CHAPTER 1: “RUSSIA LOOKS WEST,” (pp. 8-47)

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800

1. A name more commonly given to the eighteenth century’s “Age of Reason,” its

adherents often characterized their willingness to explore new ideas with the faith-

and-tradition bound ways of the earlier “Dark Ages.” _____________________

2. Derived from the Greek for “friends of wisdom,” it became the term used in France

for the free-thinkers of the era. ___________________

3. What was the seventeen-volume compendium of knowledge, ideas, and social

criticism edited by the French scholar Denis Diderot? _____________________

4. The rationalistic Christian faith of many of the era’s philosophers, it held that a

benevolent God had created the world according to universal laws, and had accorded

upon humans virtue and the gift of reason. _______________

5. This English philosopher suggested that humans were not inevitably stained by

Original Sin but rather were born as blank slates and became products of their

environment. ___________________

6. In Emile, this French philosopher suggested recognizing the natural virtue of children

and raising them in a noncoercive environment; his Social Contract (1762) called for

a republican state where citizens freely surrendered their individual will to the

general will of society but retained the right to a voice in shaping the laws that ruled

their lives. _______________________

7. This Italian theorist called for a system of criminal jurisprudence that rested upon

rehabilitation rather than upon retribution. _____________________________

8. This Scottish economist wrote his Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth

of Nations in 1776, the first clearly articulated defense of the virtues of capitalism.

_____________________

9. This elite military force attempted to overthrow Peter the Great while he was away in

western Europe on tour in 1698. __________________

10. Upon his return from his 1698 tour of Western Europe, Peter decreed that all men

except members of the clergy were forbidden to wear these, an act that caused

widespread protest. ________________

11. In 1722, Peter introduced this new classification system, a meritocratic class structure

that defined a person’s place in society by individual achievement rather than by

birth. _____________________

12—13. In 1703, Peter began building this new city, transforming a bog on the Baltic

into a grand western-style capital. _________________________ This building, alter to

figure prominently in the revolutions of the early twentieth century, dominated the left

bank of the Neva, the river that ran through this city. _______________________

14. This sizable new tax introduced by Peter in 1718, payable by almost every male in

Russia, would figure prominently in the development of the system of serfdom.

____________________

15.Claiming to be the deposed Czar Peter III, he led a 1774 peasant rebellion in southeast

Russia against Catherine the Great. _____________________

16. In the last quarter of the eighteenth century, this country was divided up among

Russia, Prussia, and Austria – by 1795 it had ceased to exist as a sovereign state.

________________

CHAPTER 2: “THE RISE OF PRUSSIA”

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800

1. Coming to power in 1740, this king conquered territory formerly held by Austria and

Poland, and transformed Prussia into a formidable military power.

_________________

2. The upper ranks of the Prussian army and civil service alike were staffed by these

powerful landowners. __________________

3. This major European war, which began in 1756, saw Prussia and Britain allied

against Austria, Sweden, France, and Russia – the fighting not only engulfed the

continent but extended also to North America and Asia. _____________________

4. The British defeat of the French at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 consolidated their

control over this colony. _______________

5—6. In 1759, British forces under General James Wolfe defeated General Montcalm’s

French troops at this key citadel town. _______________ What was the consequence of

this English victory? ___________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3: “THE PACIFIC ADVENTURE”

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700-1800

1. The existence of this fabled “unknown southern land” had first been suggested by

Ptolemy, who had argued in the second century A.D. that antipodes – or “balancing

feet” – must exist to provide a counterweight to Asia and Europe.

