chap 2 chemistry of life
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TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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NATURE OF MATTER
HOW IS CHEMISTRY RELATED TO BIOLOGY?
REVIEW: DRAW AN ATOM THAT HAS 8 ELECTRONS
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NATURE OF MATTER
ELEMENTS–PURE, ONE TYPE OF ATOM
–ELEMENTS DIFFER IN #OF PROTONS
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CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING = CMPDSOCCURS BECAUSE ATOMS WANT FULL ENERGY SHELLS
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COVALENT BONDS
SHARING OF ELECTRONSUSUALLY BTWN NON-METALS
Ex. Water, carbon dioxide
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HYDROGEN BONDS
A WEAK ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO POLAR MOLECULES
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WHY IS WATER POLAR?
WATER HAS AN UNEQUAL CHARGE
OXYGEN = NEGATIVEHYDROGEN = POSITIVE
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IONIC BONDS
ATOMS LOSE OR GAIN ELECTRONS (IONS FORM)
IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE ATTRACT
METALS AND NON-METALS
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WATER’S SPECIAL PROPERTIES
YOU ARE 70% WATERWATER CAN ABSORB AND STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY (GOOD INSULATOR)
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WATER CONT.
WATER ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO CONTROL THEIR TEMP. (HOMEOSTASIS)
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WATER CONT.
COHESION–ATTRACTION OF WATER TO ITSELF
–BEADING, SURFACE TENSION
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WATER CONT.
ADHESION–WATER’S ATTRACTION TO OTHER POLAR SUBSTANCES
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WATER CONT.
ADHESION LETS WATER MOVE UP NARROW TUBES–CAPILLARY ACTION–STEMS OF PLANTS
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WATER CONT.
WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT (POLARITY)
WHAT IS A SOLVENT?
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WATER CONT.
NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER
EX. OIL
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CHEMISTRY OF CELLS
FOUR CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES THAT HELP YOUR BODY FUNCTION–ORGANIC (CARBON CMPDS)
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CARBOHYDRATES
MADE OF C, O, HKEY ENERGY SOURCEMADE OF SIMPLE SUGARS - MONOSACCHARIDES
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CARBS CONT.
SIMPLE SUGARS: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
COMBINATIONS OF THESE FORM DI AND POLYSACCHARIDES
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CARBOHYDRATE STRUCTURE
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CARBS CONT.
POLYSACCHARIDES ARE ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULES–STARCH / CELLULOSE – PLANTS
–GLYCOGEN - ANIMALS
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HOMEWORK
CARBOHYDRATES
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IN EACH BOX:
PLACE THE CATEGORY OF CARBOHYDRATE AND EXAMPLES OF EACH
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
CARBOHYDRATES ARE A READY SOURCE OF ____?
ANIMALS CANNOT DIGEST ____?
CARBS ARE BUILT UP FROM MONOSACCHARIDES OR ____ ____?
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ANIMALS STORE EXTRA ENERGY AS _____?
SIMPLE SUGARS ARE MADE BY PLANTS DURING ____?
ANIMALS STORE GLYCOGEN IN ____ AND THE ____.
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LIPIDS
NONPOLARFATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS, WAXES
IMPORTANT IN THE STRUCTURE OF CELLS
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LIPIDS CONT.
TYPICAL FATS CONTAIN THREE FATTY ACIDS–HYDROCARBONS – MADE OF ONLY C AND H
–THE BONDS BETWEEN C AND H ARE RICH IN ENERGY
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LIPIDS CONT.
SATURATED FATS– NO DOUBLE BONDS– ANIMAL FATS, SOLID AT ROOM TEMP
UNSATURATED FATS– ON OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS– PLANT FATS , LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP
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LIPIDS CONT.
UNSATURATED FATS ARE MORE HEALTHY–THE DOUBLE BONDS CREATE A KINK THAT MAKES IT HARDER FOR THE FAT TO STICK TO ARTERIES
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LIPIDS CONT.
