chap. 6 population ecology (i)

Chap. 6 Population Ecology (I)

鄭先祐 (Ayo)

國立台南大學環境與生態學院

2008 年 2 月至 6 月

chap.6 population ecology (I) 2

Population ecology

1. Properties of the population

2. Basic concepts of rate

3. Intrinsic rate of natural increase

4. Concept of carrying capacity

5. Population fluctuations and cyclic oscillations

6. Density-independent and density-dependent mechanisms of population regulation


7. Patterns of dispersion

8. The Allee principle of aggregation and refuging

9. Home range and territoriality

10.Metapopulation dynamics

11.Energy partitioning and optimization: r- and K-selection

12.Population genetics

13.Life history traits and tactics


1 Properties of the Population

Population densityCrude densityEcological density

Relative abundanceFrequency of occurrenceImportance value


Fig. 6-1. The range of population density (biomass per hectare) of various species of mammals.


Methods for estimating population densities

1. Mark-recapture method 2. Minimum known alive (MKA) method, calenda

r-of-catches method3. Total counts4. Quadrate or transect sampling5. Removal sampling6. Plotless method, point-quarter method7. Importance percentage value, relative density,

relative dominance, relative frequency


mark-recapture methods

§assumptions 1. 研究期間內 , 標記永久性 , 且再捕獲時可正確記錄。 2. 加標記處理後 , 再被捕之機率 , 不變。 3. 加標記處理後 , 死亡率和遷移率 , 不受影響。 4. 加標記處理後 , 此個体與其它個体的混合 ( 隨機 ) 。 , 不會影響其被捕獲率。

5. 取樣時間相對於調查期間 , 是短的。估計時是 quasi-continuous 實際上是 continuous 6. (Petersen): no births, no immigrations

no deaths, no emigrations

補充


§調查方法與公式( 一 ) Petersen estimate (1896): Lincoln index (1930)最簡單，只有一次釋放，一次再捉。 n: total size of recapture

m: no of individuals marked (x)

r: marked individuals released (M)

N: 當時之 population size r n r(n+1)N = ── or N = ──── (Bailey, 1950) m (m+1) r (n+1)(n-m) SE = ─────── (m+1) (m+2)

補充


( 二 ) Weighted mean 的方法 : 類似 Lincoln index

( Mini) (48+52+105) N = ───── = ────── = 34.2 ( mi)+1 (1+2+2)+1

1 2 6 SE = N ──── + ───── + ───── mi + 1 ( mi + 1) ( mi + 1)

例 : Apodemus sylvaticus ( 鼠 ) day i 1 2 3 4 number ni - 6 4 7 marked mi - 1 2 2 release ri 8 6 4 - 全部 Marked Mi - 8 13 15 Mini 48 52 105

補充


( 三 ) Jackson's positive method

( 四 ) The triple catch method

day 1: marked r1, released.

day 2: m21 are marked,

all r2 marked and released.

day 3: m31 only day 1 mark,

m32 include all day 2 mark.

例 : females of the grasshopper.

day 1 2 3

捕捉 50(n2) 38(n3)

day 1-marked 11(m21) 5(m31)

day 2-marked 9(m32)

釋放 42(r1) 50(r2)

補充


( 四 ) The triple catch method

m31(r2 + 1) 5 x 51 M21 = ────── + m21 M21 = ──── + 11 =36.5 (m32 + 1) 10

(n2 + 1) M21 51 x 36.5 N2 = ─────── N2 = ───── = 155.1 (m21 + 1) 12

M21 36.5 Φ1 = ─── Φ1 = ─── = 0.87 r1 42

(m31 + 1) n2 6 x 50 b2 = 1 - ────── b2 = 1 - ──── = 0.30 (n3 + 1) m21 39 x 11

SE(N2) = 64.7 SE(Φ1) = 0.32

補充


§調查方法與公式( 五 ) Jackson's negative method( 六 ) Fisher-Ford method( 七 ) Jolly's stochastic method

-- the most recent mark is noted, all previous

marks are ignored.