______________________

2. This Portuguese explorer was the first to cross the Pacific – it was he who had

misleadingly termed it the “peaceful” sea. ________________________

3. A dominant early European power in the Pacific, they had colonized the Philippines.

________________

4. Sailors from this nation were the first Europeans to sight Fiji and New Zealand, and

to land on Australia and Tasmania. ___________________

5. A disease caused by lack of Vitamin C, it plagued crews who attempted to sail in the

Pacific’s spacious waters. _________________

6. Until the 1770s, European navigators were unable to calculate this, which would have

allowed them to determine how far east or west they had traveled. ______________

7-8. The lowered water levels of the Pleistocene ice age had allowed these native

inhabitants of Australia to cross on foot from Asia some 40,000 years ago. ___________

The estimated native population of Australia by the eighteenth century. _____________

9. According to Aboriginal mythology, every feature of the landscape was still linked in

a deeply spiritual manner to this earlier era of first creation. __________________

10. A predominantly Mongoloid people settled here in the “small islands” east of the

Philippines and the Moluccas. ___________________

11. Darker-skinned settlers from New Guinea reached and inhabited these volcanic

islands northeast of Australia. __________________

12—16. Starting from the islands of southeast Asia around 2500 B.C., this seafaring

people had fanned out by the eighth century AD through 9.3 million square miles of the

south Pacific. ____________________ The largest settlements, totaling some 300,000

inhabitants, were on this group of eight islands. ____________ Name three other islands

or island groupings settled by these people. ____________; ______________;

___________

17. Probably not arriving in great numbers on Aoteoroa (now known as New Zealand)

until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, their population had reached some 200,000 by

the eighteenth century. _____________

18. True or False: Like all Pacific Islanders, the Maori were a peaceful people who did

not know of war until the Europeans arrived. _____

19.Based on the true story of a Scottish sailor stranded off the coast of Chile, this 1719

Daniel Defoe novel spurred interest in the Pacific. _________________________

20—22. This 1726 satire written by the Englishman Jonathan Swift took its hero on a

voyage throughout the Pacific. _______________________ What was the name of the

mythical land of the little people in this book? ___________________ What was the

land of the giants located near Japan? ______________________

23.The Paris-based French Academy of Sciences and the London Royal Society, both

pushed forward with exciting scientific research in the first quarter of the eighteenth

century, the latter under the direction of this famous English physicist. ______________

24. The French who arrived in Tahiti in 1769 thought that the society found there

confirmed the theories of this philosopher, who 20 years earlier had argued that

people in a state of nature were essentially good but that Europeans had been

corrupted by organized society. _____________________________

25—31. The three epic voyages of this English navigator in the late 1760s and 1770s

opened up the South Pacific for full European exploration and settlement.

_____________________ His passage through this strait on his first voyage confirmed

that Australia was a separate island from New Guinea. ____________________ The

name given to the place he and his crew landed at on the eastern shore of Australia in

1770. _______________________ What did he name Hawaii? ___________________

Who did the Hawaiians mistake him for? _____________________________ His

search for this led to extensive exploration of the Pacific Northwest and the Arctic,

including a stay amongst the Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island. __________________

Where and when did this explorer die? _______________________

32. The British finally annexed this island in 1840. ________________________

33—35. Amongst the passengers on the “First Fleet,” eleven ships sent by the English in

1787 to settle Australia, were more than 700 of these. ________________ The number

of these who would be shipped to Australia in the next seventy years. _____________

What was the name of the first settlement? ______________

36. This disease would decimate the native inhabitants of Australia. _____________

37. The dark-skinned Aborigines of this island would be hunted down like animals in the

first two decades of the nineteenth century; by 1876 not one would remain.

_________________

38. Crossbreeding between this English animal and a related Spanish variety would lay

the foundations for one of Australia’s great industries. _________________

39. He completed the first circumnavigation of Australia in 1802, thereby solidifying the

English claim to the entire continent. ____________________________

CHAPTER 4: “AMERICA INDEPENDENT,” (pp. 97-121)

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800

1. Who was the king of England during the American Revolution? ______________

2. “We hold these Truths to be self-evident” are the opening words of what famous

document? _____________________________________

3. English settlers sponsored by the entrepreneurs of the London Company established

this Chesapeake Bay town in 1607. _______________________

4. Dissident Protestants of this sect were responsible for settling Plymouth and the

Massachusetts Bay Colony. ____________________

5. This war would not only profoundly change the global balance of power between

France and England but also would, in eliminating the French presence in North

America, shift the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and the home country.

