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4 - 2Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Computer Software

Chapter

4

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1. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.

2. Give examples of several major types of application and system software.

3. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.

Learning Objectives

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Learning Objectives

4. Outline the functions of an operating system.

5. Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.

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What is Software?

Definition:• Various kinds of programs used to

operate computers and related devices

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

Microsoft’s Business Solutions Division:• Teams formed for different industries

• Injected industry-specific codes directly into its core software platforms

• Hired business technology professionals steeped in sector-specific knowledge

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

Microsoft’s New Strategy:• Creating accelerators aimed at business

processes common to companies in a given industry

• Inserting industry-enabling layers to serve the needs of a broad base of companies in a particular sector

• Seeking partnerships with vendors that have deep industry roots

4 - 8Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

1. A common phrase among IT professionals is “The world views its data through Windows”. Why does Microsoft dominate the desktop and networked software market? Visit its website at www.microsoft.com and review its broad range of software products and services to help with your answer.

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

2. How successful will Microsoft be in competing with software vendors who specialize in vertical market applications like health care, retail, and specialty services? Why?

3. Do you agree with Microsoft’s strategy to develop industry-specific partners to capitalize on opportunities in both large and small business sectors? Is there an advantage or a disadvantage to being one of Microsoft’s partners in this type of relationship? Explain.

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

4. Does Microsoft’s entry into industry-specific applications signal the end for smaller industry-specific software developers? What changes in strategy by such developers are necessary to compete with Microsoft?

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Types of Software

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Types of Software

• Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users

• System Software – manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

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Application Software

• General-Purpose – programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users

• Application-Specific – support specific applications of end users in business and other fields

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How is Software Developed?

• Custom Software – software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization

• Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software – software that is developed by a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

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General-Purpose Application Software

• Software Suites• Web Browsers• Electronic Mail• Word Processing• Spreadsheets• Database Managers• Presentation Graphics• Personal Information Managers• Groupware

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Software Suites

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Integrated Packages

Definition:• Combine some of the functions of several

programs into one software package

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:• Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and

so on, which gives an application its look and feel

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Web Browser

Definition:• Software interface used to point and click

through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet

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Web Browser

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Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging

• Electronic Mail – software used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets

• Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate real time communication and collaboration

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E-mail

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Word Processing & Desktop Publishing

• Word Processing – software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents

• Desktop Publishing (DTP) – software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published

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Word Processing

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Electronic Spreadsheets

Definition:• Software that supports the development

of electronic worksheets consisting of rows and columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling

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Spreadsheets

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Presentation Graphics

definisi: Software yang membantu mengubah data numerik ke dalam menampilkan grafis dan mempersiapkan presentasi multimedia termasuk gambar, foto, animasi, dan klip video

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Presentation Software

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Graphics Software

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Video Software

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Personal Information Manager (PIM)

definisi: Software untuk produktivitas pengguna akhir dan kolaborasi

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Groupware

definisi: Software yang membantu kelompok kerja dan tim bekerja sama untuk mencapai tugas kelompok

4 - 33Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Software Alternatives

• Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software

• Application Service Providers – perusahaan yang memiliki, mengoperasikan, dan memelihara perangkat lunak aplikasi dan sumber daya sistem komputer yang dibutuhkan untuk menawarkan penggunaan perangkat lunak aplikasi untuk biaya sebagai layanan melalui Internet

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Software Licensing

• Pembelian hak untuk menggunakan software tertentu di bawah persyaratan perjanjian lisensi perangkat lunak

• Melindungi vendor hak kekayaan intelektual

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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

Layanan Web: Menyediakan programmer pihak ketiga dan mitra bisnis dengan akses ke beberapa data dan fungsi situs dasar

Pengembang independen dapat membangun aplikasi untuk memenuhi ceruk pasar yang pelanggan inginkan

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C Case #2: New Face of Web Services

eBay:• 40% of items listed for sale on eBay come

through its API

Amazon:• Product Details• Search Capabilities• Customer Reviews• Sales Rankings• Wish Lists• Registries

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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

1. Apa tujuan dan nilai bisnis dari layanan Web?

2. Apa manfaat dari layanan Web untuk Amazon, eBay dan mitra pengembang mereka?

3. Apa saja tantangan bisnis layanan Web? Kunjungi layanan Web situs IBM dan Microsoft untuk membantu dengan jawaban Anda.

4. Apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan bisnis layanan Web saat ini?

4 - 38Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

System Software

• Program Manajemen Sistem- program yang mengelola perangkat keras, perangkat lunak, jaringan, dan sumber daya data sistem komputer selama pelaksanaan berbagai informasi pengolahan pekerjaan dari pengguna akhir

• Program Pengembangan Sistem- program yang membantu pengguna mengembangkan program sistem informasi dan prosedur dan mempersiapkan program-program pengguna untuk pemrosesan komputer

4 - 39Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Operating System

definisi: Sebuah sistem terintegrasi program yang mengelola operasi CPU, mengontrol input / output dan penyimpanan sumber daya dan kegiatan dari sistem komputer, dan menyediakan berbagai layanan dukungan sebagai komputer mengeksekusi program aplikasi pengguna

