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ChaptersChapters.

1 Bags Packed p. 03

2 Taking Off p. 25

3 Inside the Plane p. 44

4 Immigration p. 64

5 Baggage Claim p. 81

6 Leaving the Airport p. 100

7 Check-in p. 119

8 Security Check p. 140

9 Boarding Area p. 155

10 Grammar Guide p. 172

Arquivo Interativo. Interações no menu ao lado, topo e base das páginas, e nas indicações do Grammar Guide no f inal de cada lesson.

1Bags Packed.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities

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[At the Orlando Airport lobby]James:You’re about to go on your f irst international trip! Well, it might not be your f irst international trip, but you still get the same butterf lies in your stomach every time you think about the journey from your home country to your f inal destination. Before leaving, there are so many things that you need to f igure out!

Not only do you need to know how to pack properly, you need to know your way around the airport, and you need to know some of the questions that the immigration off icers might ask you. And let me tell you, this could take up a lot of your valuable time. Let me save you some time! In this series, we will go through every step of the process! From departure to arrival at your f inal destination, and all the way back home. I’ll share some cool tips with you along the way!

[At home]James:But f irst things f irst. Getting ready for your trip begins in your home country. You might be traveling for different purposes, maybe to see some galleries, or to visit some theme parks, or to go shopping, or maybe you want to do it all! No matter what the purpose of your trip is, it’s important to remember that airlines have baggage-allowance policies. That’s going to be something you want to consider while you’re packing, because even if shopping isn’t the main purpose of your trip, you’re going to buy some souvenirs along the way, and you need to save some room for them.

BAGS PACKED

Traveling can be a lot of fun, but it’s important that we get ready for it properly. Knowing the rules is the best way to avoid problems that can make you lose some valuable time.

In this f irst chapter, we’ll give you some nice tips to help you make the most out of your trip. You’ll learn all about packing and getting ready for an international f light.

Take a look at the script of Bags Packed.

Part 1.

Video Script



Here’s the thing: in most international trips, you’ll be allowed two checked bags weighing 23 kilos or 50 pounds each. I said: 23 kilos or 50 pounds each. If you bring one bag weighing 25 kilos, you will be charged an excess-baggage fee. And I promise you it can be very expensive. For every country that you visit, it is important to remember that there’ll be prohibited and restricted items. A useful tip is to always google the name of the country you’re visiting and the keywords “restricted” and “customs.”

Here’s a piece of advice: if you’re coming to the U.S., it’s best not to bring any fruits or vegetables. And you might think, “But it’s just an apple! I just have it because I’m hungry.” I totally understand that. But just an apple can land you in a specif ic inspection. So, it’s best not to bring any.

Now, let’s talk about alcoholic beverages. Remember: you can bring alcohol into the U.S., like a bottle of wine for your friend. But the U.S. does have some restrictions concerning the amount of wine you can bring to your friend. Also, some alcoholic beverages are prohibited in the U.S., like absinthe. Those items are illegal and cannot be brought into the country. Just leave them at home.

Did you know that the medication that you use for your health condition could be prohibited or restricted in the U.S.? Play it safe and always use these tips: f irst, when you’re traveling abroad, make sure you keep your medication in your personal bag, preferably in the original container. And second, make sure that you always have a doctor’s prescription written in English as well.

Let’s talk about money. The f irst thing you should do is check the sum you’re allowed to take with you when you’re traveling overseas. This way, you won’t have any issues when departing. Now, when entering the U.S., there is no cash limit to how much you can bring. Unless it exceeds 10 thousand dollars, which you might have to declare.Lastly, it’s important to make sure that your credit card company knows that you’re traveling abroad. That way, as you’re making purchases, your card won’t get declined, and you can enjoy your vacation.

[Leaving to the airport]James:It looks like we’re all set and we’re ready to go to the airport!



MALAS PRONTAS

[No saguão do aeroporto de Orlando]James:Você está prestes a embarcar na sua primeira viagem internacional! Bem, talvez não seja sua primeira viagem internacional, mas você ainda sente um frio na barriga toda vez que pensa no trajeto do seu país até o seu destino f inal. Antes de viajar, tem muitas coisas que você precisa saber!

Você tem que saber não apenas arrumar a sua mala, mas também como se locomover pelo aeroporto e algumas das perguntas que os agentes de imigração podem te fazer. E é o seguinte, isso pode consumir muito do seu valioso tempo! Vou poupar um pouco do seu tempo! Nesta série, vamos passar por cada passo desse processo! Do embarque à chegada ao seu destino f inal, até o seu retorno para casa! Vou compartilhar umas dicas bem legais ao longo do caminho!

[Em casa]James:Mas vamos começar do começo. Arrumar tudo para sua viagem começa no seu país. Você pode estar viajando com objetivos diferentes, seja para visitar galerias de arte, ou parques temáticos, ou até para fazer compras! Bem, talvez você queira fazer tudo isso! Não importa qual seja o propósito da sua viagem: é importante lembrar que todas as companhias aéreas têm regras quanto à franquia de bagagem. Isso é algo para se considerar quando você está arrumando as malas, porque mesmo que fazer compras não seja o principal objetivo da sua viagem, você vai querer comprar algumas lembrancinhas pelo caminho. E você precisa ter um espaço para elas.

A questão é: na maioria das viagens internacionais, você só tem permissão para levar até duas malas pesando 23 quilos ou 50 libras cada. Eu disse: 23 quilos ou 50 libras cada. Se você levar uma mala pesando 25 quilos, você será cobrado por excesso de bagagem. E eu garanto que pode ser bem caro.

Em cada país que você visitar, é importante lembrar que haverá itens proibidos ou restritos. Uma dica útil é sempre pesquisar no Google o país que você vai visitar seguido das palavras-chave “restrito” e “alfândega”.

Aqui vai um conselho: se você está viajando para os EUA, é melhor não trazer frutas ou verduras e legumes. E você deve estar pensando: “Mas é só uma maçã! Eu só trouxe porque estou com fome!” Eu entendo isso


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perfeitamente. Mas uma simples maçã pode fazer com que você passe por uma inspeção mais específ ica. Então, é melhor não trazer nenhuma.

Agora vamos falar de bebidas alcoólicas. Lembre-se de que você pode trazer bebidas alcoólicas para os EUA, como uma garrafa de vinho para um amigo. Mas os EUA também têm restrições quanto ao número de garrafas que você pode trazer. Além disso, nos EUA algumas bebidas são proibidas, como o absinto. Esses itens são ilegais, e não podem ser trazidos para o país. Então, deixe-os em casa.

Você sabia que os medicamentos que você usa para seus problemas de saúde podem ser proibidos ou restritos nos EUA? Não se arrisque e use as seguintes dicas: primeiro, certif ique-se de que, ao viajar para o exterior, seus medicamentos estejam na bagagem de mão, de preferência em suas embalagens originais. Em segundo lugar, não se esqueça de levar uma receita médica escrita em inglês.

Vamos falar sobre dinheiro. A primeira coisa que você deve fazer é checar qual o valor que você pode levar quando estiver viajando para o exterior. Dessa forma, você não terá nenhum problema quando embarcar. Agora, quando você entrar nos EUA, não há um limite de quanto dinheiro em espécie você pode trazer, a não ser que ele exceda 10 mil dólares; neste caso, talvez você tenha que declarar essa quantia.

E, por último, é importante garantir que a operadora do seu cartão de crédito saiba que você está em uma viagem internacional. Dessa forma, ao fazer compras, nenhum pagamento será recusado, e você poderá aproveitar suas férias.

[Saindo para o aeroporto]James:Acho que está tudo certo, estamos prontos para ir ao aeroporto!

Video Script VocabularyChapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities


When we go on a trip, there are many things we need to set up before taking off. The f irst things we must do are:

GETTING READY TO TRAVEL

To go to the airportIr ao aeroporto

To boardEmbarcar

To packArrumar as malas

To check inFazer o check-in

VocabularyPart 2.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabularyVideo Script


Checked baggageBagagem despachada

TYPES OF LUGGAGE

Personal itemItem pessoal

Carry-on luggageBagagem de mão

Let’s focus on the f irst step. There are some types of luggage you can bring on an international f light:

Your personal item can be:

TYPES OF PERSONAL ITEMS

BackpackMochila

PurseBolsa feminina



It’s also important to keep in mind that, on international f lights, some rules must be followed. Concerning your luggage, remember that:

On international flights, you are usually allowed to check in two medium-size bags weighing 23 kg each.

Em voos internacionais, você geralmente pode despachar duas malas médias de 23 kg cada.

Carry-on luggage must weigh around 5 to 10 kg, depending on the airline.

As bagagens de mão devem pesar entre 5 e 10 kg, dependendo da companhia aérea.

Carry-on luggage must fit in the overhead compartments or under the seats.

As bagagens de mão devem caber no compartimento superior ou embaixo dos assentos.

And we should pay attention to the fact that some items may be restricted, that is, there’s a limited amount that you can bring, and others may be prohibited. Restricted and prohibited items vary from one country to another. So, it’s important to pay attention to the following items and check if any restrictions apply before you leave.

COMMONLY RESTRICTED OR PROHIBITED ITEMS

Alcoholic beveragesBebidas alcoólicas

MedicationMedicamentos



WeaponsArmas

Fresh foodAlimentos in natura

Considering medication and alcoholic beverages, follow these pieces of advice:

You should have a prescription in English for your medication. Você deve ter uma receita médica em inglês para os seus medicamentos.

You mustn’t enter the U.S. with liquor that is more than 70% alcohol content. Você não pode entrar nos Estados Unidos com bebidas de teor alcoólico superior a 70%.

There is also a limit on how much alcohol you can bring into the U.S. The allowance is limited to 5 liters per person. But when traveling abroad, you may come across some different units of measurement, especially in the U.S. So, learn that:

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

1 pound (lb.) = 0.45 kilograms1 libra = 0,45 quilogramaslb. 1 ounce (oz.) = 28 grams

1 onça = 28 gramasoz.

1 gallon = 3.78 liters1 galão = 3,78 litrosgal.



Most processed foods that are unopened and commercially labeled are admissible.

A maioria dos alimentos industrializados que não tenham sido abertos e tenham rótulo do fabricante são permitidos.

As for food, learn that:

You may take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S., as long as they are unopened and commercially labeled.

Você pode levar produtos de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos, desde que eles estejam fechados e com rótulo do fabricante.

As a general rule, condiments, vinegars, oils, packaged spices, honey, coffee, fish, tea, and baby formula are admissible.

Em geral, condimentos, vinagres, óleos e azeites, temperos embalados, mel, café, peixe, chá e leite em pó para bebês são permitidos.

Foods in packaging that appears unsafe or contaminated may be refused entry.

Alimentos em embalagens que aparentem não ser seguras ou estar contaminadas podem ser barrados.

You mustn’t bring any weapons or sharp objects that can be used as weapons in your carry-on luggage.

Você não pode levar nenhuma arma ou objetos afiados e/ou pontiagudos que possam ser usados como armas na sua bagagem de mão.

Regarding weapons or sharp objects, keep in mind that:



Among the sharp objects above are:

SHARP OBJECTS

Knife Faca

Razor blade Lâmina de barbear

We should also pay attention to money. You can take any sum of money into the U.S., but anything over 10 thousand dollars in cash should be declared.

You can take money in different ways:

MONEY

CashEspécie / Dinheiro vivo

Credit or debit cardCartão de crédito ou débito

Traveler’s checkCheque de viagem

Scissors Tesoura

Needle Agulha

Penknife Canivete



Besides that, mind some rules concerning liquids in your carry-on:

Liquids are only allowed in the carry-on luggage in 100-ml containers.

Líquidos só são permitidos na bagagem de mão em embalagens de até 100 ml.

Keep the liquids in 100-ml containers in a clear bag for the security check.

Guarde os líquidos em embalagens de 100 ml numa bolsa transparente para a revista de segurança.

Liquids include any of the following:

LIQUIDS

As for electronics, don’t forget that:

Electronics should be taken in the carry-on luggage.Equipamentos eletrônicos devem ser levados

na bagagem de mão.

Water Água

Mouthwash Enxaguante bucal

Perfume Perfume

Deodorant Desodorante


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ITEMS IN THE CARRY-ON LUGGAGE

CashEspécie / Dinheiro vivo

Proof of hotel reservationComprovante de reserva no hotel

Credit cardCartão de crédito

Also, when traveling abroad, make sure you keep the following items in your carry-on:

Airplane ticketsPassagens de avião

PassportPassaporte

Now you know how to get ready for your trip, how to pack your bags, as well as the commonly restricted or prohibited items at customs or on international flights.

Vocabulary ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script


A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.

( 1 ) Airline

( 2 ) Backpack

( 3 ) Carry-on luggage

( 4 ) Cash

( 5 ) Checked baggage

( 6 ) Flight

( 7 ) Fresh food

( 8 ) Prescription

( 9 ) Purse

( 10 ) To check in

( 11 ) Weapons

( 12 ) To weigh

( ) Alimentos in natura

( ) Armas

( ) Companhia aérea

( ) Fazer o check-in / despachar mala

( ) Bagagem de mão

( ) Mochila

( ) Bolsa

( ) Pesar

( ) Dinheiro vivo / em espécie

( ) Voo

( ) Receita médica

( ) Bagagem despachada

a) Pack your bags carefully and them before leaving home. Faça suas malas com cuidado e pese-as antes de sair de casa.

b) On international , you can usually two 23-kg bags. Em voos internacionais, você geralmente pode despachar duas malas de 23 quilos.

c) Depending on the airline, the may weigh up to 10 or 15 kg. Dependendo da companhia aérea, a bagagem de mão pode pesar até 10 ou 15 quilos.

d) You should take your doctor’s in English. Você deve levar sua receita médica em inglês.

e) You mustn’t bring sharp objects that can be used as in your carry-on. Vocênãopodelevarobjetosafiadose/oupontiagudosquepossamser usados como armas na sua bagagem de mão.

f) Electronics and laptop computers should be taken in the carry-on luggage, in your or . Equipamentos eletrônicos e computadores portáteis devem ser levados na bagagem de mão, na sua bolsa ou mochila.

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Part 3.

ActivitiesVocabulary

Vocabulary Activities GrammarChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script


After learning how to pack your bags properly, let’s focus on some language items that can be quite practical when referring to the context of getting ready to go on a trip. In this section, we’ll talk about the infinitive form and some modal verbs that are commonly used in everyday English.

Let’s start with the infinitive form. It consists of the verb in its natural form, without conjugation. In English, verbs in the infinitive are accompanied by the particle to.

Look at the following examples:

(1) (2)

I have to go to the airport.Eu tenho que ir para o aeroporto.

to (1) – inf initive particleto (2) – preposition indicating direction

It’s important to pay attention to the fact that to can be either a preposition indicating direction, or the particle that designates the infinitive form.

Look at the example:

To travelViajar

To doFazer

To goIr

Let’s see other sentences with the infinitive form:

I need to pack my bags tonight.Eu preciso arrumar minhas malas hoje à noite.

I have to check in at 7 p.m.Eu tenho que fazer o check-in às 7 da noite.

Part 4.

Grammar

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script


PROHIBITIONYou are forbidden to carry sharp objects in your carry-on luggage.

Você está proibido de levar objetos afiados e/ou pontiagudos na sua bagagem de mão.

As we’ve seen in the examples, the verbs have and need are usually followed by the infinitive form when used to talk about things that are required or necessary.