____________________

6. This British legislation of 1765 imposed a tax on all legal documents, newspapers,

and playing cards, and required them to carry tax stamps. _________________

7. Soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five, at an anti-British protest in this city in 1770.

___________________

8. A 1773 import tax on this product was in part designed to revive the lagging fortunes

of the British East India Company. __________

9—10. The 1774 legislation passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston

Tea Party, it closed the port of Boston and limited the powers of the Massachusetts

Assembly. ____________________ The name the legislation was known by in the

Colonies. _______________________

11.What was the name of those colonists who supported the British Crown?

______________

12—13. The first two skirmishes of the American Revolution took place in 1775 at these

two Massachusetts villages. ___________________; ______________________

14. The first major military engagement of the American Revolution, the British

captured their objective but at a cost of 1,000 casualties. ____________________

15.The name Americans gave to the some 30,000 mercenary German troops hired by the

British forces. _________________

16. After the first important Patriot victory, at Saratoga, this nation officially recognized

American independence and established a military alliance with the Thirteen Colonies.

_________________

17.The British defeat here, where Lord Cornwallis had taken his tired troops in 1781 to

await reinforcements after an arduous campaign through the South, was the culminating

battle of the American Revolution. ______________________

1. The treaty of Paris of 1783 established this as the western boundary of the new

United States of America. _________________________

2. The Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran who led an uprising of

indebted frontiersmen in 1786. _____________________

20—21. Delegates meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 devised a constitution that ultimately

would replace this earlier constitution, the country’s first. ________________________

As one of the numerous compromises reached at Philadelphia, slaves counted as what

percentage of a person for purposes of representation. _____________

22—23. The name of those who supported ratification of the Constitution.

_______________ True or False: Those who supported ratification were more

suspicious of centralized government than those who opposed it. _____

24. What are the first three words of the Constitution? ________________________

“THE CRUELEST TRADE,” (pp. 122-133)

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800

1. The number of African slaves transported across the Atlantic between the early

sixteenth century until the 1880s. ____________________

2—6. Literally “land of the black men,” it was the name given by slavers to that part of

Africa from which most slaves come – it extended southward 3,700 miles from the

Senegal River through modern-day Angola. __________________ The four sections of

this region, each named after its principal export. ____________________;

________________; ______________________; ________________________

7. The name given to the voyage of slaves across the Atlantic. ___________________

8. The number of African slaves transported by Arab merchants to Islamic states on the

Mediterranean and Red seas. ___________________

9. Traders from this nation had begun shipping slaves to the Caribbean and South

America in 1505. ____________________

10. The development of this as a cash crop in the middle of the seventeenth century in

the West Indies and Brazil influenced the expansion of slavery as a New World

institution. ______________

11. From the Arabic word for “caravan,” these were the long forced processions that

transferred captured slaves from the African interior to the coast. ______________

12. Introduced by the French in 1685, it outlawed the mutilation or execution of slaves

except by the direction of the courts. ____________________

13. Inspired by the French Revolution itself, the rebel leader Toussaint-Louverture led a

successful slave rebellion in this Caribbean French colony.

______________________

14. By the end of the eighteenth century, this European nation controlled half of the

Atlantic slave trade. ________________

15. This British abolitionist spent half a century attacking the slave trade – his efforts at

least contributed to Parliament’s decision to end English participation in the slave

trade in 1807. ____________________________

16. Freetown was the capital of this African nation created for repatriated ex-slaves.

____________________

TRUE OR FALSE

17. The treatment of black Africans enslaved in their own societies was typically better

than that of those who were transported across the Sahara by Arab and Berber traders.