補充


──────────────────────── Day 捕釋 Time of release of markds, j i ni ri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ────────── recaptured marks, mij ───── 1 - 54 2 146 143 10 3 169 164 3 34 4 209 202 5 18 33 5 220 214 2 8 13 30 6 209 207 2 4 8 20 43 7 250 243 1 6 5 10 34 56 8 176 175 0 4 0 3 14 19 46 9 172 169 0 2 4 2 11 12 28 51 10 127 126 0 0 1 2 3 5 17 22 34 11 123 120 1 2 3 1 0 4 8 12 16 30 12 120 120 0 1 3 1 1 2 7 4 11 16 26 13 142 - - 1 - 2 3 3 2 10 9 12 18 35 ────────────────────────

m6

y6 z6

補充


─────────── Day 釋 i ri mi yi zi ─────────── 1 54 - 24 - m6=2+4+8+20+43=77 2 143 10 80 14 3 164 37 70 57 y6=56+19+12+5+4+2+3=101 4 202 56 71 71 5 214 53 109 89 z6=1+6+5+10+34+0+...+1+0+1+0+2+3=121 6 207 77 101 121 7 243 112 108 110 8 175 86 99 132 9 169 110 70 121 10 126 84 58 107 11 120 77 44 88 12 120 72 35 60 13 - 95 - - ───────────

補充


ziri 121x207 Mi= mi + ─── m6= 77 + ──── = 324.99 yi 101

110 x 243 m7=112 + ───── = 359.50 108

Mi(ni + 1) 324.99 x 210 Ni=────── N6= ────── = 874.97 (mi + 1) 78

359.50 x 251 N7= ────── = 798.54 113 Mi + 1 359.5 Φi = ────── Φ6 = ─────── = 0.79 Mi - mi + ri 325 - 77 +207

Bi = Ni+1 - ΦiNi B6 = 798.5 - 0.79 x 875.0 =107.3 SE(N6) = 94 SE(Φ6) = 0.068 SE(B6) = 75

補充


§處理的方法1. capture

-- insects, Southwood (1966)

-- freshwater, Lagler (1971)

-- amphibians and reptiles, Woodbury (1956)

-- mammals, Twigg (1975)

-- birds and mammals, Taber and Cowan (1969) 原則 : (1) equal chance of being caught

(2) sufficient data

補充


§處理的方法2. Handling

-- Insects, chloroform, ether, NO2, N2, CO2

-- fish, MS-222

-- mammals, bag

-- birds, darkness 原則：不要受傷害

補充


§處理的方法3. Marking ( 對象 )

-- insects, Southwood (1966)

-- fish, Stott (1977)

-- amphibians and reptiles, Woodbury (1956)

-- mammals, Twigg (1975)

-- mammals and birds, Taber and Cowan (1969)

補充


4. Marking ( 工具 )

(1) paints: insects--dots color

fish-- injecting color dyes

(2) dusts: insects

(3) mutilation ( 切斷 )

(4) tags and bands

(5) radioactive labels5. Release

-- capture, mark and release,

during the same period at the same site.

補充


§參考文獻 Begon, M. (1979) Investigating animal abundance: captur

e-recapture for ecologists. Edward Arnold Limited, London. Bishop, J. A. and D. J. Hartley (1976) The size and age str

ucture of rural populations of Rattus norvegicus containing individuals resistant to the anti-coagulant poison warfarin. J. Anim. Ecol. 45:623-646.

Lagler, K. F. (1971) Capture, sampling and examination of fishes. In: Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Waters. Ricker, W. E. (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford.

Southwood, T. R. E. (1966) Ecological methods. Methuen, London.

補充


Stott, B. (1971) Marking and tagging. In: Methods of Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Waters. Ricker, W. E. (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford.

Taber, R. D. and Cowan, I. M. (1969) Capturing and marking wild animals. In: Wildlife Management Techniques. Giles, R. H., Jr. (ed.), The Wildlife Society, Washington.

Twigg, G. I. (1975a) Catching mammals. Mammal Rev. 5:83-100.

Twigg, G. I. (1975b) Marking mammals. Mammal Rev. 5:101-116.