But there are other structures that also take the infinitive form. To talk about something that is permitted, we use the expression be allowed + infinitive.

BE ALLOWED + INFINITIVE

PERMISSIONOn international flights, you are allowed to check in two medium-size bags.

Em voos internacionais, você tem permissão para despachar duas malas de tamanho médio.

In your carry-on luggage, you are only allowed to carry liquids in 100-ml containers.Na sua bagagem de mão, você só tem permissão para carregar líquidos em

embalagens de 100 ml.

To express a prohibition, we can use be allowed + infinitive in the negative form:

BE NOT ALLOWED + INFINITIVE

LACK OF PERMISSIONYou are not allowed to carry sharp objects in your carry-on luggage.

Você não tem permissão para levar objetos afiados e/ou pontiagudos na sua bagagem de mão.

Or we can use the structure be forbidden + infinitive.

BE FORBIDDEN + INFINITIVE



POSSIBILITY AND PERMISSIONPossibilidade e permissão

You can take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S.Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.

You may take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S.Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.

Summing up, we can use the following expressions followed by verbs in the infinitive:

Another way to express obligation, necessity, permission, or prohibition is to use the modal verbs.

Modal verbs are followed by the bare infinitive, that is, the infinitive form without the particle to.

To talk about possibility, we use the modal verb can. And to talk about permission, we can use the modal verb may.

Sometimes, depending on the context, can and may will be close in meaning. If something is possible, it can also be considered permitted. That’s the case in the following examples:

MODAL VERBS CAN AND MAY

YOU HAVE + INFINITIVE Used to express necessity or obligation Usado para expressar necessidade ou obrigação

YOU NEED + INFINITIVE Used to express necessity Usado para expressar necessidade

YOU ARE ALLOWED + INFINITIVE Used to express permission Usado para expressar permissão

YOU ARE FORBIDDEN + INFINITIVE Used to express prohibition Usado para expressar proibição



To express the opposite, that is, to say that something is not possible, or not allowed, or not permitted, we’ll use the same modal verbs, but in the negative form.

There is still another modal verb that emphasizes the idea that something is forbidden: The modal verb must, which will also be used in its negative form.

Have a look at some examples:

MODAL VERBS CANNOT, MAY NOT, MUST NOT

However, in most cases, the structure You can… conveys an idea of possibility: it’s possible; whereas the structure You may… emphasizes the idea of permission: it’s allowed.

You can…It’s possible

É possível

You may…It’s allowedÉ permitido

NOT POSSIBLE Não é possível

You cannot bring liquor that is more than 70% alcohol content. Você não pode trazer bebidas alcoólicas que tenham mais de 70% de teor alcoólico.

NOT ALLOWED Não é permitido

You may not carry sharp objects in your carry-on. Você não pode carregar objetos afiados e/ou pontiagudos na sua bagagem de mão.

FORBIDDEN Proibido

You must not bring weapons into the U.S. Você não pode trazer armas para os Estados Unidos.



MODAL VERB MUST

As you can see, the modal verb must in the negative form expresses a prohibition. However, in the aff irmative form, it does not express the opposite meaning, which would be an idea of permission. Differently from what one might conclude, must in the affirmative form conveys, in fact, an obligation.

Look at the examples:

An obligation may sound too emphatic depending on the situation. Therefore, it’s important to mention that, when we want to refer to things that are recommended, we’ll use the modal verb should.

In the negative form, this modal verb conveys the opposite idea, that is, something that is not recommended to be done. Take a look at some examples:

MODAL VERB SHOULD

OBLIGATIONObrigação

Your carry-on luggage must weigh up to 10 kg.Sua bagagem de mão tem que pesar até 10 kg.

Your carry-on luggage must fit in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.Sua bagagem de mão tem que caber no compartimento superior ou abaixo do assento à sua frente.

RECOMMENDATIONRecomendação

Electronics should be taken in your carry-on luggage.Equipamentos eletrônicos devem ser levados na sua bagagem de mão.

You should have a prescription in English for your medication.Você deve ter uma receita médica em inglês para os seus medicamentos.

To avoid problems, you should not take fruits and vegetables to the U.S.Para evitar problemas, você não deve levar frutas e legumes e verduras

para os Estados Unidos.




So now you know how to recognize verbs in the infinitive form, as well as how to talk about permission, possibility, prohibition, and

recommendations using the modal verbs can, may, must, and should.If you want to learn more about these topics, check the Grammar Guide

at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Infinitive Form Page 173 wModal Verb Can Page 188 wModal Verb Should Page 199 wModal Verb May Page 194 wModal Verb Must Page 197 w

Grammar ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script


Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Number the columns according to the idea conveyed by the modal verbs.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verb.

( 1 ) Possible or permitted

( 2 ) Not possible, not allowed, forbidden

( 3 ) Obligation

( 4 ) Recommended

( 5 ) Not recommended

( 6 ) Prohibition

( ) can

( ) cannot

( ) may

( ) may not

( ) must

( ) must not

( ) should

( ) should not

a) You take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S. Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.

b) Your carry-on luggage weigh up to 10 kg. Sua bagagem de mão tem que pesar até 10 kg.

c) To avoid problems, you take fruits and vegetables to the U.S. Para evitar problemas, você não deve levar frutas e legumes e verduras para os Estados Unidos.

d) You carry sharp objects in your carry-on. Você não podecarregarobjetosafiadose/oupontiagudosnasuabagagemdemão.

e) You take a prescription in English for your medication. Você deve levar uma receita médica em inglês para os seus medicamentos.

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Chapter 1 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities

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Notes

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f) Your carry-on luggage fit in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you. Sua bagagem de mão tem que caber no compartimento superior ou abaixo do assento à sua frente.

g) You bring liquor that is more than 70% alcohol content. Você não pode trazer bebidas alcoólicas que tenham mais de 70% de teor alcoólico.

h) Electronics be taken in your carry-on luggage. Equipamentos eletrônicos devem ser levados na sua bagagem de mão.

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2Taking Off.



[At the airport check-in area]James:You’ve got to the airport, checked your bags, went through local customs and immigration, probably had something to eat, and waited at the boarding gate for a while until you got on a plane. Well, you were in your home country, and you did it all in your mother tongue. So, even if this is your f irst international trip and the steps and procedures are new to you, being able to speak your native tongue in your own country makes it all simple.

It was just when you were on the airplane that you probably started hearing and speaking English. When you are off to an international destination, it’s very likely that most in-f light announcements will be made in both languages, English and your mother tongue. But, depending on the airline company, there’s a chance you’ll hear them only in English. Besides, if you’re visiting the U.S. and you have a domestic connecting f light before you reach your f inal destination, chances are you won’t be hearing anything but English.

But don’t panic! The good thing about in-f light announcements is that they follow the same pattern, no matter the airline company. And I have someone with me who’ll give us all the tips we need! I’m here today with Tom Donoya, an experienced f light attendant. He’s going to share a little bit of information with us with regard to the in-f light experience during an international f light.

TAKING OFF

On international f lights departing from your home country, announcements are usually made in both your native language and in English. But what if you are connecting in the U.K. or in the U.S, for example? Well, in this case, English will be your only option.

In this chapter, Tom, an experienced f light attendant, will give us important information on what passengers should expect when they are on an international f light, from the moment they board the plane until they disembark. And, of course, you will learn some useful words and expressions as well. Now fasten your seat belt and take a look at the script of Taking Off.

Part 1.

Video Script



[Interview]James:How are you doing today, Tom?

Tom:I’m good, thanks. How are you today?

James:I’m doing great, thanks for asking!

Tom:Good!

James:So, what are some of the things that passengers will experience when they f irst board the plane?

Tom:Once they’ve boarded the plane, they’ll be greeted by one or more f light attendants, they’ll be saying “good morning” or ”good afternoon,” and as they’re boarding, they’ll see the overhead bins, they’ll see the seat numbers, they’ll be looking at their boarding pass, so they know exactly where they’ll be seated. So, there are a few things to expect. Also, they must keep in mind that the f light attendants are looking for safety things, such as, “what items are they bringing on the plane?” “Could they be a potential threat?” etc.

Once the cabin f ills up a little bit, usually about f ive or six minutes into the boarding process, one of the f light attendants will be announcing from the intercom, either from the rear of the cabin or from the front, and they’ll be saying:

[On the airplane]Flight Attendant:Good morning! And welcome on board! This is flight number 1234 with direct service to Orlando, Florida. Please assist us in departing on time by stepping out of the aisle once you have located your assigned seat. If you look at your boarding pass, it’ll show where you’ll be joining us today.

Please place your bags longways in the overhead bin, or place your smaller personal items, such as backpacks, computer bags, and purses, completely underneath the seat in front of you.

Please take a look at the safety information card in the seat-back pocket for a list of exit-row requirements. If you do not feel comfortable operating the exit row, please contact a flight attendant for reseating, and, once again, welcome aboard! This is flight number 1234 with service to Orlando, Florida.



DECOLANDO

[Na área de check-in do aeroporto]James:Você chegou ao aeroporto, despachou as suas malas, passou pela alfândega e imigração locais, provavelmente comeu alguma coisa, e esperou no portão de embarque por um tempo até embarcar. Bem, você estava no seu país de origem, e fez tudo isso no seu idioma nativo. Logo, mesmo que esta seja sua primeira viagem internacional e os passos e procedimentos sejam novidade para você, poder falar no seu idioma nativo, no seu país de origem, torna tudo isso mais simples.

Somente quando você estava no avião, que você provavelmente começou a ouvir e falar em inglês. Quando você está indo para um destino internacional, é muito provável que a maioria dos anúncios feitos durante o voo sejam feitos em ambas as línguas, inglês e seu idioma nativo. Mas, dependendo da companhia aérea, existe a possibilidade de ouvi-los só em inglês. Além do mais, se você está visitando os Estados Unidos e você tem uma conexão doméstica antes de chegar ao seu destino f inal, é bem provável que você só ouça inglês.

Mas não entre em pânico! O bom desses anúncios de bordo é que eles seguem o mesmo padrão, independente da companhia aérea. E aqui comigo está alguém com todas as dicas de que precisamos! Estou aqui com Tom Donoya, um comissário de bordo experiente. Ele vai compartilhar algumas informações conosco sobre experiências a bordo de um voo internacional.

[Entrevista]James:Como vai você, Tom?

Tom:Estou bem, obrigado. E você?

James:Estou ótimo, obrigado por perguntar!

Tom:Que bom!

James:Então, o que acontece com os passageiros assim que eles embarcam no avião?



Tom:Quando embarcarem, serão cumprimentados por um ou mais comissários com um “bom-dia” ou “boa-tarde”, e durante o embarque eles verão os compartimentos superiores, os números de assento, e olharão para seus cartões de embarque para saber exatamente onde vão se sentar. Então, essas são algumas coisas que se pode esperar. Eles devem saber que os comissários vão observar tudo para garantir a segurança, como quais itens você está levando, se podem ser uma ameaça em potencial etc.

Assim que a cabine encher um pouco, e isso geralmente acontece uns cinco a seis minutos depois do início do embarque, um dos comissários de bordo irá anunciar pelo alto-falante, tanto da parte de trás quanto da frente da cabine:

[No avião]Comissário de bordo:Bom-dia! Bem-vindos a bordo! Este é o voo número 1234, com destino a Orlando, Flórida. Por gentileza, nos ajudem a decolar dentro do horário, liberando o corredor assim que tenham localizado seus assentos designados. Se olharem seus cartões de embarque, verão os números dos seus assentos.

Por favor, acomodem as bagagens de mão nos compartimentos acima de seus assentos, ou coloquem seus itens pessoais menores, como mochilas, computadores ou bolsas, completamente abaixo do assento à sua frente.

Por gentileza, leiam o cartão com instruções de segurança localizado no bolso da poltrona à sua frente para saber os requisitos necessários para se sentar na saída de emergência. Se você não se sente apto para operá-la, por favor chame um comissário de bordo para ser realocado, e, novamente, sejam bem-vindos a bordo! Este é o voo número 1234 com destino a Orlando, Flórida.



You’ve arrived at the airport, checked your bags, and boarded the aircraft. A few steps mark this part of your journey. Take a look at them:

STEPS WHEN TRAVELING BY PLANE

Boarding Embarque

Departure Partida

Taxiing Taxiamento

Takeoff Decolagem

Cruise Cruzeiro

Landing Pouso/Aterrissagem

Before walking the jetway onto the airplane, you will need two things:

IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

Boarding passCartão de embarque

PassportPassaporte

VocabularyPart 2.



FLIGHT CREW

CaptainComandante

Flight attendantsComissários de bordo

Co-pilotCopiloto

These are the people working on your f light. They are the f light crew or aircrew:

These are words you need to know in order to fully understand the safety procedures.

KEYWORDS RELATED TO SAFETY PROCEDURES

Cabin chiefChefe de cabine

Overhead compartment/binCompartimento de bagagem

SeatAssento

Seat beltCinto de segurança

Seat pocketBolsão do assento

Tray tableBandeja

Life vestColete salva-vidas

LavatoryBanheiro



Most seats are distributed in trios. There’ll be three types of seats.

TYPES OF SEATS

AisleCorredor

MiddleMeio

WindowJanela

There will be letters assigned to each seat. You can see which one is yours above your row. Take a look:

It’s time for the announcements now. The cabin chief is the head of the f light attendants, and here are some sentences you may hear in the introduction.

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Skyline Cruise flight 123 to San Francisco. My name is

Stacy and I’m your cabin chief.Senhoras e senhores, bem-vindos ao voo 123 da Skyline Cruise para São Francisco. Meu nome é

Stacy, e eu sou a sua chefe de cabine.



You must remember that f light attendants are responsible for on-board safety, so it’s important to keep the way clear inside the aircraft. That’s why you’ll hear the following instructions:

At this moment, the f light attendants will inform the takeoff procedures.

Make sure your seat backs and tray tables are in full upright position.

Certif ique-se de que o seu assento e a bandeja à sua frente estejam na posição vertical.

Your personal belongings must be kept in the seat pocket in front of you.

Seus pertences devem ser guardados dentro do bolsão do assento à sua frente.

Ladies and gentlemen, we’re preparing for takeoff. Keep your seat belt fastened while

the “fasten seat belt” sign is on.Senhoras e senhores, estamos nos preparando para a

decolagem. Mantenham o cinto de segurança afivelado enquanto os avisos de fechar os cintos estiverem acesos.

Please, stow your hand luggage in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.

Por favor, coloque a sua bagagem de mão no compartimento superior ou embaixo do assento à sua frente.


So now you know the keywords and sentences related to boarding and takeoff procedures, as well as in-flight announcements and security procedures.

< voltar para o índice34

While the aircraft taxies toward the runway, the f light attendants explain the safety procedures, and this is extremely important. Let’s take a look at this announcement:

This is the procedure in case of pressure loss in the cabin.

This is the procedure in case of an emergency landing:

And then you will certainly hear this:

There are six emergency exits on this aircraft. Take a minute to locate the exit nearest to you.

Há seis saídas de emergência nesta aeronave. Reserve um instante para localizar a saída mais próxima de você.

In case of emergency landing, life rafts and life vests are located below your seats.

Em caso de pouso de emergência, botes e coletes salva-vidas estão localizados abaixo do seu assento.

Oxygen masks will drop down from above your seat. Place the mask over your mouth and nose and pull the strap to tighten it.

