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©2014, Taylor and Francis -‐ 9 -‐ Introduction to Homeland Security

CHAPTER 2

VITAL NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND

Chapter Objectives

1. Understand the concept of Vital National Interests

2. Gain an understanding of the instruments of power available to a nation

3. Examine the historical evolution of the United States emerging as a major international power

4. Identify the phases of the Cold War

5. Recognize the impact upon the United States of the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the

subsequent conflict

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the vital interests of national security identified by the

United States government?

a. Survival and security

b. Political and territorial integrity

c. Economic stability and well-‐being

d. Equality and justice

2. Which of the following is NOT one of the four instruments of national power?

a. Financial power

b. Informational power

c. Diplomatic power

d. Economic power


3. The art of employing communications and establishing global relationships to advance national

objectives is the definition of:

a. Democracy

b. Diplomacy

c. Amnesty

d. None of the Above

4. Who is the federal head of the Intelligence Community?

a. The President

b. The Director of the CIA

c. The Director of the FBI

d. The Director of National Intelligence

5. Which of the following tasks is the United Nations central in addressing?

a. Enhancing the cause of peace

b. Advancing human rights

c. Promoting economic and social development

d. All of the above

True/ False

1. To ensure the safety of the nation’s vital national interests, a country can call upon all its

instruments of national power to influence other nations. TRUE

2. Governments should always first consider the diplomatic option to counter a threat. TRUE

3. The United States Department of Homeland Security is the primary agency that facilitates

international relations and diplomacy. FALSE


4. The League of Nations was formed at the end of World War II, in conjunction with the Treaty of

Versailles, for the purposes of promoting “international cooperation,” achieving “peace and

security," and bringing nations together with the intent of avoiding future wars. FALSE

5. Woodrow Wilson delivered the Iron Curtain Speech. FALSE

Short Answer

1. List the four interests vital to national security that have been identified by the US government.

Survival and security; political and territorial integrity; economic stability and well-‐being; and

national stability

2. List the three major principles of the Monroe doctrine. (1) A separate sphere of influence for the

Americas and Europe, (2) the cessation of European colonization of the Americas, and (3) the

non-‐intervention of Europe into the affairs of the nations of North and South America.

3. What is the basic tenet of MAD? That both sides would be destroyed if a nuclear war occurred.

4. Which president put an emphasis on the development of a “special operations” capability in the

military? President John F. Kennedy

5. In 2001, why were the attacks of 9/11 considered a “new type of threat”? This threat was not

linked to a specific country, but rather to a transnational movement.

Essay

1. List and explain the four instruments of national power.

2. Explain the history of intelligence and intelligence agencies and how they became valuable to

national security.

3. At the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union took two different

approaches to the post war period. What were these approaches? The United States

demobilized much of the military, relying instead of the nation’s growing nuclear arsenal to

assure national safety. To avoid the economic problems that led the defeated nations at the end


of World War I to move toward dictatorships, the United States pumped billions of dollars into

the economies of its former enemies under the Marshall Plan. The Soviet Union took a different

approach. The Soviets worked to strengthen their grip on Eastern Europe and extend their

influence in Asia.

4. What are the BRIC countries and what is their significance to the world and more specifically the

United States? The combined economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) are predicted

to “double in the coming decade, eventually surpassing the size of the economies of both the

United States and the European Union.” The nation of South Africa joined this collective in 2011

(thereby necessitating the BRICS acronym). During 2012, the economic potential of the BRIC

nations was “ranked among the fastest-‐growing economies in the world,” and their individual

influences globally were observed to be increasing. At the time of this authorship, the individual

members of this alliance were struggling to determine some “common ground” through which

they could “act as a unified geopolitical alliance.” Only time will determine the future

cohesiveness and influence of the BRIC nations.

Courtesy of CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group

Figure 2.1 President Theodore Roosevelt. (Courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

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Figure 2.2 President Woodrow Wilson. (Courtesy of the National Archives.)

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Figure 2.3 General William J. Donovan. (Courtesy of the National Archives.)

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Figure 2.4 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, 1942. (Courtesy of the Library of Congress.)

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Figure 2.5 President Harry Truman. (Courtesy of the US Army Signal Corp.)

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Figure 2.6 President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev signing the intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) Treaty in the East Room of the White House, December 8, 1987. (Courtesy of the National Archives.)

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Figure 2.7 The bombed remains of automobiles with the bombed Murrah Federal Building in the background. (Courtesy of Staff Sergeant Preston Chasteen, Department of Defense.)

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Figure 2.8 Rescue and clean-up crews search for casualties following the barracks bombing in Beirut on October 23, 1983. Suicide truck bombers attacked the Marine barracks, killing 241 American soldiers. (Courtesy of Randy Gaddo, Department of Defense.)

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Figure 2.9 The remains of the flight deck of Pan Am 103 on a field in Lockerbie, Scotland.

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Figure 2.10 Damage inflicted against the USS Cole. (Courtesy of the Department of Defense.)