Woodbury, A. A. (1956) Uses of marking animals inecological studies: marking amphibians and reptiles. Ecology 37:670-674.

補充


Natality and mortalityNatality, is the ability of a population

to increase by reproduction.Maximum natalityEcological (realized) natality

Mortality, quantifies death of individuals in a population. Ecological (realized) mortalityMinimum mortality

Survival rate =1-M


Table 6-1


Fig. 6-2. Survivorship curve for the data tabulated in Table 6-1 for Dall mountain sheep,


Fig. 6-3. types of survivorship curves.


Fig. 6-4 Survivorship curves for two stable mule deer populations.

chap.6 population ecology (I) 27Fig. 6-5. Age pyramids (A) three types of age pyramids.

chap.6 population ecology (I) 28Fig. 6-5. (B) Age pyramids for laboratory populations of the vole (Microtus agrestis)


Fig. 6-6. Population age pyramids for different human populations.


Fig. 6-7. Age distribution in the commercial catch of herring in the North /sea between 1907 and 1919, illustrating the dominant age class phenomenon.


2 Basic Concepts of Rate

Population dynamicsdN/dt = the rate of change in the number of or

ganisms per time at a particular instantdN/Ndt = the rate of change in the number of

organisms per time per individual at a particular instant.

Growth rate


Fig. 6-8. (A) population growth curve


Fig. 6-8. (B) rate of increase growth curve for the same hypothetical population during the same interval of time.


3 Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase

dN/dt = rN r = instantaneous coefficient of population g

rowth r = b - d

Nt = N0ert

ln Nt = lnN0 + rt

r = (ln Nt– ln N0 ) / t


4 Concept of Carrying Capacity

J-shaped growth form dN/dt = rN

sigmoid (S-shaped) growth form dN/dt = rN x (K — N)/K K = carrying capacity


Fig. 6-9. hypothetical examples of (A) J-shaped growth curves.


Fig. 6-9. hypothetical examples of (A) S-shaped growth curves.


Fig. 6-10. Curves showing theoretical upper and lower growth forms for any population.


Fig. 6-12. Graph depicting the various phases of the modified sigmoid growth curve.


5 Population Fluctuations and Cyclic Oscillations

Population dynamicsSeasonal changesAnnual fluctuations

Annual fluctuations, extrinsic factors intrinsic factors


Fig. 6-13. Irruptions of a feral house mouse (Mus musculus) population in California during 1959 and 1960.


Fig. 6-14. Fluctuations in the abundance of the lynx (Felis lynx) and the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), as indicated by the number of pelts received by the Hudson Bay Company.


Fig. 6-15. the snaowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), with (A) summer and (B) winter pelage.


田鼠

旅鼠

旅鼠： resource-driven cycles

田鼠： predator-driven cycles


Fig. 6-17. Annual estimates in pupal density per m2 for the pine looper( 尺蠖 ) (Bupalus piniaria) at Tentsmuir in Great Britain.

蛹


Extrinsic vs. intrinsic

Extrinsic factorsGambel’s quail population in southern Arizona,

winter rainfallThe northern bobwhite quail, winter snow cov

er and blizzard conditionsMuskrat population, drought

Intrinsic factorsTheory of stress (the general adaptation syndr

ome)


Fig. 6-18. Modified version of the Chitty-Krebs genetic feedback (A) hypotheses to explain population pulses in microtine rodents.


Fig. 6-18. Modified version of the Chitty-Krebs food quality (B) hypotheses to explain population pulses in microtine rodents.


Fig. 6-19. Multifactorial model of population regulaiton in the California vole (Microtus californicus).


Fig. 6-20. Three types of population-level pulsing


6 Density-Independent and Density-Dependent Mechanisms of

Population Regulation

density independent density dependent

territoriality group behavior


Fig. 6-21. Changes in plant-density and mean plant weight during the growing season for Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album, illustrating the -3/2 sel-thinning power law.


http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/

問題與討論

Ayo 台南站：

[email protected]

chap. 6 population ecology (i)

Documents