Make sure that your own mask is on before helping others. Máscaras de oxigênio cairão do compartimento acima do seu assento.

Ajuste a sua máscara antes de ajudar os outros.

This is a non-smoking flight. All lavatories are equipped with smoke detectors. Disabling, destroying, or tampering

with them is prohibited by law.É proibido fumar a bordo. Todos os lavatórios são equipados com detectores de fumaça. Desativar, destruir ou alterar os

detectores é proibido por lei.




B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.

( 1 ) Boarding

( 2 ) Departure

( 3 ) Takeoff

( 4 ) Landing

( 5 ) Boarding pass

( 6 ) Flight crew

( 7 ) Overhead compartment

( 8 ) Seat

( 9 ) Cabin chief

( 10 ) Seat belt

( 11 ) Flight attendants

( 12 ) Life vest

( ) Comissários de bordo

( ) Cartão de embarque

( ) Colete salva-vidas

( ) Compartimento de bagagem

( ) Chefe de cabine

( ) Embarque

( ) Partida

( ) Tripulação

( ) Cinto de segurança

( ) Pouso/Aterrissagem

( ) Assento

( ) Decolagem

a) Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Skyline Cruise flight 123 to San Francisco. My name is Stacy and I’m your . Senhoras e senhores, bem-vindos ao voo 123 da Skyline Cruise para São Francisco. Meu nome é Stacy, e eu sou a sua chefe de cabine.

b) Please, stow your hand luggage in the or under the seat in front on you. Por favor, coloque a sua bagagem de mão no compartimento superior ou embaixo do assento à sua frente.

c) Ladies and gentlemen, we’re preparing for . Senhoras e senhores, estamos nos preparando para a decolagem.

d) Keep your fastened while the “fasten seat belt” sign is on. Mantenham o cinto de segurança afiveladoenquantoosavisosdefecharos cintos estejam acesos.

e) Make sure your backs and tray tables are in full upright position. Certifique-sedequeoseuassento e a bandeja à sua frente estejam na posição vertical.

f) In case of emergency , life rafts and life vests are located below your seats. Em caso de pouso de emergência, botes e coletes salva-vidas estão localizados abaixo do seu assento.

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s11

/ 5

/ 12

/ 7 /

9 / 1

/

2 / 6

/ 10

/ 4

/ 8 /

3

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

cab

in c

hief

b.

ove

rhea

d co

mpa

rtmen

tc.

take

off

d. s

eat b

elt

e. s

eat

f. la

ndin

g

Part 3.




In the last chapter, we focused on verbs. Now you will learn how to identify other important elements in the sentence. Let’s start with proper nouns.

Proper nouns are names of people, animals, or places. For example: Michael, Mary, Ms. Daisy; or the name of your pet: Bella, Minnie, Lola; or the name of a country, a city, a mountain, a company, etc.

There are two proper nouns in the following sentence, the name of a company and the name of a city. Notice that proper nouns are always capitalized:

The flight attendant O comissário de bordo / A comissária de bordo

Common Nouns are used to designate general things, ideas, people, or animals, like “lawyer” (advogado), “bus driver” (motorista de ônibus), “bear” (urso), “intelligence” (inteligência), or “love” (amor). Let’s look at an example:

In English, most common nouns have no gender identification. In other languages there are feminine and masculine nouns; in English, however, no matter the gender, the article never changes. And concerning the definite article, the same applies to plural and singular. Take a look at the examples:

The flight attendants Os comissários de bordo / As comissárias de bordo

Skyline Cruise welcomes passengers on flight 123 to San Francisco.A Skyline Cruise dá as boas-vindas aos passageiros do voo 123 para São Francisco.

PROPER NOUNSubstantivo Próprio

Skyline Cruise welcomes passengers on flight 123 to San Francisco.A Skyline Cruise dá as boas-vindas aos passageiros do voo 123 para São Francisco.

COMMON NOUNSubstantivo Comum

Part 4.

Grammar



In some languages, it’s OK to place a definite article before the proper noun. In English, the general rule is not to use articles before proper nouns. Take a look:

Our plane is coming from the United States. Nosso avião está chegando dos Estados Unidos.

There’s an exception to this rule, though; when there is a common noun as part of the proper noun.

General Rule: Articles are not used before proper nouns Regra geral: Não se usa artigo antes de substantivos próprios

Exception: Definite articles are used before proper nouns that have a common noun as part of them.

Exceção: Usam-se os artigos definidos antes de substantivos próprios que contêm um substantivo comum como parte do nome.

For example, we’ll say The United States. It is a proper noun. It’s the name of the country, but it includes a common noun as part of its name: states.

The same goes for The United Kingdom. We use the before it because kingdom is a common noun and part of the proper noun.

Take a look at these sentences:

We are flying to the United Kingdom. Estamos voando para o Reino Unido.

CORRECT: Skyline Cruise welcomes passengers on flight 123 to San Francisco. INCORRECT: The Skyline Cruise welcomes passengers on flight 123 to the San Francisco.

Skyline Cruise dá as boas-vindas aos passageiros do voo 123 para São Francisco. A Skyline Cruise dá as boas-vindas aos passageiros do voo 123 para São Francisco.

PROPER NOUNSubstantivo Próprio

ARTICLE + PROPER NOUNS



As for common nouns, it’s the opposite. In most cases, when the context is specif ic, we’ll use the definite article before the common noun. Let’s see some examples:

Take a minute to locate the exit nearest to you.Reserve um instante para localizar a saída mais perto de você.

Electronic devices must be kept in the seat pocket in front of you. Aparelhos eletrônicos devem ser guardados dentro do

bolsão do assento à sua frente.

In case of emergency landing, life rafts and life vests are located below your seats.


Now look at some examples of situations in which the nouns are not specif ic. In such cases, we will not use the definite article.

In the f irst example, we do not use the definite article before the noun flight because we are talking about a general situation. Everyone knows that smoking is prohibited on airplanes. It’s not specif ic to “the f light you are on,” so we use the indefinite article a instead.

This is a non-smoking flight. É proibido fumar a bordo.

In this next example, you will see that the nouns life rafts and life vests are not defined either. We are talking about these nouns in a general way, so they are not accompanied by the definite article the. And, in this case, they’re not accompanied by the indefinite article either. The indefinite article a is equivalent to the number one (1); therefore, it is NOT used before plural nouns.

Look at the example:



My name is Stacy and I’m your cabin chief.

Meu nome é Stacy e eu sou a sua chefe de cabine.

We can also specify the noun through possessive adjectives. We use them when it’s clear that the noun refers to a specif ic thing that belongs to someone. In this case, we’ll only use the possessive: we do NOT use articles before the possessive adjective.

Check it out:

Keep your seat belt fastened while the “fasten seat belt” sign is on.

Mantenha o seu cinto de segurança afivelado enquanto os avisos de fechar os cintos estiverem acesos.

Here’s a list with the possessive adjectives:

MYmeu, minha, meus, minhas

YOURseu, sua

HISdele

(se referindo a pessoas)

HERdela

(se referindo a pessoas)

ITSdele, dela

(pronome neutro; não se refere a pessoas)

OURnosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

YOURseus, suas, de vocês

THEIRdeles, delas

Possessives make the noun much more specif ic than the article. If you want to ask where your seat is, you should use a possessive adjective. For example:

Where is my seat? Onde f ica o meu assento?



Life rafts and life vests are located below your seat. Botes e coletes salva-vidas estão localizados abaixo do seu assento.

Now take a look at these next examples:

Oxygen masks will drop down from above your seat.Máscaras de oxigênio cairão do compartimento acima do seu assento.

Your personal belongings must be kept in the seat pocket in front of you. Seus pertences deverão ser guardados dentro do bolsão à sua frente.

Take a look at some common prepositions of place we used in the examples:

ABOVEacima

BELOWabaixo

INdentro

IN FRONT OFem frente a

UNDERembaixo

Stow your hand luggage in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.

Coloque sua bagagem de mão no compartimento superior ou embaixo do assento à sua frente.

The answer to this kind of question might require a preposition of place. These prepositions serve to indicate the location of things. Let’s see some examples:



41

If you want to learn more about articles, prepositions of place, nouns, and possessive adjectives, go to the Grammar Guide

section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Definite Article Page 178 wIndefinite Article Page 181 wNouns Page 213 wPossessive Adjectives Page 271 wPrepositions of Place Page 205 w



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Write a, b, c, or d in the parentheses according to the function of the words in bold in the sentences.

B. Fill in the blanks with the definite article (the) or write X when it shouldn’t be used.

( a ) DEFINITE ARTICLE + PROPER NOUN

( b ) DEFINITE ARTICLE + COMMON NOUN

( c ) INDEFINITE ARTICLE + COMMON NOUN

( d ) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE + COMMON NOUN

( ) Keep your seat belt fastened while the “fasten seat belt” sign is on.

( ) Take a minute to locate the exit nearest to you.

( ) Stow your hand luggage in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.

( ) This is a non-smoking f light.

( ) Electronic devices must be kept in the seat pocket in front of you.

( ) Our plane is coming from the United States.

( ) Oxygen masks will drop from above your seat.

( ) We are f lying to the United Kingdom.

( ) Make sure that your own mask is on before helping others.

a) Skyline Cruise welcomes passengers on flight 123 to San Francisco. A Skyline Cruise dá as boas-vindas aos passageiros do voo 123 para São Francisco.

b) We are flying to United States. Estamos voando para os Estados Unidos.

c) Please stow your hand luggage in overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.

Por favor, coloque sua bagagem de mão no compartimento superior ou embaixo do assento à sua frente.

43


< voltar para o índice

Notes

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s

d /

b / d

/ c

/ b /

a / d

/ a

/ d

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

X

b. th

e

c. th

ed.

X

e. X

/ th

e


d) In case of emergency landing, life rafts and life vests are located below your seat.


e) Keep your seat belt fastened while “fasten seat belt” sign is on.

Mantenhamocintodesegurançaafiveladoenquantoosavisosdefecharoscintosestiverem acesos.

3Inside the Plane.



[At the airport]James:OK, so I know you mentioned something about the announcements prior to takeoff. But what is the f irst announcement that we might hear during takeoff?

Tom:Alright, so usually, about f ive to six minutes, sometimes ten minutes, depending on what the weather is like, the f irst announcement you’ll hear is:

[On the airplane] Flight Attendant:Alright, ladies and gentlemen, we have a few safety announcements before our f light. If you look up, you’ll see that the “fasten seat belt” sign is still illuminated. Federal aviation regulations require that all passengers remain seated anytime that this seat belt sign is on. There are lavatories. For the forward lavatory, only one passenger may be waiting for that lavatory at any time. There are changing tables as well.

We’ll be offering food and beverages on this f light as well.

INSIDE THE PLANE

Your plane has f inally taken off. The moment for you to stretch your legs a bit, go to the toilet or just get some nice sleep is now very close. But there are still some important things you should know. Our friend Tom is back. In this chapter, he will tell us what happens during a f light, what kinds of announcements are usually made, and what is the most important thing about f lying.

As the interview with Tom continues, you will be introduced to a few useful words and expressions and have the opportunity to learn some language items that can be used in situations we are all very familiar with. Look at the script of Inside the Plane.

Part 1.

Video Script



[At the airport]Tom:If it’s like a dinnertime type of meal, these are your options: it could be chicken, pasta, or beef; those are typical. We’ll provide a variety of beer, liquor, wine, juices, sodas, and other menu items. You can expect an interval snack period. If it’s breakfast, it’s kind of a smaller menu item, I would say.

[On the airplane]Flight Attendant:Could you please take your seats and fasten your seat belts?

[At the airport]Tom:We have three levels of turbulence: mild, medium, and extreme. Anytime that we hit turbulence, you will see the seat belt sign illuminate.

[On the airplane] Flight Attendant:Ladies and gentlemen, the captain has turned on the “fasten seat belt” sign. If you are up and about through the cabin, we do ask that you please return to your seat as safely and as swiftly as possible.If you have little ones with you, please make sure that they are buckled in their seat as well.

Flight attendants, please be seated.

[At the airport]Tom:It’s really important that people, both passengers and f light attendants, do respect that seat belt sign and respect the captain’s orders.

James:How about when we’re landing? Is there anything that a passenger should know? Are there any other announcements that we might hear from the captain or from the crew?

Tom:Absolutely! We have two different announcements: one is called “Our initial descent,” and the other is called “Our f inal descent.”

[On the airplane] Flight Attendant:Ladies and gentlemen, the captain has turned on the “fasten seat belt” sign, indicating our initial descent into Orlando.



DENTRO DO AVIÃO

[No aeroporto]James:OK, eu sei que você mencionou algo sobre os anúncios antes da decolagem. Mas qual é o primeiro anúncio que provavelmente vamos ouvir durante a decolagem?

Tom:Bem, normalmente após cinco ou seis minutos, às vezes até dez minutos, dependendo de como o tempo estiver, o primeiro anúncio que você vai ouvir é:

Please, assist us in getting the cabin ready for its next f light by checking around your seat, your seat-back pocket, etc. If you have a laptop, we have a few minutes remaining before you have to stow that laptop away. Please, make sure that you are buckled and that your little ones are also fastened in their seat belts.

[At the airport]Tom:And then, for the f inal descent, we do require that all passengers put their tray tables up, seat belts on, luggage or any bags completely underneath the seat in front of them. We do ask that all passengers keep any pets in their carriage case, underneath the seat in front. If it’s an emotional support animal, they can remain on the lap if it’s safe and comfortable for both the passenger and the animal.

James:What is the most important thing for you, as a f light attendant, that a passenger should know?

Tom:Safety! Safety, without question. It is always, always safety. Safety for themselves, safety for us, safety for the entire cabin. Because a f light attendant’s purpose is the safety of the f light.



[No avião]Comissário de bordo:OK, senhoras e senhores, temos alguns anúncios de segurança antes do nosso voo.

Se você olhar para cima, verá que o sinal de afivelar o cinto de segurança continua aceso. O regulamento federal de aviação requer que todos os passageiros permaneçam sentados sempre que o sinal de afivelar os cintos esteja aceso.

Temos lavatórios. Quanto ao lavatório dianteiro, somente uma pessoa por vez pode estar na f ila de espera. Temos também trocadores para bebês.

Também vamos oferecer comidas e bebidas neste voo.

[No aeroporto]Tom:Caso seja uma refeição na hora do jantar, suas opções podem ser frango, massa ou carne; essas são as mais típicas. Serviremos uma variedade de cervejas, destilados, vinhos, sucos e refrigerantes, assim como outros itens do nosso cardápio. Pode haver um lanche entre as refeições. Caso seja o café da manhã, eu diria que o menu é mais reduzido.

[No avião]Comissário de bordo:Por favor, dirijam-se aos seus assentos e apertem os cintos de segurança.

[No aeroporto]Tom:Temos três níveis de turbulência: leve, média e extrema. Toda vez que passarmos por turbulência, você verá o sinal de apertar os cintos acender.

[No avião]Comissário de bordo:Senhoras e senhores, o comandante acendeu o aviso de apertar os cintos. Se você está circulando pela cabine, nós pedimos que retorne ao seu assento da forma mais rápida e segura possível. Se você está com crianças pequenas, por favor, certif ique-se de que elas também estejam com os cintos afivelados.

Comissários de bordo, sentem-se, por gentileza.



