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2020 KSSM

CHAPTER 1 – 3

MENGIKUT SUKATAN LEMBAGA PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

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FORM 4 SCIENCE CHAPTER 1 SAFETY MEASURES IN THE LABORATORY 1.1 Personal Protective Equipment 1a.Goggles – to protect the eyes from

chemical splash. b.Face mask – to protect the nose from

inhaling strong chemical smell or dust c.Glove – to protect the hands from toxic

chemical substances. d.Lab coat – to protect he body and

2b. Emergency equipment in the laboratory

i. Safety shower – to clean and rinse the body or

clothing that contact with spillages of chemical immediately. d.Lab coat – to protect he body and

clothes e.Closed shoes – to protect the feet

from chemical spill or glass pieces. 2a. Cabinet Function i. Biological

safety protect the user and surrounding from pathogens

ii. Laminar flow

prepare a sterile condition for carry out activities with microbiology

iii. Fume to carry out experiment

immediately. ii. Eyewash station – to rinse and clean the eyes that

have come contact with chemical substances.

1.2 Disposal of Waste 1. Can be thrown

into the sink Cannot be thrown

into the sink Substance with

PH value between 5 to 9,

Solid waste, substance with PH value less than 5 or iii. Fume

chamber to carry out experiment with substances that are volatile, poisonous, corrosive or air pollutants

between 5 to 9, solution with low concentration

value less than 5 or more than 9, organic solvent, toxic substance, heavy metal, organic waste

2. Ways to dispose toxic chemical substances

i. treat the waste before dispose ii. store in a close container and is

labelled

3. SOP for biological waste diposal


Category of waste

A B C D

Type

Sharp wastes

Non sharp wastes

Carcasses, organs or tissues of organisms

Bodily fluid waste

Examples

Syringe needles, glass slides, glass pipettes

Used tissues, cotton wools and gloves

Animal carcasses, animal or plant tissues, biological specimens

Blood, saliva, serum

Powered by Andrew Choo Exam Tips SOP for management

Place the wastes in sharps waste bins before disposal

- Place the wastes into biohazard plastic bags

- Wastes collected must be autoclaved before being disposed of

- Wrap the wastes in tissue paper and put into biohazard plastic bags

- Wastes are refrigerated before disposed of in an incinerator

- Wastes are decontaminated in autoclave machines

- Dispose of wastes directly into the sewage system through the laboratory sinks or toilets.

4. Steps to Handle Accidents in the Laboratory

a. Accidents of chemical substances spillage i. Inform the teacher or laboratory assistance. ii. Make the spill area as restricted area. iii. Prevent the spillage from spreading using sand. iv. Scoop the spilled chemical substances. v. Throw away safely.

b. Accidents of mercury spillage i. Inform the teacher or laboratory assistance. ii. Make the spill area as restricted area. iii. Pour sulphur to cover the spill. iv. Inform the fire department.

c. i. Mercury is toxic c. i. Mercury is toxic ii. Can attack the nervous system, digestive tract, reproductory system and kidneys.

1.3 Fire Extinguishers 1. Type Label Type of fire Water red Solid substances (A) Foam cream or white Solid substances (A)

Liquid (B) Gas (C)

Carbon dioxide black Electric (E) Gas (C)

Dry powder blue All type of fire


2. Type of fire Fire Type of Fire

Extinguishers Class A Solids that burn easily such as cloth, wood,

paper, fabric, rubber, rubbish and other flammable substances

- Water - Foam - Dry powder

Class B Liquids that burn easily such as alcohol, petrol, grease, kerosene, turpentine, paint and varnish

- Foam - Dry powder - Carbon dioxide

Powered by Andrew Choo Exam Tips Class C Gases that burn easily such as natural gas,

methane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane, butane and ethane

- Dry powder - Carbon dioxide

Class D Reactive metals such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium

- Dry powder

Class E Heating of electricity in faulty electrical appliances or during short circuits.


Class F Unsaturated fats, kitchens fats and commercial oils


3. a. ABC Fire Extinguishers b. Fire blanket - can be used for all type of fire except fire

caused by metal or gas that will not explode - not dangerous to human and animal - do not pollute the soil - easy to operate - the moisture produced remain longer, hence

prevent fire from spreading again.

- made of two layers of glass fibre.

- able to put out small or medium fire.

- put out fire on the victim’s body by covering the victim’s body.

4. Ways to Use a Fire Extinguishers i. Pull the safety pin ii. Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire source

iii. Squeeze hard on the handle

iv. Spray from side to side


5. Carrying Out an Audit on Fire Extinguishers at School

a. Location of the fire extinguishers in the emergency route plan in the laboratory, classroom, canteen and other locations in the school.

b. Types and numbers of fire extinguishers c. Expiry date and other information in the Rescue and Fire Department certificate

attached to the fire extinguishers

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FORM 4 SCIENCE CHAPTER 2 EMERGENCY HELP CPR Heimlich Manoeuvre Definition CPR is an emergency aid to

resuscitate breath or heartbeat that has stopped

The Heimlich Manoeuvre is an emergency aid to save an individual who is choking.