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Figure 2.11 New York, New York, September 25, 2001: A firefighter surveys the remaining shell and tons of debris of the World Trade Center. (Courtesy of Mike Rieger/Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] News.)

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VITAL NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND

CHAPTER 2

©2014, Taylor & Francis

Introduction

• Evolution into a superpower

• Diversity


Threats and Challenges to the Nation

• Natural and man-made threats

• Maintaining the security of the American homeland is both daunting and challenging


Vital National Interests and Instruments of National Power

Four vital interests identified:

• Survival and security

• Political and territorial integrity

• Economic stability and well-being

• National stability


Vital National Interests and Instruments of National Power

• Peaceful change vs. aggression

• There are four instruments of national power:

– Diplomatic/political power

– Informational power

– Economic power

– Military power


Foundations of a Nation

• Freedom

• Dreamers and doers

• Unique culture

• Feared by others


Foundations of National Security

• Revenue Marine Service/Coast Guard

• The Monroe Doctrine

– A separate sphere of influence for the Americas and Europe

– The cessation of European colonization of the Americas

– The non-intervention of Europe into the affairs of the nations of North and South America


Early Conflicts

• The War of 1812, The Civil War, military expeditions and other small wars

• Few, if any nations threatened the sovereignty of the United States


The Early Twentieth Century

• America’s Century

• An emerging power

• The extension of the Monroe Doctrine

• Isolationism

• Ill-equipped for war

• League of Nations

• World War II


World War II, Challenging the Spread of Communism, Superpower Emergence, and the Competing World

Philosophies

• Support for the Allied Powers

• Pearl Harbor

• The USSR and communism

• The Marshall Plan


Intelligence and National Security

• Office of Strategic Services

• The creation of the CIA

– collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence

• The Director of National Intelligence

– Oversees and directs the implementation of the National Intelligence Program

– Acts as the principal advisor to the President, the National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council for intelligence matters


World Organizations Promoting Peace: The League of Nations and the United Nations

• Declaration by United Nations

– Central in addressing international problems including enhancing the cause of peace, conducting peace keeping operations, advancing human rights, promoting economic and social development and advancing international law.


Evolution of the Cold War

• The Cold War defined the United States• British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

– Iron Curtain speech

• Six Phases of the Cold War– Containment– Mutually assured destruction– Small wars and the domino theory– Détente– Rollback– Glasnost


The Complexity of the Modern World

• Nuclear threats still exist

• New threats

– Terrorism

– Economic alliances and international collaborations

– Dependence on the Middle East for fossil fuels

– Violence and criminal activity on the Mexican border


After the Cold War and the Emerging of a New World

• Terrorist and criminal groups, while they existed, were seen as secondary threats to communism

• Because of changing threats, approaches to homeland security and national defense had to be re-evaluated

• Increase in international engagements

• Terrorists were evolving


Terrorism: The New Threat to the United States

• 1980-1990: A precursor

– Red Army Faction

– The abduction of General Dozier

– US Embassy bombing in Beirut

– Marine barracks bombing

– Libyan nightclub bombing

– Pan Am Flight 103

– Many other terrorist attacks


Desert Shield and Desert Storm

• Iraq invaded Kuwait

• The US forced Iraq out

• The U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the Middle East was seen by some as an attempt by America to extend its influence throughout the region

• Al Qaeda was formed– US was the new enemy

– USS Cole

– 1993 WTC bombing

• A new type of conflict emerged


The Shock and Impact of 9/11

• On September 11, 2001, the American homeland was attacked

• This threat of terrorism presented new challenges from non-state actors for the United States and its allies

• This non-state threat, with its lack of clear targets, structured organizations, and lines of battle, would be extremely difficult to combat.


Global War on Terrorism

• Cold War mentality

• The new threat of terrorism necessitated an expansion of established capabilities

• A new approach


Role of the Military in Support of Homeland Security

• A new role for the DoD

• The Hurricane Katrina response

• The role of the National Guard

– State mission vs. Federal mission

• Report of the Defense Science Board 2003 Summer Study on DoD Roles and Missions in Homeland Security


Emerging Threats

• The top emerging threats:– Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), including nuclear, biological,

chemical and conventional explosives that can inflict great damage– Terrorism, domestic and foreign– Narcotics trafficking, narco-terrorism, to include the violence in

Mexico– Transnational crime– Global conflicts and regional stability as seen in Bosnia, Kosovo, Russia,

the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, South Asia, North Korea, Iran, Iraq, and the Aegean

– The transitions occurring in Russia and China– Information warfare or “Netwar,” including cyber-warfare and cyber-

terrorism.

• Most experts believe that the greatest current threat challenging the United States is international terrorism.


Homeland Defense and a New Type of Warfare

• For the United States and its allies in the struggle against terrorism, the enemy is no longer only a state sponsored adversary, whose military forces are organized and employed on the field of battle.

• “Long war”

• An asymmetric enemy


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