[No aeroporto]Tom:É muito importante que as pessoas, tanto passageiros quanto comissários, respeitem o sinal de apertar os cintos e as ordens do comandante.

James:E quando estamos pousando? Há algo que um passageiro deva saber, ou algum outro anúncio que possamos ouvir do comandante ou da tripulação?

Tom:É claro! Temos dois anúncios diferentes: um é chamado de “Início de descida”, e o outro é chamado de “Descida f inal”.

[No avião]Comissário de bordo:Senhoras e senhores, o comandante acendeu o sinal de apertar os cintos, indicando o início do nosso pouso em Orlando.

Por gentileza, ajude-nos a deixar a cabine pronta para nosso próximo voo, verif icando seus assentos e o bolsão à sua frente. Se você possui um laptop, restam alguns minutos antes que você tenha que guardá-lo.

Por favor, certif iquem-se de que seus cintos estejam afivelados, e de que suas crianças também estejam com seus cintos afivelados.

[No aeroporto]Tom:E então, para a descida f inal, nós solicitamos que todos os passageiros coloquem as bandejas na posição original, que apertem os cintos, e que guardem quaisquer bagagens ou sacolas embaixo do assento à frente. Nós pedimos que mantenham seus animais de estimação em suas caixas de transporte, abaixo do assento à frente. Caso seja um animal de apoio emocional, ele poderá permanecer no colo do passageiro, desde que isso seja seguro e cômodo para ambos.

James:Qual é a coisa mais importante para você, como comissário de bordo, que um passageiro deve saber?

Tom:Segurança. Segurança, sem sombra de dúvidas! Se trata sempre, sempre, de segurança. Segurança para eles mesmos, para a tripulação, segurança para toda a cabine. Porque o propósito de um comissário de bordo é garantir a segurança do voo.



So now you are up in the air. The plane is at cruising altitude, and you can f inally go to a lavatory, stretch your legs, or just take a nap. But you can only do any of those things after you hear an announcement like the following:

When f lying with airlines from the U.S., you will most likely hear the captain make the following announcement too:

Ladies and gentlemen, this is the captain speaking. We’re now flying at 35,000 feet.

Senhoras e senhores, aqui é o comandante. Estamos neste momento voando a 35 mil pés de altitude.

Ladies and gentlemen, the captain has turned off the “fasten seat belt” sign, and you may now move around the cabin. However, we recommend you

keep your seat belt fastened while you’re seated.Senhoras e senhores, o comandante desligou o aviso de apertar os cintos,

e você pode se levantar agora. No entanto, recomendamos que mantenham os cintos afivelados enquanto estiverem sentados.

Remember that in the U.S. they usually use foot (feet in the plural) to talk about heights. A foot is equivalent to approximately 30 centimeters. So, 35,000 feet would be approximately 10,668 meters.

1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters or 0.30 meters35,000 feet (ft) = 10,668 meters (m)

VocabularyPart 2.



The announcement continues. Now we will also be given information on the time of landing and the temperature. Take a look:

Landing is expected at 10 a.m. local time. The temperature in our destination is 75° F, with clear skies.

O pouso está estimado para as 10 horas da manhã no horário local. A temperatura no nosso destino é de 75° Fahrenheit, com céu claro.

The expected landing time is 10 a.m., which means 10 o’clock in the morning. If the landing time is in the afternoon or evening, then we will use p.m. It’s important to notice that we normally use a.m. and p.m. when referring to time in English. Pay attention:

a.m. – from midnight to 11:59 in the morning de meia-noite às 11:59 da manhã

p.m. – from noon to 11:59 at night de meio-dia até 11:59 da noite

The captain also mentioned the temperature in the announcement. In the U.S., they commonly use Fahrenheit (F), not Celsius (C), to refer to temperatures. 0° Celsius is equivalent to 32° Fahrenheit.

0° Celsius (0°C) = 32° Farenheit (32°F)

Now let’s see what you are most likely to hear if there is turbulence during the f light:

Ladies and gentlemen, we are now crossing a turbulence area. Please return to your seats and fasten your seat belts. Thank you.

Senhoras e senhores, estamos atravessando uma área de turbulência. Por favor, retornem aos seus assentos e afivelem seus cintos de segurança. Obrigado.



Most airlines offer in-f light entertainment services. The f light attendants will probably offer you earphones at the beginning of the f light. In case they don’t, you can ask them for a pair at any time. You can say:

These are some of the in-f light entertainment options offered on international f lights:

Excuse me. Can I have a pair of earphones?Com licença. Você pode me dar um par de fones de ouvido?

IN-FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS

MoviesFilmes

Current TV showsProgramas de TV atuais

TV series Séries de TV

Children’s shows Programas infantis

Concerts Shows de música

Sports shows Programas de esporte

Music Música

GamesJogos

The in-flight entertainment service is usually available right after takeoff, and it is only brief ly interrupted when there is an in-f light announcement like the following:

In a few moments, we will be serving dinner, and fifty minutes before landing, we will serve breakfast.

Dentro de instantes, serviremos o jantar e, cinquenta minutos antes de aterrissarmos, serviremos o café da manhã.



The food and the drinks served during the f light are usually complimentary. The usual dinner and lunch options are:

DINNER AND LUNCH OPTIONS

BeefCarne bovina

ChickenFrango

PastaMassa

SaladSalada

It is important to mention that beef refers to the kind of meat, whereas steak refers to the cut of the meat.

BeefCarne bovina

SteakBife

If you are a vegetarian or if you have dietary restrictions, like food allergies, for example, you can inform that on the special request section of the airline website, or make your special request during the online check-in up to 24 hours before the f light.

The airlines usually offer the following types of special meals:

SPECIAL MEALS

VegetarianVegetariana

VeganVegana

Lactose-freeSem lactose

Gluten-freeSem glúten

Sugar-freeSem açúcar



If you make a special request during the f light, you will probably be approached by one of the f light attendants, who will ask you a question like the following:

Have you ordered a lactose-free meal?Você pediu uma refeição sem lactose?

Is the lactose-free meal for you?A refeição sem lactose é para você?

Have you made a request for a lactose-free meal?Você solicitou uma refeição sem lactose?

If you have made a special request, but, during the f light, they offer you something from the regular menu, you can reply with:

Sorry, but I had requested a vegan meal.Desculpe, mas eu havia solicitado uma refeição vegana.

Could you check if there is a vegan meal for me?Você poderia verif icar se tem uma refeição vegana para mim?

I’m vegan. Do you have anything vegan?Eu sou vegano. Vocês têm algo vegano?

Would you like anything to drink?Você gostaria de alguma coisa para beber?

Anything to drink?Algo para beber?

Drinks?Bebidas?

Right after the food is served, you will be offered something to drink too. Then you will probably hear one of these questions:



And the options they are most likely to have are:

BEVERAGE OPTIONS

WaterÁgua

If you want to know the options that are available, you can ask:

SodaRefrigerante

JuiceSuco

BeerCerveja

WineVinho

You can make your choice by saying:

I’ll have a soda.Vou tomar um refrigerante.

I’d like a beer, please.Eu gostaria de uma cerveja, por favor.

Water, please. Água, por favor.

What do you have?O que vocês têm?

What are the options?Quais são as opções?



If you feel thirsty at any time during the flight, you can call a flight attendant and ask for some water. This is how you can do this:

I’d like some water, please. Eu gostaria de um pouco d’água, por favor.

Could I get some water?Você poderia me trazer um pouco d’água?

Can I have some water?Eu posso tomar um pouco d’água?

Note that we used the verb to have in two situations: “I’ll have a soda.” and “Can I have some water?”. In English, we commonly use to have as a synonym for to eat or to drink. You can also use this structure when ordering something to eat or drink during breakfast, for example. Look at the examples:

Can I have some orange juice?Você poderia me servir um pouco de suco de laranja?

I’ll have a black coffee, please. Eu vou tomar café puro, por favor.

As you order it, the f light attendant will probably ask you questions like the following:

Now you can understand announcements during your flight, the in-flight entertainment options available, and how to interact with the crew during meals.

Cream or milk?Creme ou leite?

Would you like sugar or sweetener?Você gostaria de açúcar ou adoçante?




Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s1

/ 3 /

9 / 1

2 / 7

/ 1

/ 6

/ 8 /

5 / 4

/ 10

/ 2

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

a.m

. / in

the

mor

ning

b.

tem

pera

ture

c.

turb

ulen

ce

d. d

inne

r

e. b

reak

fast

f.

lact

ose-

free

g. h

ave

a be

er /

drin

k a b

eer

h. v

egan

mea

l


B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or expression.

( 1 ) Movies

( 2 ) Concerts

( 3 ) Sports shows

( 4 ) Games

( 5 ) Breakfast

( 6 ) Lunch

( 7 ) Dinner

( 8 ) Beef

( 9 ) Steak

( 10 ) Chicken

( 11 ) Pasta

( 12 ) Juice

( ) Massa

( ) Programas esportivos

( ) Bife

( ) Suco

( ) Jantar

( ) Filmes

( ) Almoço

( ) Carne bovina

( ) Café da manhã

( ) Jogos

( ) Frango

( ) Shows

a) Landing is expected at 6 local time. O pouso está estimado para as 6h da manhã no horário local.

b) The in our destination is 74° F. A temperatura no nosso destino é de 74° F.

c) Ladies and gentlemen, we are now crossing a area. Senhoras e senhores, estamos atravessando uma área de turbulência.

d) In a few moments, we’ll be serving . Dentro de instantes, serviremos o jantar.

e) Fifty minutes before landing, we’ll serve . Cinquenta minutos antes de aterrissarmos, serviremos o café da manhã.

f) Is the meal for you? A refeição sem lactose é para você?

g) I will , please. Vou tomar uma cerveja, por favor.

h) Could you check if there is a for me? Vocêpoderiaverificarsetemumarefeição vegana para mim?

Part 3.




Interrogative Form

Modal Verb Would + Subject + Bare Infinitive + ComplementModal Verb Would + Sujeito + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

You have seen and practiced the words and expressions used in this chapter. Now it’s time to study the grammar presented in it. We’ll talk about the modal verbs would and will, the future continuous, and how we can use them to make requests and offers, place an order, and indicate actions in the future.

Let’s start with the modal verb would. We combine it with the verb like to make formal requests or place orders. Since we normally request something for ourselves, the most common subject will be I, as in I would like followed by a complement. In everyday English, the contracted form I’d like is more common.

MODAL VERB – WOULD

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb Would + Bare Infinitive + ComplementSujeito + Modal Verb Would + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

Full formI would like some water.

Eu gostaria de um pouco d’água.

Contracted formI’d like some water

Eu gostaria de um pouco d’água.

Would you like sugar or sweetener? Você gostaria de açúcar ou adoçante?

The interrogative form of this modal verb is used when someone offers you something, so the most common subject, in this case, will be you. To make the interrogative form, we invert the modal verb would and the subject. Take a look at the structure and at an example:


Part 4.

Grammar



I’ll have… Me vê… / Me dá... / Eu quero...

The negative form is used to refuse an offer. Notice that we have two different ways of using this modal in its negative form: I would not, which is the complete form, and I wouldn’t, which is the contracted form. In spoken language, the complete form sounds more emphatic. Look at the structure in the negative form and at the examples:


Negative Form

Subject + Modal Verb Would + Not + Bare Infinitive + ComplementSujeito + Modal Verb Would + Not + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

Full formI would not like a window seat.

Eu não gostaria de um assento na janela.

Contracted formI wouldn’t like a window seat.

Eu não gostaria de um assento na janela.

Another way to request something, especially in situations involving services provided to you, is by using will. In this case, we will generally use the expression: I’ll have, which is also often used to place orders, especially when we go to a restaurant or buy something at a store. Notice that will is informal compared to would.

PLACING AN ORDERInformal

The structure of will follows the same pattern as the one used with would. The contracted forms are also more common in spoken English. Let’s see some examples in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms:

MODAL VERB – WILL

Affirmative Form

Subject + Will + Bare Infinitive + ComplementSujeito + Will + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

Full formI will have a soda.

Me vê um refrigerante.

Contracted formI’ll have a soda.

Me vê um refrigerante.



FUTURE TIME REFERENCES

TomorrowAmanhã

Negative Form

Subject + Will + Not + Bare Infinitive + ComplementSujeito + Will + Not + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

In addition to being used to place orders, will can also be used to express actions in the future that may or may not have a future time reference, such as:

Next weekSemana que vem

In a few hoursEm algumas horas

Take a look at some examples:

The flight attendant will bring me some water. O comissário de bordo vai me trazer um pouco d’água.

The plane will land in a few hours. O avião vai pousar em algumas horas.

Full formI will not have tea.

Eu não vou tomar chá.

Will you have some coffee? Você vai tomar café?

Contracted formI won’t have tea.

Eu não vou tomar chá.

Interrogative Form

Will + Subject + Bare Infinitive + Complement Will + Sujeito + Infinitivo do Verbo (sem a partícula “to”) + Complemento

MODAL VERB – WILL


If you want to learn more about will, would, and the future continuous, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

The future continuous should not be used to make requests or place orders. The most appropriate expressions for those are I’d like or I’ll have.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Future Continuous Page 228 wModal Verb Would Page 202 wWill Page 225 w


FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Subject + Will + Be (bare infinitive) + Verb in the -ING + ComplementSujeito + Will + Be (sem a partícula “to”) + Verbo com ING + Complemento

In a few moments, we will be serving dinner. Dentro de instantes, serviremos o jantar.

In this lesson, we’ve seen the future continuous in some in-flight announcements.

Take a look at the examples:

We will be showing films during the flight. Vamos exibir f ilmes durante o voo.

Will is also used with the so-called future continuous. This structure expresses an action in progress for a certain time in the future. This form is used in English when we want to make it clear that the action will take place over a certain period of time, so we focus on the continuity of the action. The verb to be serves as an auxiliary verb in the future continuous, and the main verb will be in the -ING form. Take a look:



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Choose the idea that relates to the underlined expressions.

B. Fill in the blanks with would like or will have in the affirmative, negative, or interrogative forms.

a) Would you like anything to drink?

( ) Making an offer

( ) Placing an order

b) I’ll have a beer, please.

( ) Future action in progress


c) In a few moments, we’ll be serving dinner.


( ) Making an offer

d) Would you like sugar or sweetener?


( ) Making an offer

e) The flight attendant will bring me some water.

( ) Future action

( ) Informal request

f) I’d like some water.

( ) Future action

( ) Formal request

g) I will have a soda, please.

( ) Informal request

( ) Formal request

h) I would like a window seat.


( ) Formal request

a) I some water. Eu gostaria de um pouco d’água.

b) I a soda. Me vê um refrigerante.

c) some coffee? Você vai tomar café?

d) I a window seat. Eu não gostaria de um assento na janela.

63



NotesA

ctiv

ity A

– A

nsw

ers

a. M

akin

g an

offe

rb.

Pla

cing

an

orde

rc.

Fut

ure

actio

n in

pro

gres

sd.

Mak

ing

an o

ffer

e. F

utur

e ac

tion

f. Fo

rmal

requ

est

g. In

form

al re

ques

th.

For

mal

requ

est

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

s

a. w

ould

like

/ ‘d

like

b. w

ill ha

ve /

‘ll ha

ve

c. W

ill yo

u ha

ve

d. w

ould

n’t l

ike

/ wou

ld n

ot li

ke

e. W

ould

you

like

f.

will

not h

ave

/ won

’t ha

veg.

will

have

/ ‘ll

have


e) sugar or sweetener? Você gostaria de açúcar ou adoçante?

f) I tea. Eu não vou tomar chá.

g) a beer, please. Vou tomar uma cerveja, por favor.

