chap6 sound production

7/28/2019 Chap6 Sound Production

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Chapter 6: Other Languages and

Different Modes of Sound Production

1. Airstream Mechanisms

2. States of the Glottis3. Voice Onset Time

articulation diagrams


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Airstream Mechanisms (Pike 1943)

mechanisms that provide the sources of

energy for generating speech sounds using

airflow and pressure in the vocal tract


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Airstream Mechanisms

Pulmonic (Lung) Airstream Mechanism

- movement of air pushed upward from

lungs by respiratory muscles

Glottalic Airstream Mechanism

- movement of pharynx air that is

compressed above closed glottis

Velaric Airstream Mechanism

movement of air pocket in the mouth


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Ejectives (common in Native American languages)

glottis is closed

oral tract is closed for stopglottis moves upward compressing air between

glottis and stop closure

stop closure is released

IPA symbol:

example: p t k

Lakhota
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/lakhota/lakhota.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/lakhota/lakhota.html


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Implosives

oral tract is closed for stop

vibrating glottis moves downward pulling air in

stop closure is released

IPA symbol: hook on stop symbol

example:

Sindhi
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/hausa/hausa.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/hausa/hausa.html


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Clicks (occur in several African languages)

tongue raises to close velum

stop closure in front of velum creates air pocket

stop closure is released causing air to rush in

velar closure is released


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Clicks - IPA SymbolsBilabial Dental Alveolar Palatoalveolar Alveolar-Lateral

Xhosa
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/sindhi/sinhi.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/sindhi/sinhi.html


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Summary Pulmonic

Glottalic

Ejective

Implosive

Velaric


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Stops in the Worlds Languages

Summary

Plosives (pulmonic)

Ejectives (glottalic)

Implosives (glottalic)

Clicks (velaric)


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What is an airstream mechanism?

What airstream mechanisms are common in human

speech?

What airstream directions are common in human speech?

How is each of the airstream mechanisms produced?

Are all possible combinations of airstream mechanism and

direction actually produced in human speech; why not? Which of the combinations are produced?


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States of the Glottis (Phonation)

Figure 6.4

top of each photo

represents front of larynx


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Glottal State Differences that

Mark Phonemic Contrast

voicing

voicelessness

murmur

creak


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Murmur (Breathy Voice)

Normal vocal fold vibration

vocal folds remain slightly apart, resulting in additional turbulent air leakage


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Murmur: Examples

English intervocalic [h]: ahead, behind

Hindi bh and gh:

[bAl] forehead [bAl] hair

[gAn] bundle [gAn] song

Gujarati:[kan] krishna [kan]

ear

[mEl]palace

[mEl]dirt


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Creak

Arytenoid cartilages are held close together

vocal cords vibrate only at front of larynx

Hausa:

bata line ataspoil

Hausa
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/xhosa/xhosa.htmlhttp://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter6/xhosa/xhosa.html


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Voice Onset Time

A descriptor of stop consonants

the measure of the time betweenthe release of a stop

and the beginning of voicing


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Voice Onset Time

Determined by

articulator contact

size of glottal opening

amount of vocal cord vibration


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Stop Articulation:

articulator contact

articulators

apart articulators

together

articulators

apart

[A] [pH]

[A]


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Stop Articulation:

Glottal Opening

Vocalcordscloser

Vocalcordsopen

Vocalcordscloser

[A] [pH] [A]


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Stop Articulation:

Vocal Cord Vibration

vocal cords

vibratingvocal cordsat rest

vocal cords

vibrating

[A] [pH] [A]


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Voice Onset Time (VOT):

the interval between A and Barticulators

glottal

opening

v.cord

vibration

A B


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Length of VOT

Determined by amount of glottal opening

the wider the opening

the more air coming through glottis

the longer it takes for vocal cords to begin

vibrating

worksheet


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VOT Differences Mark

Phonemic ContrastThere is a continuum of possible VOTs

fully voiced

partially voiced

voiceless unaspirated

slightly aspirated

heavily aspirated


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Different languages choose different points on

this continuum for stop oppositionsEngl Fr Gael Thai

fully voiced /b/ /b/

/b/ partially voiced

voiceless unasp /p/ /p/ /b/ /p/

slightly aspirated /pH/ /pH/


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Perception of VOT

VOT of less than 40 ms

is recognized as a [b] in English

VOT of more than 40 ms

is recognized as a [p] in English

Conclusion:

VOT production is on a continuumbut VOT perception is categorical

(the lips speak a phone; the brain hears a phoneme)


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States of the glottis

What are the usual states of the glottis in human speech?

Could you describe what's going on in Figure 6.4?

Voice onset time

Why are we discussing VOT in this context?

What does it have to do with what we're discussing?

chap6 sound production

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