Exploration and the Colonial Era

Chapter 1

Constitution Articles of Confederation End of Revolution Beginning of Revolution Colonization Natives Beringia

Where should U.S. History start? Defend your answer!

Turn to your partner and share your ideas and reasons with each other. The person with the biggest shoe size should start. Tie breakers will be determined by largest hands. That person will share first all class period.

Does anyone want to share their partner’s brilliant idea? (Names first)

Write your response

What could the three worlds be?◦ America◦ Europe◦ Africa

Three Worlds Meet

The Americas, West Africa, and Europe

Section 1

What do you already know about the different societies on the American Continent at the time that the three worlds met?◦ What societies existed?◦ What were some of the characteristics of those

societies?

◦ Share with partner, share as a group.

The Americas

Beringia (land bridge between Asia & America)

Nomadic Tribes and their characteristics◦ Move around◦ Follow Food (Hunter/Gatherers)◦ Even food without feet moves

What has to happen first for nomadic tribes to transform into civilizations?◦ Write your response◦ Share with your partner◦ Good Answers? (On board)

Early American Civilizations

Maya: Yucatan, 250AD and 900AD Aztec: Valley of Mexico, 1200’s Inca: South America, 1400

Write down 3 facts that you already know about each of the societies listed above.

Early American Civilizations

Mayan Temple & Aztec Sacrifice

Anasazi: Southwest Desert, 300BC to 1400AD

Pueblo: Southwest Desert (Anasazi descendant) 1400’s

Iroquois: Northeast Woodlands, 1400’s

Write down 3 facts that you already know about the societies listed above.

Native Societies within U.S. Borders

Anasazi Petroglyph & Iroquois Longhouse

Click Here

Video Clip Intermission

Songhai: Below Sahara, 600 to 1600 Benin: Niger-Delta, 1400’s Kongo: Congo River, 1400’s

Islam◦ Where did it start, by whom, how did it spread to

Africa? Portugal and Slaves

◦ What does Portugal have to do with the slave trade?

West African Societies

Songhai Ruins & Kongo Slaves

Social Hierarchy Christianity (Crusades) Reformation Renaissance

Define each of the terms above and how they apply to European society in the 1400’s.

Europe in the 1400’s

DaVinci & Michelangelo

Lateen Sails (to sail more directly into the wind)

Shallow Draft (for easier coastal exploration)

Large Cargo Hold & Hatch (to carry more stuff and make more money)

Sternpost Rudder (for greater maneuverability)

New Sailing Technologies

Portuguese Caravel

Spanish North America

Section 2

Christopher Columbus

First in October of 1492: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria

Landed in the Bahamas, Met the Taino People, renamed San Salvador and claimed for Spain

Return to Hispaniola 1493 to colonize, make plantations and enslave Natives

Natives die by the thousands, what now? 1500’s to 1800’s, Africa lost 10 million

people

Voyages of Columbus

Spain and Portugal 1494 Spain gets West of

line Portugal gets East

of line

Treaty of Tordesillas

Global transfer of living things that began with Columbus and continues today.

Columbian Exchange

Conquistadors: Spanish explorers looking for new lands for Spain rich in gold and silver

Hernando Cortes: 1519 heard about the wealthy Aztec civilization, went w/500 men to find it

Montezuma believes Cortes to be returning God, willingly hands over piles of gold

Aztec believed Montezuma was a traitor, had upraising, killed Montezuma and kicked out the Spaniards

Disease weakened Natives and made them easy pickings for the returning Cortes.

Spain Claims an Empire

TenochtitlanWatch Aztec Video

Mestizo: Mix with and marry into the native population

Encomienda: Force Natives into slavery Many Spaniards say encomienda system is

cruel so the monarchy abolishes it in 1542 What now? Join slave trade and use Africans for labor

Spanish pattern of Conquest

Conquer lands and wealthy civilizations (Aztec and Inca) all over the Americas (Mexico, Guatemala, Central and South America, Florida, West and South West U.S.)

Goals: Claim land, discover wealth, convert Natives

Missions all along the South West and Western U.S.

Natives rebel. Pope led 17,000 warriors against the Spanish. Succeeded for only 12 years.

Spain’s Golden Age

Early British ColoniesSection 3

April 1607, land and build Jamestown Financed by joint-stock companies (vs.

monarchy) want quick return on investment Look for gold and neglect farming After 5 months of suffering, John Smith

forces them to farm, and seek help from the Natives

Settlement saved by new colonists and profitable crop (tobacco, brown gold)

Jamestown

John Smith and Pocahontas

Indentured Servants Slavery: First African slaves landed in

Virginia in 1619, were freed a few years later

Clash with Natives over land claims (remember Pocahontas?)

Unlike Spanish, English do not mix with Natives

Colonies Continue

Puritans felt like English split with Catholic church did not go far enough.

Came to America to gain religious freedom 1620 founded Plymouth colony (2nd

permanent English settlement in America) Massachusetts Bay Colony: led by John

Winthrop. Right to vote only to adult male church members. No separation of church and state, taxes went to church & laws concerning church attendance.

Puritan New England

After 40 years of growing tension between Natives and colonists

Several tribes unite under Wampanoag Chief Metacom (King Philip)

Spring 1765, starts attacking and burning colonists

Made it to the outskirts of Boston before giving up due to starvation and disease.

King Philip’s War

1621 Dutch West India company given permission to colonize in America

Interested in American fur trade Drive out and take over New Sweden Taken over by British (wedge) in 1664 Duke of York new owner so New Amsterdam

becomes New York. Gives a portion to some friends and call it

New Jersey (after British Island)

New Netherlands

Late 1600’s founded by William Penn Quaker (Equality, pacifism, religious

tolerance, democracy) Pays the Natives for their land and tried to

live in peace with them

Pennsylvania

Founded by the British in the 1600’s and 1700’s

Existed for the benefit of New England Mercantilism: find gold and silver and/or

establish a positive balance of trade.

Thirteen Colonies

Passed by British in 1651◦ Countries could only trade with colonies if goods

were transported on British ships◦ Vessels had to operated by crews that were at

least ¾ British◦ Certain products could only be exported to

England◦ Goods traded between the colonies and Europe

had to go through an English port

Navigation Acts

The Colonies Come of Age

Section 4

Begins in the South mostly because of the geography

Huge, self-sufficient, one crop farms. Labor intensive Required Slaves

Plantation Economy

Slave Trade portion of Triangular Trade Brutal, unsanitary, cramped conditions 13% expected to die during journey

90% work in fields Try to keep their culture alive despite

beatings Many rebellions, some successful (Stono)

Middle Passage

Slave Ship

Geography lends itself to industry and commerce, not plantations

Powerful and wealthy merchant class Large cities develop Most of the money is in the North

Commerce in the North

Movement that started in Europe after the Renaissance

Renewed interest in science and reason, beyond religion and tradition

Enlightenment

Started as a Puritan movement aimed at rekindling the dying flame of strict religious practices.

Religious revivals held by people like John Edwards.

Great Awakening

Archrivals: England and France, particularly aggressive through 1600’s and 1700’s

Begin fighting over the Ohio River Valley Natives take sides Great Britain eventually wins with the help of

military leaders like George Washington and William Pitt

Even though Britain wins King issues the Proclamation of 1763 and instructs the colonists to stay out of Native Territory west of the Appalacians.

French and Indian War