4Immigration.



[On the way to the immigration area]James:International airports can be huge! If you’ve landed in an American international airport, chances are you’ll have to walk pretty far to get from one point to the other. And now we’re heading over to the immigration area!

It’s not really the most comfortable situation, right? But listen to this: you can predict most of the questions that the immigration off icers might ask you! Just tell the truth and have all your documents ready.

Once you get to the immigration area, you’ll probably be in line for about f ifteen minutes. This is the perfect time to get all the documents you need ready. And here’s what you’ll need: your boarding pass, your passport, of course, and it’s also advisable that you have your hotel reservation or lodging accommodations available. Other useful documents would be the email confirmation from the airline, as well as your ticket printing.

Now it’s time to get ready to answer some questions. The immigration off icer will ask you where you’re coming from, and you’ll tell them your country of departure. While this might seem like a simple question, it’s important to remember that some f lights stop in several countries. For example, if you’re leaving from Buenos Aires and you stop in São Paulo, but your f inal destination is Miami, your country of departure will be Argentina, not Brazil.

IMMIGRATION

Well, you have f inally arrived at your destination. In a few minutes, you will be going through immigration at the airport, where you will be asked to show your documents and answer some questions.

In this chapter, we will give you some cool tips that will help you smoothly go through this situation. And, as usual, you will also be introduced to some very useful language items that will improve your English and help you feel more confident using the language. Now, take a look at the script of Immigration.

Part 1.

Video Script



I can guarantee you that the immigration off icer is going to ask you, “What’s the purpose of your visit?” You might say tourism or business. But, it’s very important to remember that, if your intentions are to do business in the U.S., you may need a specif ic visa to do so. Other frequently asked questions are “How long are you staying?” and “Where are you staying?” That is why it’s important to have your ticket confirmation number and hotel reservation printing.

OK, so while those might be the most frequently asked questions, you still might be asked questions like, “What is the sum of money that you’re bringing into the country?” or “Are you bringing any tobacco products or alcoholic beverages?” as well as “How many packs or bottles are you bringing?” My advice would be just to tell the truth!

Also, be advised! You will have your f ingerprints scanned and your picture taken.

And the most important part of all: do not make any jokes. This is definitely not the time to joke: be clear and precise in all of your answers.

IMIGRAÇÃO

[A caminho da imigração]James:Aeroportos internacionais podem ser enormes! Se você pousou em um aeroporto internacional americano, é provável que você tenha que caminhar bastante para ir de um lugar ao outro. E agora nós estamos a caminho da área de imigração!

Não é lá uma situação muito confortável, certo? Mas f ique sabendo: você pode prever a maioria das perguntas que os agentes de imigração devem lhe fazer! É só falar a verdade e ter todos os seus documentos à mão.



Assim que chegar na área de imigração, você provavelmente vai f icar na f ila por quinze minutos. Essa é a melhor oportunidade para deixar todos os documentos preparados. E os documentos que você deve ter são: seu cartão de embarque, seu passaporte, é claro, e também é aconselhável ter sua reserva de hotel ou de outro tipo de acomodação disponíveis. Outros documentos úteis seriam o e-mail de confirmação da companhia aérea, assim como o bilhete impresso.

Agora é hora de se preparar para responder algumas perguntas! O agente de imigração irá perguntar seu país de origem, e você vai responder o país de embarque. Apesar de parecer uma pergunta simples, é importante lembrar que alguns voos param em vários países. Por exemplo: se você está saindo de Buenos Aires, faz uma parada em São Paulo, e seu destino f inal é Miami, seu país de embarque é a Argentina, e não o Brasil.

Eu posso garantir que o agente de imigração vai perguntar o motivo da sua viagem. Você pode dizer que é turismo ou negócios. Mas é importante lembrar que se você planeja viajar a trabalho para os EUA, talvez precise de um visto específ ico.

Outras perguntas frequentemente feitas são: “Qual será a duração da sua estadia?” e “Onde você f icará hospedado?”. Por isso, é importante ter o número de reserva da sua passagem e a reserva do hotel impressa.

OK, apesar de essas perguntas serem as mais frequentes, você ainda pode ouvir perguntas como: “Qual é a quantia de dinheiro que você está trazendo para o país?” ou “Você está trazendo tabaco ou bebidas alcoólicas?”, bem como, “Quantos maços ou garrafas você está trazendo?”. Meu conselho é falar a verdade!

Esteja ciente de que você terá suas digitais escaneadas e sua foto tirada.

E o mais importante de tudo: não faça qualquer tipo de piada. Essa definitivamente não é a hora para brincar. Seja claro e preciso em todas as suas respostas.



Some countries, like the U.S., demand that you have a visa to enter. You should apply for an entry visa even before you buy your tickets. When you get to your destination and go through immigration, they will check and stamp your passport with another visa that allows you to stay in the country for some time. These are the two types of visas we are talking about here:

Entry visaVisto de entrada

Visa stampCarimbo de permanência

TYPES OF VISA IN THE US

Work visasVistos de trabalho

Tourist visasVistos de turista

Student visasVistos de estudante

Fiancé / Fiancée visaVisto de noivos

Visa requirements will depend on the diplomatic agreements between countries. As we’re talking about Orlando, let’s see the types of visa they have in the U.S.:

VocabularyPart 2.



Among these visas, there are several specif ic categories for athletes, people traveling on business, temporary workers, military officers, and so on. This means that the purpose of your trip must be clear. If you have a tourist visa but you are traveling on business, it might be a problem. Make sure you apply for the right visa. In general, visas are valid for 5 or 10 years, depending on the country.

Take a look at a few things you need to do before traveling, or even before buying your ticket:

Check if you need an entry visa to your destination.Verif ique se você precisa de um visto de entrada para o seu destino.

Check all the necessary documents for the immigration interview and keep them at hand in your carry-on luggage.

Verif ique todos os documentos necessários para a entrevista na imigração, e mantenha-os ao seu alcance na bagagem de mão.

Some of the documents you should have at hand during the immigration interview are:

DOCUMENTS TO BE SHOWN AT IMMIGRATION

Passport Passaporte

Boarding passCartão de embarque

Travel insuranceSeguro de viagem

Return ticketPassagem de volta

Hotel reservation / Proof of accommodationReserva do hotel / Comprovante de acomodação

MoneyDinheiro



All of these documents confirm you are traveling legally, and that you have everything set for your stay. The off icer might also want to check how much money you’re bringing in to make sure you won’t stay past the date you are scheduled to return or cause any problems.

In the U.S., the Department of Homeland Security is represented at the airports by the following agency:

CBP – Customs and Border ProtectionÓrgão que controla a imigração e a alfândega nos aeroportos americanos

CBP is responsible for the immigration service. You will most definitely talk to one of its off icers. This is a very important moment. Some good advice to prepare for the immigration control interview is:

Be calm.Fique calmo(a).

Don’t make jokes.Não faça piadas.

Don’t be rude.Não seja mal-educado(a).

Only answer what they ask.Responda apenas o que lhe perguntarem.

GREETINGS

When you are called to the counter, act natural and hand in your passport.

Don’t forget to greet the off icer:

GREETINGS

Notice that we did not include good night on the list. That is because we use it when we are leaving a place, or when we are going to sleep, not when we arrive somewhere.

Another important thing is to remember that this kind of situation requires some level of formality. So, when you approach the off icer, that’s the way you should greet him or her:

Good evening, sir.Boa-noite, senhor.

Good morning.Bom-dia.

Good evening.Boa-noite.

Good afternoon.Boa-tarde.

Good evening, ma’am.Boa-noite, senhora.



Now look at some questions they may ask you during the immigration interview:

They will want to know the origin of your f light. At this moment, you need to inform the last country you have been to in case you had a connecting f light.

And you can say, for example:

I’m coming from Brazil.Estou vindo do Brasil.

Another usual question is: And these are some possible answers to this question:

They may also ask you: You will answer this question stating the period you’ll be in the country. Take a look at some examples:

For a week.Por uma semana.

For ten days.Por dez dias.

For fifteen days.Por quinze dias.

For a month.Por um mês.

What is the purpose of your trip?Qual é o motivo da sua viagem?

Where are you coming from?De onde você está vindo?

How long are you staying in the U.S.?Por quanto tempo você vai f icar

nos Estados Unidos?

TourismTurismo

BusinessTrabalho

Here is another possible question:

Which cities do you intend to visit?Quais cidades você pretende visitar?



If you plan to travel around the country, you will only face immigration when you get to the airport after an international f light. Domestic flights don’t usually involve immigration, but you must keep your passport with you.

It is also important to tell the officer the cities you will be visiting, and remember to have all the hotel reservations and tickets at hand, because you may be asked the following question:

This is the question after which you will probably have to show proof of your hotel reservation.

You might hear some other specif ic questions, such as:

They might also ask you questions about alcoholic beverages. Remember that there is a limit on the number of bottles you can bring. Take a look:

Are you bringing tobacco?Você está trazendo cigarros?

Are you bringing alcoholic beverages?Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas?

Where are you staying?Onde você vai se hospedar?

If so, how many packs?Caso sim, quantos maços?

If so, how many bottles? Which one(s)?Caso sim, quantas garrafas? De qual(is) bebida(s)?



In case you do not understand what they ask you, here are some examples of things you can say to ask the officer to repeat or rephrase the question:

Sorry?Desculpe?

Can you say that again, please?Pode falar isso de novo, por favor?

I’m sorry. I didn’t understand your question.Desculpe. Eu não entendi a sua pergunta.

Place your fingers on the scanner, please.Coloque seus dedos no escâner, por favor.

If you get too nervous because of the language, remember that most airports offer a translating service for the immigration interview. This is how you can ask for that:

At the end of the interview, they will probably ask to scan your fingerprints, so you must be ready for an instruction like the following:

They will take your picture too. The off icer will say:

Look at this camera, please.Olhe para esta câmera, por favor.

Now you know all the necessary items you need to enter the U.S. and how to go through the immigration interview.

Can I have a translator?Posso pedir um tradutor?



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s10

/ 6

/ 5 /

7 / 1

/ 8

/ 12

/ 3

/ 2 /

11 /

4 / 9

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

pur

pose

b.

How

long

c.

toba

cco

d. p

acks

e.

alc

ohol

ic b

ever

ages

/ al

coho

lic d

rinks

f. bo

ttles

g.

tran

slat

or

h. c

ities

a) What is the of your trip? Qual é o motivo da sua viagem?

b) are you staying in the U.S.? Por quanto tempo você vai f icar nos EUA?

c) Are you bringing ? Você está trazendo cigarros?

d) How many ? Quantos maços?

e) Are you bringing ? Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas?

f) How many ? Quantas garrafas?

g) Can I have a ? Posso pedir um tradutor?

h) Which do you intend to visit? Quais cidades você pretende visitar?


B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or expression.

( 1 ) Entry visa

( 2 ) Visa stamp

( 3 ) Tourist visa

( 4 ) Student visa

( 5 ) Fiancé(e) visa

( 6 ) Passport

( 7 ) Travel insurance

( 8 ) Immigration officer

( 9 ) Return ticket

( 10 ) Good morning

( 11 ) Good afternoon

( 12 ) Good evening

( ) Bom-dia

( ) Passaporte

( ) Visto de noivos

( ) Seguro de viagem

( ) Visto de entrada

( ) Agente da imigração

( ) Boa-noite

( ) Visto de turista

( ) Carimbo de permanência

( ) Boa-tarde

( ) Visto de estudante

( ) Passagem de volta

Part 3.




We have just learned some important words, sentences, and instructions on how to go through immigration. In this chapter, we will focus on some important grammatical structures used not only at immigration, but also in everyday situations.

The f irst one is the imperative form. This structure is used to give orders, make suggestions, requests, invitations, and give instructions.Let’s take a look at some examples of sentences in the imperative:

In English, the subject of the imperative is always you, that’s why in most imperative sentences we omit the subject. The imperative has aff irmative and negative forms. The verb will be used in its base form (without the particle “to”). In the negative form, we use don’t before the verb. There is no interrogative form for the imperative. Look at the examples:

IMPERATIVE FORM

Affirmative: Verb + ComplementAfirmativo: Verbo + Complemento

Keep your documents at hand.Mantenha seus documentos à mão.

Negative: Don’t + Verb + ComplementNegativo: Don’t + Verbo + Complemento

Don’t make jokes. Não faça piadas.

Be calm. Fique calmo.

Check if you need an entry visa.Verif ique se você precisa de um visto de entrada.

Place your fingers on the scanner.Coloque seus dedos no escâner.

Part 4.

Grammar



Affirmative Form

Subject + Main Verb + ComplementSujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

I keep my passport in my carry-on luggage.Eu deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.

In the simple present, the subject is part of the structure. In the aff irmative, we have the following structure:

There is another verb form in which most conjugations also use the verb in its base form: the simple present. But its structure is different from that of the imperative since the subject is not omitted in the simple present. Compare:

SIMPLE PRESENT

Now let’s compare the negative forms of the imperative and the simple present:

AFFIRMATIVE FORMS

NEGATIVE FORMS

Imperative: Keep your documents at hand.

Mantenha seus documentos à mão.

Simple Present: I keep my passport in my carry-on luggage.

Eu deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.

Imperative: Don’t keep your documents at hand.

Não mantenha seus documentos à mão.

Simple Present: I don’t keep my passport in my carry-on luggage.

Eu não deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.



In terms of use, there are important differences too. While the imperative is used to give orders and instructions, make suggestions, recommendations, invitations, and even to place orders in many contexts, the simple present is used to talk about facts, habits, and routines.

And there is another widely used verb form that also refers to actions in the present. It is the present continuous. The difference here is that the present continuous is used to talk about actions in progress in the present, so there is a focus on the continuity of the action.

Let’s look at an example:

I’m coming from Brazil. Estou vindo do Brasil.

Notice that once again, the subject is not omitted in the simple present. So, the basic structure of the negative form of the simple present is:

Negative Form

Subject + Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb + ComplementSujeito + Do + Not (Don’t) + Verbo Principal + Complemento

I don’t keep my passport in my carry-on luggage. Eu não deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.

OrdersInstructionsSuggestions

RecommendationsInvitations

FactsHabits

Routine

SIMPLE PRESENT

IMPERATIVE FORM SIMPLE PRESENT



Notice that the sentence is about a situation that is still happening. The person hasn’t been allowed into the U.S. yet, that is, the process of entering is in progress.

So, while the simple present is used to talk about routine and habits, we use the present continuous when we want to talk about actions that are in progress in the present. The following examples will show this difference:

Present Continuous actions in progress in the present Present Continuous ações em curso no presente

You are watching a class right now. Você está assistindo a uma aula neste momento.

Simple Present routine and habits Simple Present rotina e hábitos

You watch classes every day. Você assiste às aulas todos os dias.

You have probably realized by now that these two verb forms have different structures. In the present continuous, we use the verb to be in the present as an auxiliary verb, and the main verb in the –ING form.