MADE OF 1 GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS
CONSUMPTION OF ARTIFICIAL FATS CAN LEAD TO VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES
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HOMEWORK
LIPIDS
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IN EACH BOX:
PLACE THE CATEGORIES OF LIPIDS AND EXAMPLES OF EACH
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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
Lipids are ____ and do not dissolve in water.
Lipids provide cells with 6x as much ___ as carbs.
Fats are made of one ___ and three __ __.
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PROTEINS
MADE OF SMALLER UNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS–20 DIFFERENT KINDS–CONTAIN NITROGEN
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BONDS BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS = PEPTIDE BOND
MANY AMINO ACIDS=MANY PEPTIDE BONDS=POLYPEPTIDE
POLYPEPTIDE IS ANOTHER NAME FOR PROTEINS
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PROTEINS CONT.
12 AMINO ACIDS CAN BE MADE BY THE BODY
THE LAST 8 MUST BE CONSUMED IN OUR DIET– ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
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PROTEINS CONT.
FOLD INTO COMPLEX SHAPES (ACTIVE)
BECOME VERY STRONG WHEN FOLDED
EX. COLLAGEN, KERATIN, ANTIBODIES, HEMOGLOBIN, HORMONES
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PROTEINS CONT.
ENZYMES–SPEED UP CHEMICAL RXNS–AFFECTED BY pH, HEAT
DENATUREDWHY HOMEOSTASIS IS IMPORTANT
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
LONG CHAIN OF NULCEOTIDES–THREE PARTS
SUGAR, NITROGEN BASE, PHOSPHATE
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NUCLEIC ACIDS CONT.
TWO TYPES–DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)DOUBLE STANDED, GENETIC INFO
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NUCLEIC ACIDS CONT.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)–SINGLE STRANDED–HELPS IN THE MANUFACTURING OF PROTEINS
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ATP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE–NUCLEOTIDE WITH 2 EXTRA PHOSPHATE GROUPS (HIGH ENERGY)
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ENERGY FOR LIFE PROCESSES
AS CHEMICAL BONDS ARE MADE AND BROKEN ENERGY IS EITHER STORED OR RELEASED
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ENERGY CONT.
EX. WATER FREEZES–EXERGONIC
EX. ICE MELTS–ENDERGONIC
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ENERGY CONT.
ACTIVATION ENERGY–ENERGY NEEDED TO START A RXN
–“CHEMICAL PUSH”
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ENERGY CONT.
ENZYMES–CATALYSTS THAT LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY
–WITHOUT THEM, RXNS WOULD NOT HAPPEN FAST ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE
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Reaction pathway without enzyme
Reaction pathway with enzyme
reactants
products
Activation energy needed without an enzyme
Activation energy needed with an enzyme
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ENERGY CONT.
EX. CARBONIC ANHYDRASE–WITHOUT IT THE BLOOD COULD NOT QUICKLY CARRY AWAY THE CO2 PRODUCED BY CELLS
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ENERGY CONT.
ENZYME SPECIFICITY–ENZYMES ACT ON ONE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCESUBSTRATEEX. AMYLASE - STARCHEX. CATALASE - PEROXIDE
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ENERGY CONT.
ENZYMES/SUBSTRATES HAVE LOCK AND KEY FIT
ENZYMES HAVE ACTIVE SITES WHERE THE SUBSTRATE BONDS
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ENERGY CONT.
AT THE ACTIVE SITE, THE SUBSTRATE IS TRANSFORMED INTO NEW PRODUCTS
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ENERGY CONT.
IF THE ACTIVE SITE IS CHANGED:–SUBSTRATE DOES NOT FIT
–REACTION DOES NOT HAPPEN
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ENERGY CONT.
WHAT CHANGES THE ACTIVE SITE?–DENATURATION
HEAT, pHWHY THEN WOULD A FEVER OF 105 BE FATAL?
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WRAP UP
WHAT THEME IS STRESSED MOST IN THIS CHAPTER?–HOMOESTASIS –ENERGY