Explanation CPR is combination of chest compression to pump blood out of

Thrusting the abdomen several time to dislodge the object struck in the compression to pump blood out of

the heart to the entire body and mouth to mouth blowing to supply oxygen to the victim.

to dislodge the object struck in the airways of the choking victim.

Importance - To restore victim’s heartbeat and breathing before the ambulance arrive

- to save life

- To dislodge the object stuck in the airways of the choky victim

- enable the victim to breath again

Situation - Not breathing - No heartbeat - No response

- Hold the neck - Unable to speak - Lips is bluish - Difficulty in breathing

Due to - lightning strike - choking Due to - lightning strike - downing - heart attack -electric shock - stroke - accident

- choking - blockage of food or foreign object

that prevent oxygen entering the lungs and head to brain damage.

Steps 1. Check the victim’s response by tapping his shoulder if he is conscious.

2. Open the airway by tilt his head backward and lift up his chin.

3. Give 30 chest compression not more than 6cm depth to prevent ribs fracture.

1. Stand behind 2. Put your arms around the victim

and clench as fist with right hand. 3. Place your fist between the navel

and ribs of the victim. 4. Press and jerk upwards.


ribs fracture. 4. Give month to month resuscitation

to supply oxygen to the victim 5. Repeat CPR until the victim revive

and then place the victim at recovery position to avoid the victim’s tongue from blocking his airway.


FORM 4 SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREING THE PARAMETERS OF BODY HEALTH 3.1 Body Temperature 1. Normal body temperature of humans is 36.9˚C or 37˚C. 2. Measuring body temperature is initial assessment for acute illness. 3. Types of thermometers:

a. Infrared thermometer - Measure body temperature without

any body contact: suitable to

b. Clinical thermometer - Consist of mercury or alcohol. - Accuracy 0.1˚C any body contact: suitable to

screen inbound passengers. - point the thermometer onto the

forehead at a distance and read the reading.

- Advantages - can be taken at a distance, - can avoid contamination

- Accuracy 0.1˚C - Range 35˚C to 42˚C - The klink is to prevent the mercury from

dropping too soon before the reading is recorded.

- To increase sensitivity of a change in temperature i. it has thin wall glass bulb ii. narrow capillary iii. short temperature range and has

been calibrated c. Rectal thermometer - used for babies < 3 months old

d. Laboratory thermometer - Measure temperature of liquids and - used for babies < 3 months old

- measure body temperature in the rectum

- Insert the bulb end of thermometer into the rectum.

- Most accurate

- Measure temperature of liquids and body.

- range - 10˚C to 110˚C - Accuracy 1˚C - Immerse the entire bulb of the

thermometer into the liquid. - Not suitable to measure children’s

temperature as it is made of glass and contain mercury

4. Body temperature Exceed normal Fall below normal

- due to infections, exposure to extreme hot conditions or exercise.

- because the body(white blood cells) fight

- is due to exposure to extreme cold conditions.

- can get hypothermia


- because the body(white blood cells) fight the pathogens that causing the disease.

- can get hypothermia

Symptoms of high fever - muscles and joints aches - chills - epilepsy - convulsions (cramps / seizures)

Symptoms of too cold / hypothermia - shivering - poor body coordination - difficulty in breathing

Powered by Andrew Choo Exam Tips 3.2 Pulse Rate - number of heart beat per minute 1. As the heart beats and forces the blood through the body, we can feel the pulse at the

point where arteries come near to the surface of the skin such as wrist. 2. Pulse point

3. Factor Effect on pulse rate Gender Male adults have a lower average pulse rate compared to female

adults because the volume of a male heart is larger. Age Babies and children have higher pulse rate compared to adults

because babies have smaller heart. Physical activity The more vigorous the physical activity, the higher the pulse rate.

The body cells need more oxygen to carry out active activity The heart beats more to supply more oxygen to the body cells.

Health A sick person has higher pulse rate than a healthy person.


3.3 Blood Pressure – pressure applied by the blood on the walls of the blood

vessels. 1. Normal blood pressure 120/80mmHg, that is systolic pressure is 120mmHg and diastolic

pressure is 80 mmHg. 2 a. Systolic pressure refers to the blood pressure when the cardiac muscles contract. b. Diastolic pressure refers to the blood pressure when the cardiac muscles relax.


3. High blood pressure Effects Digital sphygmomanometer is due to

i. high intake of salt / salty food. ii. smoking iii. high intake of fats etc fast

food

- stroke - heart disease - kidneys failure

is used to measure blood pressure regularly to detect high blood pressure.

3.4 Body Mass Index (BMI) – measurement of body mass over height. 3.4 Body Mass Index (BMI) – measurement of body mass over height.

1. Body Mass Index (BMI) = )(m(Height)

(kg) massBody 22

2. Classification BMI score Risk of illness Underweight < 18.5 Medium Normal / Desirable weight 18.5 – 24.9 Low Overweight 25.0 – 29.9 Medium Obese 30.0 or more High 3. The higher the BMI score, the higher the risk of getting high blood pressure, diabetes 3. The higher the BMI score, the higher the risk of getting high blood pressure, diabetes

mellitus, heart disease or cholesterol in the blood. 4. Ways to prevent obesity

- exercise regularly - take a balance diet - reduce intake of fats and carbohydrates


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