In the negative form, all we have to do is place not right after the verb to be. We can choose to use it in the full form or in the contracted form. And to make the interrogative, we simply invert the position of the subject and the verb to be. If there is a question word, the verb to be will be used right after it and before the subject. Take a look at the examples:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative formSubject + To Be + Main Verb -ING + Complement

Sujeito + To Be + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento

I’m (I am) coming from São Paulo, Brazil.Eu estou vindo de São Paulo, Brasil.



If you want to learn more about the imperative, the simple present of other verbs, the present continuous, and the -ING form, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Imperative Page 185 wSimple Present – Other Verbs Page 265 wPresent Continuous Page 231 w-ING Form Page 234 w

79

Question WordWhere are you coming from?

De onde você está vindo?

Let’s see some other examples using the present continuous. These are questions usually asked during the immigration interview, take a look:

Notice that the contexts here are a little different. In the f irst one, they want to know about your stay, that is, how many days, weeks, or months you are planning to stay in the country. In the other one, they want to know if you have something with you now, so it refers to an action in progress at the moment.

How long are you staying in the U.S.? Por quanto tempo você vai f icar nos Estados Unidos?

Are you bringing tobacco? Você está trazendo cigarros?

Interrogative formTo Be in the present + Subject + Main Verb -ING + Complement

To Be no presente + Sujeito + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento


Negative formSubject + To Be in the present + Not + Main Verb -ING + Complement

Sujeito + To Be no presente + Not + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento

I’m (I am) not coming from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Eu não estou vindo de Buenos Aires, Argentina.



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s2

/ 1 /

1 / 3

/ 2

/ 1

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

s

a. a

re y

ou c

omin

g b.

Pla

ce /

Put

c. K

eep

d. D

on’t

mak

e / D

o no

t mak

e e.

Are

you

brin

ging

f. w

atch

g.

don

’t ke

ep /

don’

t lea

ve /

do n

ot k

eep

/ do

not l

eave

h.

am

com

ing

/ ’m

com

ing

Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Number the columns according to the use of each structure.

B. Fill in the blanks with the imperative, the simple present, or the present continuous, in the affirmative, negative, or interrogative forms.

( 1 ) Imperative

( 2 ) Simple Present

( 3 ) Present Continuous

( ) Routine

( ) Suggestions

( ) Orders

( ) Actions in progress

( ) Habits

( ) Invitations

a) Where from? De onde você está vindo?

b) your fingers on the scanner, please. Coloque seus dedos no escâner, por favor.

c) your documents at hand. Mantenha seus documentos à mão.

d) jokes. Não faça piadas.

e) alcoholic beverages? Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas?

f) You classes every day. Você assiste às aulas todos os dias.

g) I my passport in my carry-on luggage. Eu não deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.

h) I from Brazil. Estou vindo do Brasil.

5 Baggage Claim.



[On the way to the baggage claim area]James:Now you have the stamp on your passport, which allows you to stay in the U.S. for six consecutive months, and you’re leaving the immigration hall at the airport. Now what?

Well, it’s time to pick up your luggage. That’s always the next step, whether you’re at your f inal destination, or you’re connecting to another city in the U.S.! But that piece of information will determine where and how you do that.

If you arrive in Orlando, but it’s not your f inal destination, and you will be boarding another domestic f light to another city in the U.S., you will need to grab your bags. There’s a transit counter for passengers who are boarding domestic f lights to other cities, where you’ll f irst grab your bags, check them in again for your f inal destination, and then go to the security checkpoint.

Let’s say you’re on a nonstop f light to Orlando, and it’s your f inal destination. It’s important to remember that airports in America can be massive. They sometimes have up to nine terminals! In order to get from one facility to the next, you may need to take a shuttle.

At the Orlando International Airport, passengers should take the shuttle train on level three to get to the main terminal, where the baggage claim area is.

BAGGAGE CLAIM

You have f inally got the visa stamp on your passport and now you can move on to the next step of your trip. It is time for you to get your luggage back. In this chapter, we will give you some very helpful tips on what to do in case you have a delay, your baggage is lost, or you need information on how to get to the area where you can pick up your luggage. Besides this, you will be introduced to a couple of structures that will help you improve your language skills.

Look at the script of Baggage Claim.

Part 1.

Video Script



[At the shuttle door] Shuttle announcement:The APM [automated people mover] is now arriving.

James: Alright, guys! Looks like it’s here! Let’s hop on!

[On the shuttle]Shuttle announcement: Please, stand clear of the doors and the entrance when the APM stops. Please, exit through the C Port. Please, watch your step.

[In front of the baggage claim entrance] James: So, we’re about to get to the baggage claim area. The process in the U.S. is no different than anywhere else in the world. Just approach the baggage carousel, pick up your items, and you’re good to go! Baggage carts aren’t normally free; if you have too many bags, you’ll need to rent one. But most systems take cash or cards, so you should be all set to go!

BAGAGEM

[A caminho da área de restituição de bagagens]James:Você f inalmente tem seu passaporte carimbado, o que te permite f icar por até seis meses consecutivos nos EUA, e você está saindo do setor de imigração do aeroporto. E agora?

Bem, é hora de pegar sua bagagem! Esse é sempre o próximo passo, tanto se este for o seu destino f inal quanto se você estiver em conexão para outra cidade nos EUA! Mas essa informação vai determinar onde e como você fará isso.

Se você chegou em Orlando, mas lá não é seu destino f inal, e você vai embarcar em um voo doméstico para outra cidade nos EUA, você precisa pegar suas malas. Existe um guichê para passageiros em trânsito que irão embarcar em voos domésticos para outras cidades. Primeiro você vai pegar suas malas; depois, vai despachá-las para seu destino f inal e, então, passar pelo controle de segurança.



Digamos que você está em um voo direto para Orlando, e este é seu destino f inal. É importante lembrar que os aeroportos nos Estados Unidos podem ser enormes. Alguns têm até nove terminais! Para que possa ir de uma parte à outra, você talvez tenha que pegar um traslado.

No Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando, passageiros devem pegar o trem no nível 3 para chegarem ao terminal principal, onde f ica a área de retirada de bagagem.

[Na porta do trem] Aviso do sistema de transporte:O APM está chegando.

James:Beleza, pessoal! Parece que o transporte chegou! Vamos lá!

[Dentro do trem] Aviso do sistema de transporte:Por favor, mantenham distância das portas e das saídas quando o APM parar.Por favor, saiam pela porta C. Por favor, cuidado onde pisam.

[Em frente à entrada da área de restituição de bagagens] James:Estamos chegando na área de retirada de bagagem. Nos EUA, esse processo é o mesmo que em qualquer outro lugar no mundo! Aproxime-se da esteira, pegue suas coisas, e pronto! Os carrinhos para o transporte da bagagem normalmente são pagos; se você tiver muitas malas, vai precisar pagar por um deles. Mas a maior parte dos sistemas aceita dinheiro ou cartão; então, você vai estar pronto para ir!



In the United States, you will have to pick up your baggage in the f irst city you disembark, even if it is not your f inal destination. Let’s have a look at the possible types of f light you may take:

TYPES OF FLIGHT

A nonstop flight Um voo direto

Excuse me. I have a connecting flight. Can you tell me where I should go?Com licença. Eu tenho um voo de conexão. Você poderia me dizer para onde devo ir?

Excuse me. Where is the transit counter for connecting flights?Com licença. Onde f ica o balcão de trânsito para voos de conexão?

Excuse me. Where do I claim and recheck my bags before my connecting flight?Com licença. Onde posso pegar e despachar de novo minhas malas antes do meu voo de conexão?

A layover flight Um voo com escala

A connecting flight Um voo com conexão

If you are on a layover flight, you won’t disembark, so you don’t need to worry about picking up your luggage. However, if you are on a connecting flight to the U.S., you will have to disembark, pick up your luggage, and recheck it at the transit counter.

There will be some airline staff member giving instructions to passengers, but if you feel you need to ask for information, you can use the following sentences:

VocabularyPart 2.



After that, check the boarding time on the departure board. If you have questions, you can always ask the airline staff on the ground. Take a look at some examples of questions you can ask:

When you get to the transit counter after you pick up your bags, f ind the check-in counter of your airline. In some American airports, they are right by the carousel.

After that, you will go through the security checkpoint again, but you will remain inside the boarding area. You and your belongings will be scanned.

CBP (Customs and Border Protection) officeAlfândega e proteção de fronteiras

Baggage claimRetirada/Restituição de bagagens

So, summing up, this is the process you will go through when coming into the U.S. in an international f light to take a connecting f light:

Recheck bagsDespachar novamente a bagagem

Security checkpointControle de segurança

Excuse me. Where is the boarding gate for this flight?

Com licença. Onde f ica o portão de embarque para este voo?

Can you help me find the boarding gate for my connecting flight?

Você pode me ajudar a achar o portão de embarque para o meu voo de conexão?



If it takes too long for you to go through the process of changing airplanes, you may miss your f light. In that case, talk to the airline ground staff and tell them that you have missed your f light. You can say:

I’ve missed my connecting flight. Eu perdi o meu voo de conexão.

When is the next flight to Orlando? Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?

If you get lost or are not sure how to f ind the baggage claim, you had better ask for information. You can ask one of the following questions:

If you leave your country on a nonstop flight or take a connecting flight somewhere else, your f irst stop in the U.S. is your f inal destination. All you have to do is follow the baggage claim signs until you get there.

Excuse me. Where is the baggage claim?

Com licença. Onde f ica a área de retirada de bagagem?

Excuse me. How do I get to the baggage claim area?

Com licença. Como eu chego até a área de retirada de bagagem?

Excuse me. Could you tell me where the baggage claim is?Com licença. Você poderia me dizer onde é a área de retirada de bagagem?



TYPES OF BAGS

By the way, let’s take a look at the types of bags you can check-in:

These are the individual bags, but when you want to talk about the whole set of them, you may refer to it as luggage or baggage.

No matter which bag you prefer, there are high chances that someone else has a bag just like yours. So you had better double-check when you pick up a bag or try to f ind means to avoid any confusion. You can try some of the following tips:

Name-tag your luggage. Coloque uma etiqueta com o seu nome em sua bagagem.

In the U.S., airports are usually very large, and the baggage claim area may be far away. Therefore, when you get to the baggage carousel, your baggage will probably be there already.

SuitcaseMala

Duffel bagBolsa de viagem/lona

/ Bolsa marinheiro

BackpackMochila



The f irst thing to do is hang a name tag on your bags. Write your name, phone number, and email address so people can contact you if they get your luggage by accident. It is also nice to have a name tag on your carry-on. Here is another tip:

Use a suitcase strap to make your luggage stand out.Use uma cinta para malas para que sua bagagem se destaque.

Check out this other tip:

Decorate your luggage with ribbons and stickers.Decore sua bagagem com fitas e adesivos.

You may use all of these ideas; but be aware that the airline will tag all of your baggage and hand you a receipt anyway. You must keep this receipt and present it to the airline staff if you have any problems.

Despite all that, there is always a chance your baggage will get lost or delayed. This may happen when the time between connections is too short. When it happens, it is possible that you board the plane, but your baggage doesn’t. This means that you will have to deal with one of the following problems:

Lost luggage Bagagem extraviada

Delayed luggage Bagagem atrasada



It’s a very annoying situation, but it may happen. That’s why it is always a good idea to have a change of clothes in your carry-on.

Anyway, there will always be some airline ground staff to help. Here are some sentences you can use:

So now you know what to say in case you have a problem with your baggage, how to ask for help if you happen to miss your connecting

flight, and the different types of flights and bags there are.

Excuse me, I can’t find my luggage. Com licença, eu não consigo achar minhas malas.

Excuse me, my suitcase isn’t here. Com licença, minha mala não está aqui.

Once you have informed them that your baggage is lost, you can ask for help to find it:

Can you check if my luggage was on my flight?Você pode checar se as minhas malas estavam no meu voo?

Can you help me find my luggage?Você pode me ajudar a encontrar minha bagagem?



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s4

/ 1 /

5 / 2

/ 10

/ 12

/

7 / 1

1 / 6

/ 3

/ 9 /

8

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

boa

rdin

g ga

teb.

con

nect

ing

fligh

tc.

bag

gage

cla

im /

bagg

age

clai

m a

rea

d. s

uitc

ase

/ lug

gage

/ ba

g / b

ackp

ack

/ du

ffel b

ag /

bagg

age

e. s

trap

f. rib

bons

– s

ticke

rs

a) Excuse me. Where is the for this flight? Com licença. Onde f ica o portão de embarque para este voo?

b) Can you help me find the boarding gate for my ? Você pode me ajudar a achar o portão de embarque para o meu voo de conexão?

c) Excuse me. How do I get to the ? Com licença. Como eu chego até a área de retirada de bagagem?

d) My isn’t here. Minha mala não está aqui.

e) Use a suitcase to make your luggage stand out. Use uma cinta para malas para que sua bagagem se destaque.

f) Decorate your luggage with and . Decore sua bagagem com fitas e adesivos.


B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or expressions.

( 1 ) Nonstop f light

( 2 ) Layover f light

( 3 ) Connecting f light

( 4 ) Baggage claim

( 5 ) Boarding gate

( 6 ) Transit counter

( 7 ) Final destination

( 8 ) Duffel bag

( 9 ) Boarding area

( 10 ) Baggage carousel

( 11 ) Check-in counter

( 12 ) Security checkpoint

( ) Área de retirada/restituição de bagagem

( ) Voo direto

( ) Portão de embarque

( ) Voo com escala

( ) Esteira de bagagem

( ) Controle de segurança

( ) Destino f inal

( ) Balcão de check-in

( ) Balcão de trânsito

( ) Voo com conexão

( ) Área de embarque

( ) Bolsa de viagem/lona

Part 3.




You have already seen how to claim your bags at the airport and learned a few sentences in case you need some help. Now we can go over how to ask questions in English using the interrogative form and the question words how, what, where, and when.

The general structure of a sentence in English in the affirmative form is subject followed by verb and complement. That is the case of the verb to be. Have a look:

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE

Affirmative Form

Subject + Verb To Be + ComplementSujeito + Verbo To Be + Complemento

Interrogative Form

Verb To Be + Subject + ComplementVerbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento

The baggage claim area is upstairs. A área de retirada de bagagens é no andar de cima.

In the previous example, the verb to be is conjugated in the simple present: is.

In English, for the interrogative form, we usually place a verb before the subject of the sentence. In the case of the verb to be, we take the aff irmative form and invert the order of the verb and the subject. Take a look:


Is the baggage claim area upstairs? A área de retirada de bagagens é no andar de cima?

Part 4.

Grammar



Affirmative Form (I/you/we/they)International airports have a transit counter.

Aeroportos internacionais têm um balcão para pessoas em trânsito.

Affirmative Form (he/she/it)The Orlando International Airport has many terminals.

O Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando tem muitos terminais.

To make the interrogative form for other verbs in the simple present, we will need the auxiliary verb do, which, in general, won’t be used in the aff irmative form. So, the general structure of the other verbs in the simple present, in the interrogative form, is:

Notice that, whereas in the affirmative form the subject is followed by the verb to be and the complement of the sentence, in the interrogative form, we only place the verb to be before the subject. And the complement of the sentence does not change.

When we use the other verbs in the simple present, their conjugation will be the same for the pronouns I, you, we, and they. For example:

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS


As you can see, the verb remains in its base form. Nonetheless, when it comes to the third person singular, the verb must be conjugated differently. Have a look:

Generally, the suff ixes -S, -ES, or -IES will be added to the verb in the third person singular, in the aff irmative form. In the previous example, however, the verb to have suffers a different kind of change: it becomes has.


