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What is Management?

yProcess of reaching organizational goals by workingwith and through people and other resources.

y Art of getting things done through and with people in

formally organized groups.

y It is a process of continuous activities in the

organization.

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What is Organization?

A group of people working together for a common

purpose.

An entity where two or more persons work together to

achieve common goals.

Eg: College, Hospital, Company, Police

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In every organization there must be some people.

They work jointly to reach the goals which are already

set.

If there are no goals, there is no organization.

To achieve goals, we need some methods to work

effectively.

These methods are calledManagement.

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Importance of Management

Any activity with great hopes has to be Managed

carefully.

Helps every organization to reach its goals.

Management is needed everywhere. Eg:Society,

Industry, College

We need future Managers.

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Who is MANAGER ?

An organization member who works with and through

other people to achieve results is a Manager.

Manager coordinates work of his workers and superiors

to achieve goals.

A Managers role cannot be clearly defined.

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Management is Science or Art?

Science: Organized body of knowledge. Perfectly

explains the cause and effect relationship of a

function. Same for all persons.

Art: Changes from person to person. In Arts a

person can show creativity, can get perfection through

practice.

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Management is seen as an art. It is the ability of a

manager who solves the organizations problems.

Abilities change from manager to manager. A

manager can improve his knowledge, skills etc.

Management is also seen as Science because -

few universally accepted principles, cause and

effect relationship etc.

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Management is both an art and a science.

Management combines features of both science

as well as art.

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Functions ofMANAGEMENT

1. Planning

2. Organizing

3. Leading

4. Controlling.

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PLANNING

Planning refers to selecting what tasks must be performed

and when they must be performed to achieve goals.

Goals are set by managers according to what organization

wants to achieve.

Managers should have specific plans to achieve their goals.

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ORGANIZING Organizing is the process of deciding who will perform what

tasks, where decisions will be made, who reports to whom and

how different parts of the organization will coordinate their

activities to pursue common goals.

Selected tasks are assigned (given) to various persons or

groups. (Delegation)

Organizing creates a structure to carry out the activities of the

organization. That means putting plans into action using

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LEADINGLEADING

Leading includes Motivation, Communication and

Directing.

Leading is the process of motivating, influencing and

directing employees in the organizations to work

productively to reach organizational goals.

An important aspect of leading is developing

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CONTROLLINGCONTROLLING

Controlling is the process of monitoringperformance against goals, intervening when goals

are not achieved and taking corrective action.

In controlling, managers collect information, make

their comparison, and try to find new methods to

improve performance in the organization.

Controlling is an ongoing process.

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These four basic management functions are interrelated. The

implementation of one function will affect the functioning of

the other functions.

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OrganizationalResources

Human Resources: The people who work in the organization.

Raw Materials: Ingredients used directly in the manufacturing of products.

Machines: machines or equipments used during the manufacturing process.

Money (Capital): the amounts of money that managers bring in to the business.

The role of manager is to best use the organizational resources to

develop the organization.

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EffectivenessEffectivenessandand EfficiencyEfficiency As managers use their resources, they strive to be both effective and

efficient.

Managerial effectiveness refers to managements ability of meeting

organizational goals through using organizational resources. If organizations

are using their resources to attain their goals, the managers are said to be

effective.

Managerial efficiency is the achievement of the organizational goals with

the least amount of resources. Efficiency is the relation of input used toachieve some level of output.

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Managerial LevelsManagerial Levels

The management of a large organization can be divided in to

1. Top-level management,

2. Middle level management and

3. Lower level management.

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Top Level

Middle level Management

Lower Level Management

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Managerial LevelsManagerial Levels1. Top Management:

T

op level Managers are responsible for the overall performance of the organization. They require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills.

They have to be very aware of external factors in the market.

Also, their decisions are generally of a long-term nature and they are responsible

for strategic decisions.

2. Middle Management:

These are functional Managers lead a particular function or subunit.

They are responsible for a task, activity, or operation such as accounting,

marketing, sales, production etc.

They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by Top-level

management through lower level Management.

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Managerial LevelsManagerial Levels3. Lower level Management or Front line Management

They are found in the lower level of the management hierarchy..

Frontline managers manage employees working under them.

They are responsible implementing plans made by the Top and Middle

management.

These managers' decisions are generally short-term ones and supervising day to

day operations.

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Top Level

Middle level Management

Lower Level Management

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Managerial SkillsManagerial Skills

1. Conceptual Skills:

The ability to see the big picture . To look into future.

Understand how the various parts of the organization affect each other,

and conceptualize how those parts can be organized to improve the

performance of the overall organization.

Conceptual skills are the foundation for good management..

Managers at all levels require Conceptual skills, but for top

management, more required.

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2. Human Skills:

Ability to communicate, persuade, manage conflict,

motivate etc.

Human skills are equally important at all levels of

management.

If managers do not have human skills, they cannot

manage employees.

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3. Technical Skills:

Ability to identify the problem and solve it.

Knowledge and expertise in doing the work.

The general rule is that technical skills are more

important for frontline managers (Lower Management)

than for senior managers (Top Management).

Lower managers work directly with technical staff.

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