chapter 03 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 3: Health and the Global Environment
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter Highlights
• Definitions of global health and global burden of disease
• Indicators of health
• Health and human rights
• Factors that affect health globally
• Framework for improving world health
• Millennium Development Goals
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Global health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
False
Rationale: Global health is health issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Definition of Health
• Health—a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Definition of Public Health• Science and art of preventing disease prolonging life
• Promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment
• Control of community infections
• Education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene
• Organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease
• Development of the social machinery that will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Definition of Global Health
• Health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
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Four Models of Health
• Clinical model
• Role performance model
• Adaptive model
• Eudaimonistic model
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Determinants of Health
• Physical environment
• Social environment
• Health behaviors
• Individual health
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Question
What is an epidemiologic transition?
A. High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth
B. Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease
C. Mortality declines, and fertility later declines
D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine
Rationale: Epidemiologic transition includes high and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine. Demographic transitions include high fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth; improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease; mortality declines, and fertility later declines.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Demographic Transitions
• High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth
• Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease
• Mortality declines, and fertility later declines
• Relative proportion of elderly population increases
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Epidemiologic Transitions
• High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine
• Progressive declines in mortality, as epidemics become less frequent
• Further declines in mortality, increasing life expectancy and predominance of non-communicable diseases
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Rationale: Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Global Burden of Disease
• Risks to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings
• The burden of disease is growing disproportionately in the world and is largely affected by climate, public policy, age of the population, socioeconomic conditions, and risk factors.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
What Risk Factors Affect the Disease Burden?
• Risk factors are defined as personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.
• Childhood and maternal malnutrition
• Other nutrition-related risk factors and inactivity
• Addictive substances
• Sexual and reproductive health
• Environmental risks
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Health Indicators
• Morbidity and mortality
• Risk factors
• Health service coverage
• Health system resources
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The Millennium Development Goals
• The right to health
• Achieving the Millennium Development Goals
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Other Factors That Affect Global Health
• Economics and politics
• Factors associated with health care systems
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Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to task shift primarily to primary care providers and community health workers.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
False
Rationale: Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to task shift primarily to nurses and community health workers.
Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages
• Increased investment in education and training
• National health workforce plans
• More efficient use of existing human resources
• Protection and fairer treatment of health workers
• Access to HIV prevention and treatment for health workers in affected countries
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Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages (cont.)
• Attracting women to professions and addressing retirement
• Comprehensive preparedness for a workforce response to outbreaks and emergencies in every country
• Career incentives to attract health workers to rural and disadvantaged areas
• Health promotion and prevention strategies to reduce demand for health services