_____

18. Under Islamic law, a woman who was taken as a slave concubine could not be sold

once she had given birth to a child by her master, and she became free upon her

master’s death. _____

19. The local rulers of the African coast did all they could do to resist the European slave

trade. _____

CHAPTER 5: “THE FRENCH REVOLUTION,” (pp. 135—167)

WINDS OF REVOLUTION: TIMEFRAME AD 1700—1800

1—2. Four counterfeiters, an aristocrat accused of debauchery, and two lunatics were all

that were found when a Paris mob stormed this prison on July 13, 1789, but it nonetheless

became one of the most important symbols of the French Revolution. ______________

This famous writer had been transferred from the fortress to another location only ten

days before. _______________________

3—4. The French king at the time of the outbreak of the French Revolution.

____________ Who was his unpopular Austrian queen? ________________________

5. The name given to the political system of pre-Revolutionary France.

__________________________

6. The French aristocracy were exempt from this, part of a tradeoff in which the

monarchy had sought to decrease opposition to its rule from this independent source

of power. _______________

7. An empty treasury led the king in 1788 to reluctantly convene this body – a three-

tiered national assembly of clergy, nobility, and commons that had last met in 1614.

__________________________

8. The setting for the June 20, 1789 oath of unity proclaimed by France’s third estate –

the commoners – who three days earlier had unilaterally proclaimed themselves the

National Assembly. _________________________

9. Literally “without knee breeches,” a name derived from the long trousers worn by the

Paris working class, they would push the Revolution in an increasingly radical

direction. _______________________

10. This famous proclamation in defense of liberty and the consent of the governed was

issued by the Assembly in August 1789, __________________________________

11. The palace of the French king, located ten miles from Paris. ________________

12-13. These present-day synonyms for politically conservative and politically radical

derive from the leanings and seating arrangements of members of the Assembly.

_____________; _____________

14.The most influential of the Paris political clubs that sprang up outside the Assembly’s

debating chamber, it was soon joined by thousands of similarly-named societies

throughout France. ________________

15. The Assembly replaced the widely disparate provinces of the Ancien Regime with 83

of these. _________________

1. In June 1791, increasingly afraid for their own safety, they attempted to escape from

Paris – their capture would mark the increasing radicalization of the Revolution.

____________________

2. Pluviose, Thermidor, and Fructidor were examples of what? _________________

________________________

18-19. This new measurement system was introduced at the time of the Revolution.

_____________ What was the standard distance measurement based upon? _______

_____________________________________________________________________

20. What was the new name given to the king? ________________________

21. The killing machine the Revolution’s early reformers had adopted as a humane means

of execution, it was put into increasing use as the Revolution proceeded.

___________________

22. True Or False: As part of the anticlerical thrust of the Revolution, all churches were

closed and religious holidays abolished. _____

23. The solidly Roman Catholic peasants of this region rose in counter-revolt to the

Revolution in 1793, after the execution of the king. ____________________

24. Led initially by the Parisian lawyer Jacques Danton, it was formed in 1793 to wage

war on all enemies of the Revolution. ____________________________________

25—28. Laws, spirits, freedoms, and equalities replaced these respectively on post-1793

French playing cards. ___________; _______________; _____________; ___________

29. This strong Jacobin supporter, an obscure Corsican artillery officer, helped to

recapture the port of Toulon from the British in 1793. ________________________

29. After the middle of 1794, an increasing number of perceived opponents were exiled

here rather than executed. ___________________________

31—32. The name given to the winter of 1793-94, when approximately 35,000 people

were executed. _____________________ Its principal architect, he ironically became

its victim, being executed on July 28, 1794. ________________________________

33. The three-word slogan of the French Revolution.

________________________________________________________________

29. James Hargreaves’s invention of the 1770s, with between 8 and 120 spindles, it

greatly increased cloth production efficiency. ________________