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Operating System Functions

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User Interface

definisi: Bagian dari sistem operasi yang memungkinkan Anda untuk berkomunikasi dengannya sehingga Anda dapat memuat program, mengakses file, dan menyelesaikan tugas-tugas lainnya

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Types of User Interfaces

• Command-Driven

• Menu-Driven

• Graphical User Interfaces

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Resource Management

definisi: Program untuk mengelola perangkat keras dan jaringan sumber daya dari sistem komputer, termasuk CPU, memori, perangkat penyimpanan sekunder, prosesor telekomunikasi, dan input / output peripheral

4 - 44Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

File Management

definisi: Program yang mengontrol penciptaan, penghapusan, dan akses file data dan program serta melacak lokasi fisik file pada disk magnetik dan perangkat penyimpanan sekunder lainnya

4 - 45Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Task Management

definisi: Program yang mengontrol tugas mendapatkan akses ke CPU dan untuk berapa banyak waktu

Multitasking - pendekatan yang memungkinkan untuk beberapa tugas komputasi yang akan dilakukan dengan cara yang tampaknya simultan

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Popular Operating Systems

• Microsoft Windows

• UNIX

• Linux

• Mac OS X

4 - 47Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other System Management Programs

• Kinerja Monitor - program yang memantau dan menyesuaikan kinerja dan penggunaan dari satu atau lebih sistem komputer untuk menjaga mereka berjalan efisien

• Keamanan Monitor - program yang memantau dan mengontrol penggunaan sistem komputer dan memberikan pesan peringatan dan bukti catatan penggunaan yang tidak sah sumber daya komputer

4 - 48Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Servers

definisi: Software yang menyediakan sebuah antarmuka antara sistem operasi dan program aplikasi pengguna

Middleware - software yang membantu aplikasi perangkat lunak yang beragam dan sistem komputer jaringan pertukaran data dan bekerja sama lebih efisien

4 - 49Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programming Language

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Programming Languages

Empat Tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman

• Bahasa Mesin : Menggunakan perintah binari yang dikodekkan.

1010 1100 110101011 1101 11011

• Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi : Menggunakan pernyataan singkat atau berbagai notasi aritmatika.

BASIC : X = Y + ZCOBOL : COMPUTE X = Y + Z

• Bahasa Perakitan : Menggunakan perintah simbolis yang dikodekkan LOD Y ADD Z STR X

• Bahasa Generasi Keempat : Menggunakan pernyataan natural dan nonpresuderal. SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBER

4 - 51Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Machine Languages

• Semua instruksi program harus ditulis dengan menggunakan kode biner yang unik untuk setiap komputer

• Programmer harus memiliki pengetahuan rinci tentang operasi internal dari jenis spesifik CPU

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Assembler Languages

• Singkatan dan simbol abjad yang digunakan untuk mewakili kode operasi dan lokasi penyimpanan

• Program penerjemah bahasa yang diperlukan untuk mengkonversi instruksi ke instruksi mesin

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High-Level Languages

• Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions

• Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters

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Fourth-Generation Languages

• Nonprocedural – programmers specify results while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results

• Natural Language – very close to human language

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Object-Oriented Languages

• Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed upon them

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Web Languages

• HTML – a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents

• XML – describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents

• Java – an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent

4 - 57Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

HTML

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Web Services

Definition:• Software components that are based on a

framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of different user and different computing platforms

4 - 59Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Web Services

4 - 60Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Language Translator Programs

• Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions

• Compiler – translates high-level language statements

• Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time

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Programming Tools

• Graphical Programming Interfaces

• Programming Editors

• Debuggers

• CASE tools

4 - 62Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Statistics:• Linux runs almost 15% of all servers

• Growing at 23% per year

• Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux

• Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief technologists were considering moving their companies’ PCs to Linux

4 - 63Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

How did Linux get into the mainstream?• Low-cost alternative in sagging economy

• Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft

• IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible

• Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on corporate customers

4 - 64Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Open Source:• Free• Stable• Easily fixed if bugs appear

4 - 65Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

1. Should businesses continue to switch to the Linux operating system on servers and mainframes? Why or why not?

2. Should business and consumer PC users switch to Linux PC operating systems like Lindows and software suites like Sun’s Star Office? Why or why not?

4 - 66Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

3. Should the IT departments of companies like Merrill Lynch contribute their software improvements to the open-source community for products like Linux? Explain your reasoning.

4 - 67Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #4: Using Java in Business

Benefits:• Java can run on any hardware or

operating systems• Easy to modify code as needs expand• Networking capabilities reduce the need

for remote servers• Easy to integrate with middleware and

databases

4 - 68Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Case #4: Using Java in Business

1. What are the benefits of Java as a programming language for retail POS applications compared to other programming languages?

2. What are the benefits of Java for the development of e-commerce portals for customers and suppliers like PartsEdge?

3. Why do companies like Mark’s Work Wearhouse frequently team Java with the Linux operating system?

4 - 69Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary

• Computer software consists of applications software that directs the performance of a particular use of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks.

4 - 70Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary

• Application software includes general-purpose and application-specific categories.

• General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users.

• Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions.

4 - 71Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary

• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs.

• System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs.

• System development programs help IS specialists develop computer programs to support business processes.

4 - 72Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary

• An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various support services.

4 - 73Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Summary

• Programming languages require the use of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs, and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes.

4 - 74Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

End of Chapter

Chapter

4