Interrogative Form

Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ComplementVerbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento



Interrogative FormDo international airports have a transit counter?

Aeroportos internacionais têm um balcão para pessoas em trânsito?

Does the Orlando International Airport have many terminals?O Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando tem muitos terminais?


The auxiliary verb of the simple present is do for the first and second persons in the singular and plural forms. In the third person singular (he/she/it), however, this auxiliary verb will be conjugated, and it becomes does. Compare:

The present continuous also has an auxiliary verb in its formation. As you know, we use this verb form to talk about actions in progress in the present. Let’s review the base structure of the present continuous in the aff irmative form:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

As you can see, in both examples in the interrogative form, the main verb will be kept in its base form, that is, without any kind of conjugation whatsoever.

I am (I’m) coming from Brazil.Eu estou vindo do Brasil.

You are (You’re) bringing alcoholic beverages.Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas.

Affirmative Form

Subject + Verb To Be + Verb-ING + ComplementSujeito + Verbo To Be + Verbo com ING + Complemento



As you can see, in the present continuous, the auxiliary verb is the verb to be. There is no auxiliary verb do in this case. But bear in mind that the auxiliary verb in the present continuous is also used in the affirmative form, which is another difference from the simple present. Moreover, we can use either the contracted forms of the verb to be or the full forms, even though the latter sounds more natural.

To make the interrogative form, all we have to do is invert the auxiliary verb to be with the subject. Have a look:

Am I coming from Brazil? Eu estou vindo do Brasil?


You can get your luggage upstairs. Você pode pegar suas malas no andar de cima.

As you can see, nothing else changes in this verb form but the positions of the auxiliary verb and the subjects. That is, the main verb must still keep the suff ix -ING in both forms.

When dealing with modal verbs, such as can, the general structure in the aff irmative form is:

MODAL VERBS

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Interrogative Form

Verb To Be + Subject + Verb-ING + ComplementVerbo To Be + Sujeito + Verbo com ING + Complemento

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + ComplementSujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal no Infinitivo (sem “to”) + Complemento



When you put the sentence in the interrogative form like that, you can expect to hear one of these two different answers: Yes or No. But when you want to know more specif ic information, such as where, when, what, and how, you need to use a question word.

In general, all you have to do is use the sentence in the interrogative form and add a question word at the beginning of the sentence.

Let’s start with an example using the verb to be:

QUESTION WORDS

Question Word + Interrogative Form

When is the next flight to Orlando? Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?

The same applies to other verbs in the simple present. We will start the sentence with the question word and add the interrogative form. Look:

QUESTION WORDS


How do I get to the baggage claim area? Como eu chego até a área de retirada de bagagem?

Can you get your luggage upstairs? Você pode pegar suas malas no andar de cima?

In the previous example, you is the subject, can is the modal verb, and get is the main verb, which remains unaltered, in its base form.

As for the interrogative form, we follow the same logic and invert the modal verb with the subject. Take a look:

MODAL VERBS

Interrogative Form

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + ComplementModal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal no Infinitivo (sem “to”) + Complemento



Now you know how the interrogative form works in the simple present of the verb to be and of other verbs, in the present continuous, and with modal verbs. You also know how to ask

questions using different question words, such as when, what, how, and where. If you want to learn more about it, just go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Interrogative Form Page 210 wQuestion Word How Page 255 wQuestion Word What Page 237 wQuestion Word Where Page 247 wQuestion Word When Page 244 w


With modal verbs it will be as simple as with the other ones. Just use the question word before the interrogative form of the sentence. Look at this example:

QUESTION WORDS


Where can I get my bags? Onde posso pegar minhas malas?

In this case, we have the question word where followed by the interrogative form of the modal verb can.

Now, take a look an example in the present continuous:

QUESTION WORDS


What are you bringing in your bag?O que você está trazendo na sua mala?

As you can see, this follows the same logic, for the question word what is followed by the interrogative form of the present continuous.



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Write SPB, SPV, PC, or MV according to the verb form used in the following interrogative sentences.

( SPB ) Simple Present (verb to be)

( SPV ) Simple Present (other verbs)

( PC ) Present Continuous

( MV ) Modal Verb

a) ( ) Excuse me. Where is the boarding gate for this f light? Com licença. Onde f ica o portão de embarque para este voo?

b) ( ) Can you help me f ind my luggage? Você pode me ajudar a achar minha bagagem?

c) ( ) Is the baggage claim area upstairs? A retirada de bagagem é no andar de cima?

d) ( ) Does the Orlando International Airport have many terminals? O Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando tem muitos terminais?

e) ( ) Do international airports have a transit counter? Aeroportos internacionais têm um balcão para pessoas em trânsito?

f) ( ) When is the next f light to Orlando? Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?

g) ( ) Am I coming from Brazil? Eu estou vindo do Brasil?

h) ( ) Excuse me. Can you tell me where the baggage claim area is? Com licença. Você pode me dizer onde é a área de retirada de bagagem?

i) ( ) Are you bringing alcoholic beverages? Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas?

99



Notes

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s

a. S

PB

b. M

V

c. S

PB

d. S

PV

e. S

PV

f. S

PB

g. P

C

h. M

V

i. P

C

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

s

a. W

here

b

. Whe

n

c. W

hat

d.

Whe

re

e. H

ow

f. W

hat


B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate question word.

a) Excuse me. is the boarding gate for this flight? Com licença. Onde f ica o portão de embarque para este voo?

b) is the next flight to Orlando? Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?

c) are you bringing in your bag? O que você está trazendo na sua mala?

d) can I get my bags? Onde posso pegar minhas malas?

e) do I get to the baggage claim area? Como eu chego até a área de área de retirada de bagagem?

f) are you bringing in your bag? O que você está trazendo na sua mala?

6Leaving the Airport.



[At the baggage claim area]James:OK! So I have my carry on, I have my personal item, and I have my checked luggage! That means it’s time to leave the airport!

You’ll probably follow one of the signs that say “Car Rental” or “Ground Transportation.” There are several different agencies and options inside the airport! Instead of needing to take a shuttle to a car rental agency, here you can just walk to it! But, let’s say you’ve made an online reservation with another provider outside of the airport.

[At the airport exit] In that case, there’ll be a shuttle to take you there. Some companies offer an exclusive shuttle, while other companies share shuttles. That means that they’ll make multiple stops at separate companies to drop off passengers. Just make sure that you get on the right one!

There will be other forms of ground transportation, which will be available to you. Hotel shuttles are always an interesting option because they’re completely free! Check with your hotel to see if they offer complimentary shuttle services to and from the airport! Most hotels do! Not just in Orlando, but all over the U.S.! In some cases, they offer an exclusive line you can call! This is very useful for f lights that are arriving late at night.

LEAVING THE AIRPORT

The arrival process has been concluded; it is time to leave the airport. You can do it by picking up one of the different public means of transportation usually available at airports around the world, or you can rent a car or take a taxi if you want to have more freedom and feel more comfortable. No matter the choice you make, it is important to do your homework and research the options in advance. You should get all the information you need before you make your decision. In this chapter, we will show you how to do that. You will learn what to say and see some language items that will help you improve your English skills.

Now, look at the script of Leaving the Airport.

Part 1.

Video Script



If your hotel doesn’t offer a complimentary shuttle, there’s another pretty inexpensive option: public transportation! Most U.S. cities offer rapid transit from the airport via subway.

Unlike public transportation, which drops you off at specif ic locations around the city, shuttle vans will drop you off right at your hotel, only costing about US$20 per person. It can really pay off!

If you’re in a large group, it could get expensive, so a taxi or a ridesharing service might be the best option. Ridesharing services are always a great option because they offer similar services like taxis. Each airport will have a specif ic location where a driver will pick you up.

However, since you may not have wi-fi to contact a driver, you can always take a taxi! The only downside is that taxis might be the most expensive option depending on where you’re staying. And remember, it’s always customary in the U.S. to tip the driver at least 15% of the fare.

SAINDO DO AEROPORTO

[Na área de retirada de bagagens]James:OK, já estou com minha bagagem de mão, meus itens pessoais, e minha bagagem que havia sido despachada, o que quer dizer que é hora de deixar o aeroporto!

Você provavelmente seguirá as placas que dizem “Car Rental” ou “Ground Transportation”. Existem várias locadoras e opções diferentes dentro do aeroporto! Em vez de ter que pegar um transporte até a locadora, aqui você pode simplesmente andar até ela! Mas digamos que você fez uma reserva on-line em outra empresa localizada fora do aeroporto.

[Na saída do aeroporto] Neste caso, haverá um transporte que te levará até lá. Algumas empresas oferecem um serviço de traslado exclusivo, enquanto outras o compartilham. Isso signif ica que eles vão fazer várias paradas em diferentes empresas para deixar passageiros. Apenas se certif ique de que você embarcou no transporte correto!



Haverá outras formas de transporte disponíveis para você. Traslados dos próprios hotéis são sempre uma opção interessante porque eles são de graça! Verif ique com o hotel se eles oferecem serviço de traslado como cortesia, até o hotel ou para o aeroporto. A maioria dos hotéis possuem esse serviço, não só em Orlando, como em todos os EUA! Em alguns casos, eles oferecem linhas diretas para você ligar! Isso é muito útil para voos que chegam tarde da noite.

Se o seu hotel não oferece essa cortesia, outra opção de baixo custo é o transporte público! Na maioria das cidades, há linhas rápidas do aeroporto até a cidade via metrô ou trem.

Ao contrário do transporte público, que te deixa em pontos específ icos da cidade, as vans de traslado te deixam na porta do seu hotel! Elas custam cerca de US$20 por pessoa, o que pode sair muito em conta!

Caso você esteja em um grupo grande de pessoas, as vans podem sair caro. Usar um táxi ou aplicativo de transporte privado pode ser uma opção melhor. O aplicativo de transporte privado é sempre uma boa opção porque oferece um serviço similar ao táxi. Cada aeroporto terá um local específ ico onde um motorista poderá te pegar.

Mas, se você não tiver wi-fi para contatar um motorista, você sempre pode pegar um táxi comum! O ruim é que o táxi pode ser o transporte mais caro, dependendo de onde você estiver hospedado. E lembre-se: é costume nos EUA dar uma gorjeta de no mínimo 15% da corrida para o motorista.



How far are you going? What is the distance? Até onde você vai? Qual é a distância?

How much money are you willing to spend? Quanto dinheiro você está disposto a gastar?

How much money do you have? Quanto dinheiro você tem?

How long is the journey to your destination? Quanto tempo leva a viagem até o seu destino?

RENTING A CAR: EXTRA COSTS

Car insuranceSeguro do carro

GasGasolina

ParkingEstacionamento

You always have the option of renting a car. It is obviously more expensive than taking the bus, for example, and you will need to plan some extra costs on your budget, considering the following:

TollsPedágios

If you are visiting family or friends, they might pick you up at the airport. If that is not the case, you will need to f ind the best way to leave the airport. Here are some of the most important things you should consider while planning how to go from the airport to the place you are going to stay:

VocabularyPart 2.



There are usually signs that show you the way to the car rental dealerships.

The upside of renting a car is that you will be fully independent. There are two ways you can rent a car:

You can make an online reservation for pick-up at the airport. Você pode fazer uma reserva on-line e pegar o carro no aeroporto.

You can rent directly at the dealership counter at the airport. Você pode alugar direto no balcão da locadora no aeroporto.

You can also get there by taking the shuttle bus or the train. In case you get confused, these are some of the questions you may want to ask:

Excuse me, how can I get to the car rental dealership? Com licença, como posso chegar à locadora de carros?

Where is the car rental dealership? Onde f ica a locadora de carros?

Can you help me get to the car rental dealership? Pode me ajudar a chegar à locadora de carros?

Once you get there, you will choose your car, present the necessary documents, and pick up your vehicle. But if you don’t want to drive, there are plenty of public transportation options to choose from. You can also come across the expression ground transportation on the signs around the airport.



Every airport will have at least a few of the following options for you to choose from. Take a look:

AIRPORT TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS

Local busesÔnibus locais

Shuttle busesÔnibus de traslado

Shuttle vansVans de traslado

SubwayMetrô

Taxi/cabTáxi

Ridesharing servicesServiços de compartilhamento

de transporte por aplicativo

But you should f irst check with your hotel if they offer any shuttle service. If so, it is free and you’re good to go! In this case, just follow this sign at the airport:

If they don’t, there usually are shuttle buses or shuttle vans that drop passengers off at the main hotels in the city. All you have to do is find the shuttle service counter and ask one of these questions:

Excuse me, does this shuttle take me to the Homeland hotel? Com licença, este traslado me leva para o hotel Homeland?

Excuse me, is there an airport shuttle that takes me to the Homeland hotel? Com licença, tem algum traslado do aeroporto que me leve para o hotel Homeland?



After that, you can ask how much it costs:

How much is it? Quanto é?

Shuttle buses are a good option, but they are not as cheap as local buses. Local buses are probably the cheapest option. The only problem is that they probably won’t drop you off right at your hotel door. The bus stop can be a few blocks away from your hotel, which could be a problem if you are carrying a lot of luggage. If it is not the case and you want to save some money, that’s the right choice. Just stop by the information desk at the airport to ask about your options and the routes.

Which bus takes me to the Homeland hotel? Qual ônibus me leva para o hotel Homeland?

Which bus should I take to go to the Homeland hotel? Qual ônibus devo pegar para ir para o hotel Homeland?

Then you can ask about the fare:

How much is the bus fare? Quanto é a passagem de ônibus?

In some cities, you cannot hand cash to the bus driver. There will be a ticket machine by the bus stop, or you will have to get a travel card. In other cities, the drivers may take your money, but they don’t carry any change. So, if the bus fare is US$2.50, you should pay them exactly US$2.50. You can also get to know all about it by asking one of the following questions at the information desk:

Where can I get bus tickets? Onde posso comprar passagens de ônibus?

Do I need to have change? Eu preciso ter dinheiro trocado?

How much does it cost?Quanto custa?


Now you know the transportation options you can find at airports around the world and the questions you can ask whenever you need to get some information about them.


The local buses will take you to train stations. In some countries, there are train and subway stations by the airport.

If you like comfort and exclusive transport for a price that is not so expensive, you can go for ridesharing services. Most airports have pick-up zones nearby, but if you don’t have a local SIM card, you might have trouble connecting to the internet, as the wireless connection might be restricted to the airport lobby.

But if you are tired after a long trip and don’t want to wait for a car, taking a taxi is the best choice. Taxis are available at the arrival hall of every airport, and they are probably the most expensive choice. Here are some sentences you can use when approaching a taxi driver:

Excuse me, are you available?Com licença, você está disponível?

Hi! Can you take me to the Homeland hotel?Olá! Poderia me levar ao hotel Homeland?

Hello! What’s the average price from here to the Homeland hotel?Olá! Qual é a média de preço para ir daqui até o hotel Homeland?

They will take you where you want for a fairly high fare. At the end of the ride, the driver will tell you the price. Bear in mind that the U.S. has a tipping culture, which means that you must tip drivers, bellboys, and waiting staff at restaurants, for example. So, if the driver tells you that the ride cost you 50 dollars, you are supposed to pay 50 dollars plus 15%. In this case, you’ll pay something like 58 dollars. Then you can hand over 60 dollars in bills and say:

Keep the change.Fique com o troco.



