to Economic development brings increased prosperity to individuals, regions, and nation-statesindividuals, regions, and nation-states

• More- and Less-Developed CountriesMore- and Less-Developed Countries• Core-periphery model:Core-periphery model: U.S., Canada, western U.S., Canada, western

Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in the Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in the northern hemisphere, while most areas to the south northern hemisphere, while most areas to the south make up a less-developed peripherymake up a less-developed periphery

• Indicators of Economic DevelopmentIndicators of Economic Development• Development:Development: qualitative and quantitative measures qualitative and quantitative measures

indicating structural changes (getting “better”)indicating structural changes (getting “better”)• Growth:Growth: increase in the size of a system (getting increase in the size of a system (getting

bigger) bigger)


Measuring Economic WealthMeasuring Economic Wealth• Gross Domestic Product (GDP):Gross Domestic Product (GDP): value of all final goods value of all final goods

and services produced within a countryand services produced within a country• Gross National Product (GNP):Gross National Product (GNP): GDP plus the net income GDP plus the net income

from abroad; but omits non-market economic activity from abroad; but omits non-market economic activity (bartering, household work)(bartering, household work)

• Gross National Income (GNI):Gross National Income (GNI): the value of all final goods the value of all final goods and services produced within a country plus net income and services produced within a country plus net income from abroadfrom abroad• GNI per capita – obtained by dividing the GNI by a country’s GNI per capita – obtained by dividing the GNI by a country’s

populationpopulation

• Purchasing power parity (PPP):Purchasing power parity (PPP): a comparable for a a comparable for a standard “market basket” of goods and services purchased standard “market basket” of goods and services purchased with a local currencywith a local currency

• Economic growth rate:Economic growth rate: annual rate of expansion for GNP annual rate of expansion for GNP


GNIGNIWorld Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita (Fig. 1.31)


Indicators of Social Development•Life expectancy: average length of life expected at birth for a hypothetical male or female, as based on national death statistics

•Mortality rate under 5 years: measure of the number of children who die per 1,000 persons

•Infant mortality rate: # children per 1000 die before age 1.

•Adult illiteracy rates: percentage of a society’s males and females who cannot read

•Female labor force participation: percentage of a nation’s labor force that is female


• ConclusionConclusion• Globalization is driving a fundamental Globalization is driving a fundamental

reorganization of economies and cultures through reorganization of economies and cultures through trade agreements, supranational organizations, trade agreements, supranational organizations, military alliances, and cultural exchangesmilitary alliances, and cultural exchanges

• Discussion of each region includes 5 themes: Discussion of each region includes 5 themes: • Environmental GeographyEnvironmental Geography• Population and SettlementPopulation and Settlement• Cultural Coherence and DiversityCultural Coherence and Diversity• Geopolitical FrameworkGeopolitical Framework• Economic and Social Development Economic and Social Development

GeographiesGeographies

End of Chapter 1: Diversity and GlobalizationEnd of Chapter 1: Diversity and Globalization

chapter 1 -- globalization

Documents