CHAPTER 1CELLS AND KINGDOMS

Lesson 1 Cells Organism: A living thing Cell: The smallest unit of living things

that carry out the basic processes of life

Animal Cell Round shape, smaller No cell wall, only a cell membrane Some have many small vacuoles, and others may not

have any vacuoles Gets energy from other animal/plant cells

Plant Cell Box-like shape, larger Have an additional outer covering around the outside (cell

wall) Usually have one large, central vacuole Makes own food in chloroplasts (green structure, contains

chlorophyll) Gets energy from the sunlight

How are cells organized? Tissue: similar cells working together at the same job, or

function Organ: a group of tissues that work together to perform a

specific function (example: heart, liver, brain, skin) Organ System: organs that work together to perform a

certain function (example: circulatory, digestive, respiratory)

Organ

Tissue Organ

Organ System

Lesson 2 Classifying Life Scientists organize organisms by sorting,

or classifying, them into groups according to shared characteristics

Kingdoms are grouped by internal form and structure

The narrowest (smallest) group an organism can be classified into is a species

Classification of a grizzly bear

Plant Kingdom (Vascular) Vessels that run up and down the body Vascular tissue carries water and

nutrients from the plants roots up to its leaves; it also moves sugars made in the leaves to other parts of the plant

Typically a taller plant

Plant Kingdom (Nonvascular) Smaller plant Remain small and close to the ground,

where they soak up water directly

Have you seen moss or trees that look like this?

Lesson 3 Plants Stems come in 2 basic forms

Soft stems Woody stems

Soft stems: not as strong as woody stems; soft, green, can bend (less likely to be damaged in a storm)

Woody stems: stronger than soft stems; hard, brown (more likely to be damaged in a storm because they

can’t bend and they grow tall, which makes it easier to be struck by lightning).

Soft stem Woody stem

What are stems? Phloem: moves sugars that are made in the plant’s

leaves to other parts of the plant; transports sugars up from one part of a plant to another

Xylem and phloem cells are produced in the cambium, then move inward.

What are leaves? The leaves of a plant have the important

function of carrying out photosynthesis, or the process of making food.

What are leaves?...continued

The top surface of a leaf has a waxy cuticle, a waterproof layer that prevents moisture from evaporating

Which could survive longer without water: a thick cuticle or a thin cuticle? How could you test this?

Lesson 4 Classifying Animals

Asymmetrical: cannot be divided into mirror images.

Radial Symmetry: All body parts are arranged around a central point; this type of organism has more than one line that divides the organism into 2 mirror images.

Lesson 4 continued Monotreme: a mammal that lays eggs (examples: duck-

billed platypus, spiny anteater) Marsupial: a pouched mammal; give birth to partially

developed offspring (examples: kangaroos, koala bears) Placental mammal: the young develop within its mother

(examples: humans, dogs, tigers, elephants, whales)

Lesson 5 Animal Systems Skeletal System: bones, tendons, ligaments Muscular system: provides the power to

produce movement Digestive system: long tube in which food is

broken down into nutrients an organism can use

Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System

Lesson 5 Continued… Esophagus: a muscular tube that contracts and

expands to squeeze chewed food down the stomach

Bronchi:small branch-like tubes inside the lungs, which empty into the alveoli.

Alveoli: very thin-walled air sacs located at the tips of the bronchi