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s3

/ 6 /

9 / 1

/ 5

/ 2

/ 7 /

4 / 8

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

car

rent

al d

eale

rshi

p / c

ar re

ntal

ag

ency

/ ca

r ren

tal c

ompa

ny /

car r

enta

l b.

shu

ttle

/ shu

ttle

bus

/ shu

ttle

van

c. b

usd.

cha

nge

e. fa

re



( 1 ) Car rental

( 2 ) Parking lot

( 3 ) Toll

( 4 ) Ground transportation

( 5 ) Subway

( 6 ) Bus

( 7 ) Train

( 8 ) Taxi/cab

( 9 ) Change

( ) Pedágio

( ) Ônibus

( ) Troco / dinheiro trocado

( ) Aluguel de carro

( ) Metrô

( ) Estacionamento

( ) Trem

( ) Transporte terrestre

( ) Táxi

a) Excuse me. How can I get to the ? Com licença. Como posso chegar à locadora de carros?

b) Does this take me to the Homeland hotel? Esse traslado me leva para o hotel Homeland?

c) Which takes me to the Homeland hotel? Qual ônibus me leva para o hotel Homeland?

d) Keep the . Fique com o troco.

e) How much is the bus ? Quanto é a passagem de ônibus?

Part 3.




What are you bringing in your bag?O que você está trazendo na sua mala?

What is your final destination?Qual é o seu destino f inal?

In the last chapter, you saw how to use the interrogative form of the simple present and the present continuous. You also saw that we use where to ask about location, when to ask about time, what to ask for information, and how to ask about manner.

In this chapter, we will expand the use of what and how. You will see other meanings, uses, and combinations of these question words, and you will also learn how to use which, a pronoun that may be similar to what, depending on the context.

Let’s start with what. Take a look:

QUESTION WORD: WHAT

QUESTION WORD: WHAT

We use what to ask general questions that refer to unlimited choices. Hence, these questions allow for several different options of answers. In the previous example, the person does not know what is in the bag, so there may be lots of different answers, such as clothes, shoes, books, etc.

Now, have a look at another example:

Here, the destination is unknown; therefore, many options would be possible.

Part 4.

Grammar



As you can see in the previous examples, when there are many possible answers, we use what. And when there is a restricted number of choices, we tend to use which.

Sometimes, the restricted options may not be specif ied in the question. For example:

Which + Noun + Interrogative FormQual + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

Which bus can I take to my hotel? Qual ônibus eu posso pegar para o meu hotel?

Even though there were no options clearly pointed out, it is easy to guess that it is not just any bus that would take the person the hotel, but a specif ic line. So, based on the context, it is possible to understand that the options are, in fact, restricted.

In that sense, what and which have different usages. We use which to ask about specif ic information when we have a limited number of choices in mind; and we use what to ask general questions whose answer options will be unlimited.

Let’s take a look at the question word which. We use it to ask about choices among a limited number of options. That is, the options will be restricted.

Compare:

What means of transportation do you prefer? Qual meio de transporte você prefere?

(Many options to answer: car, subway, bus, taxi, etc.)(Muitas opções de resposta: carro, metrô, ônibus, táxi etc.)

Which transportation do you prefer: the car or the bus? Qual transporte você prefere: o carro ou o ônibus?

(Restricted number of options: the car or the bus)(Número limitado de opções de resposta: o carro ou o ônibus)

WHAT VS. WHICH



What + Noun + Interrogative FormO Que / Qual + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

What means of transportation do you prefer? Qual meio de transporte você prefere?

Which + Noun + Interrogative FormQual + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

Which transportation do you prefer: the car or the bus? Qual transporte você prefere: o carro ou o ônibus?

Notice that, in both questions, what and which are followed by the noun that refers to the specific matter we are asking about. In the first questions, means of transportation. And, in the second one, transportation. In both cases we continued the question by using the verb prefer in the interrogative form of the simple present.

We can also use what to refer to the object of the sentence. That is, what is the question word used to ask about things, animals, feelings, or situations when they are the object of the verb. Have a look at the following example:

Now, let’s analyze the structure of these sentences. Have a look at the examples again:

What + Auxiliary Verb Do + Subject + Main VerbO Que + Verbo Auxiliar Do + Sujeito + Verbo Principal

What do you usually bring in your bag?O que você normalmente traz na sua mala?

Here, what does not refer to choices among general options. It refers to the things that someone carries in their bag, that is, the object of the verb. The subject of this question is you, and the verb prefer is in the simple present. Therefore, the auxiliary verb do must be used to ask the question. As you can see, there is no noun after what, so it is simply followed by the interrogative form of the verb.



Here there is no information concerning the reason for the person to be in the U.S. because that is exactly the focus of the question. Since the subject of the verb is unknown, there is no auxiliary verb, and the question must be asked in the third person singular. In the case of the simple present, we will add -S to the verb.

What can also be used when we want to learn about the subject of the sentence, be it an animal, an object, a feeling, or a situation. In this case, the subject will not be used in the question, because it is the part of the sentence that answers the question.

Observe the following example:

WHAT OBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

What + Interrogative Form (Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb)O Que + Forma Interrogativa (Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal)

What do you usually bring in your bag? O que você normalmente traz na sua mala?

Summing up, we would have these two structures, depending on the information we are looking for:

WHAT SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

What + Verb in the Third Person SingularO Que + Verbo na Terceira Pessoa do Singular

What brings you to the U.S.? O que te traz aos Estados Unidos?

What + Verb In The Third Person Singular + ComplementO Que + Verbo na Terceira Pessoa do Singular + Complemento

What brings you to the U.S.?O que te traz aos Estados Unidos?



When it refers to the object of the verb, there will be a subject as part of the question, and, depending on the verb form, the auxiliary verb will be necessary to ask the question.

On the other hand, when it refers to the subject of the verb, the structure will change. Take a look:

Which + Noun + Interrogative Form (Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb)Qual + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa (Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal)

Which bus can I take to my hotel? Qual ônibus eu posso pegar para o meu hotel?

WHICH SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCEQual Sujeito da Frase

Which + Noun + Verb in the Third Person SingularQual + Substantivo + Verbo na Terceira Pessoa do Singular

Which bus takes me to my hotel? Qual ônibus me leva para o meu hotel?

In this case, there will be no auxiliary verb, and the main verb must be conjugated in the third person singular. But notice there is one difference compared to what: Which must be followed by the noun it refers to, whether it is a question about the subject or the object of the verb. That happens because the question word which always involves selecting something among restricted options.

A possible answer to both previous questions could be:

The blue bus takes me to my hotel. O ônibus azul me leva para o meu hotel.

WHICH OBJECT OF THE SENTENCEQual Objeto da Frase

Which can also be used to refer to the object of the sentence. Have a look:



HOW

How + Interrogative Form (Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb)Como + Forma Interrogativa (Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal)

How do I get to the car rental dealership?Como eu chego à locadora de carros?

Now, let’s see the question word how. We know it is used to ask about manner. For example:

And you are already familiar with the structure Question word + Interrogative form. Notice that we are using the simple present.

How can also be combined with many other words to form question words with different meanings.

Let’s start with the expression How many. Check out this example:

How Many + Noun + Interrogative FormQuantas(os) + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

How many bags do you have? Quantas malas você tem?

How Much + Noun + Interrogative FormQuanto + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

How much money are you willing to spend? Quanto dinheiro você está disposto a gastar?

How many is used to talk about the quantity of things we can count. Notice that right after How many we must place the noun that refers to what we are counting. In the previous example, we are counting the number of bags; that’s why we must say, How many bags and then add the interrogative form.

Another possible combination is How much, which is used to ask about uncountable things, such as money or the cost of something. Check it out:


Now you know how the question words what, which, and how work. If you want to learn more about them, just go to the Grammar

Guide section at the end of your book.GRAMMAR GUIDE

Question Word How Page 255 wQuestion Word What Page 237 wQuestion Word Which Page 252 w


Notice that in this example we did not use the noun in the structure because the word money is implied. It’s as if we said, “How much money is the bus fare?” This sentence would be grammatically correct, but it’s not commonly used in spoken English.

Another question word derived from how is How long. For example:

How long is used to ask about the duration of something, such as a trip, a f ilm, or a class, or the length of something, such as a road. And we generally use How long followed by the interrogative form of the verb.

The last combination with how we will mention in this chapter is How far. Take a look:

How Far + Interrogative Form Quão distante / Qual é a distância + Forma Interrogativa

How far is downtown? Quão distante é o centro da cidade? / Qual é a distância até o centro da cidade?

We use it to ask about distance, and it is followed by the interrogative form of the verb.

How Long + Interrogative Form Quanto tempo + Forma Interrogativa

How long does the flight take? Quanto tempo dura o voo?

Since we are referring to the quantity of money, we say, How much money and then add the interrogative form. However, when we ask about price, we commonly omit the word money in the question, and simply say:

How Much + Interrogative FormQuanto + Forma Interrogativa

How much is the bus fare? Quanto é a passagem de ônibus?



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Choose the correct option to complete the blanks.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate question word.

a) Excuse me. can I get to the car rental dealership? Com licença. Como posso chegar à locadora de carros?

b) bus takes me to my hotel? Qual ônibus me leva para o meu hotel?

c) do I get to the car rental dealership? Como eu chego à locadora de carros?

a) is downtown? Qual é a distância até o centro da cidade?

( ) How far ( ) How much

b) does the flight take? Quanto tempo dura o voo?

( ) How long ( ) How far

c) is the bus fare? Quanto é a passagem de ônibus?

( ) How many ( ) How much

d) bags do you have? Quantas malas você tem?

( ) How many ( ) How

e) money are you willing to spend? Quanto dinheiro você está disposto a gastar?

( ) How long ( ) How much



NotesA

ctiv

ity B

– A

nsw

ers

a. H

owb.

Whi

chc.

How

d. W

hat

e. W

hat

f. W

hich

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

sa.

How

far

b. H

ow lo

ngc.

How

muc

h

d. H

ow m

any

e. H

ow m

uch


d) do you usually bring in your bag? O que você normalmente traz na sua mala?

e) brings you to the U.S.? O que te traz aos Estados Unidos?

f) transportation do you prefer: the car or the bus? Qual transporte você prefere: o carro ou o ônibus?

7Check-in.



[In the car]James:This is the end of our trip, it’s time to f ly back home now. So we’re headed to the airport!

Now, one last piece of advice: I would highly recommend getting to the airport at least three hours before your f light. Yes, depending on the season, the lines can be long and pretty frustrating. In order to avoid that, make sure you follow that tip and get there at least three hours before your f light.

[At the airport entrance] Alright, guys, I’m back here at the airport and, as you can see, I have an extra bag. And while the check-in counter might be right inside, I’m just going to go ahead and rent a luggage cart. Now, remember, in the U.S., this is not free. But I have a little extra cash, so everything should be f ine! All set!

[At the lobby, by the airport scale] So, do you remember in episode 1 when I talked about baggage allowance? Well, just in case, you’re allowed two bags weighing 23 kilos, or 50 pounds each. That’s the usual limit for international f lights. If you would like to avoid being charged extra for extra weight, make sure you look for an airport scale. It’s the best way to double-check the weight of your bag, or to balance out the weight of your bags before you check-in saving you time and money. In fact, I’ll go ahead and do that now. Simple as that!

CHECK-IN

Well, your trip has come to an end. It is time to go to the airport and take your flight back home. In this chapter, you will see the procedures for checking in. We will show you what to do and anticipate some of the things you may have to deal with along the way. You will learn different ways to check in and what to say in case you have problems or need help during the process. And, as usual, you will also see some language topics that will help you improve your English.

Take a look at the script of Check-in.

Part 1.

Video Script



[At the self-check-in kiosk] Alright, guys. So do you remember the process that you went through back home before you came? Well, this is very similar. The only difference is that you’re going to be using English to finish the rest of the process.We’ll start here at the self-check-in kiosk! Make sure that you have your passport and your f light confirmation number ready, because that’s all you’ll need here. I’ll go ahead and do that now.

These are the steps you’ll go through. First, you’ll be requested to scan your passport. Then, you’ll confirm your ticket number, or f light information number, and choose your seat. After that, you’ll be asked the number of bags you’re checking. Type it in. Confirm it. And now, all you have to do is wait to collect your boarding pass and baggage tag.

[At the baggage drop-off counter] Airline Clerk:Next!

James:Hi, how are you today?

Airline Clerk:Good! Good evening, sir! Can I see your passport and boarding pass, please?

James:Of course, right here!

Airline Clerk:Thank you! OK, everything looks good! How many bags are we checking today?

James:I’m just going to do two, OK?

Airline Clerk:OK! Go ahead and put the f irst one on the scale. And the second one. OK!

James:Can I just get a fragile sticker on those, please?

Airline Clerk:You sure can!



James:Awesome!

Airline Clerk:OK, and how about your backpack and the small red one?

James:I just have these for my carry-on.

Airline Clerk:OK! Go ahead and f ill these out, put those on as well.

James:Awesome, thank you!

Airline Clerk:And how was your visit to Orlando?

James:It was awesome; “the City Beautiful,” right?

Airline Clerk:Very good, yes, sir! These are for your checked bags.

James:Awesome, thank you so much!

Airline Clerk:Thank you for the check-in, and have a nice f light!

James:Awesome, thank you so much!

Alright, we’re all set! Now it’s time to head to passport control and the security checkpoint!



CHECK-IN

[Dentro do carro]James:Este é o f inal da nossa viagem, é hora de voar de volta para casa. Então, estamos a caminho do aeroporto! Agora, um último conselho: eu recomendo muito que você chegue ao aeroporto no mínimo três horas antes do seu voo. Sim, dependendo da temporada, as f ilas podem ser longas e bem frustrantes. Para evitar isso, siga esta dica e chegue lá no mínimo com três horas de antecedência.

[Na entrada do aeroporto]OK, pessoal, estou de volta ao aeroporto, e como podem ver, tenho uma mala extra. Ainda que o guichê de check-in seja logo na entrada, eu vou alugar um carrinho de bagagem. Agora, lembrem-se de que nos EUA isso é pago. Mas eu tenho um pouco de dinheiro sobrando; então, está tudo certo. Pronto!

[No saguão, perto da balança do aeroporto] Então, vocês lembram no episódio 1, quando eu falei da franquia de bagagem? Bem, em todo caso, você pode levar até duas malas pesando 23 quilos ou 50 libras cada. Esse geralmente é o limite para voos internacionais. Se você quiser evitar a cobrança de multas por excesso de peso, é só procurar uma balança no aeroporto. Esse é o melhor jeito de conferir o peso da sua mala, ou de dividir o peso entre elas, antes de você fazer o check-in, o que economiza tempo e dinheiro.

Na verdade, vou fazer isso agora! Simples assim!

[No totem de autoatendimento] Beleza, pessoal! Vocês se lembram do processo pelo qual vocês passaram antes de virem para cá? Bem, isso é bem parecido. A única diferença é que agora você vai terminar o resto do procedimento em inglês. Vamos começar aqui no totem de autoatendimento! Não se esqueça de ter seu passaporte e o número de reserva do seu voo à mão, porque é tudo de que você vai precisar aqui. Vou fazer isso agora.

Esses são os passos que você deve seguir. Primeiro, você precisará escanear seu passaporte. Então, você deve confirmar o número do seu bilhete, ou das informações de reserva, e escolher seu assento. Depois disso, você deve informar quantas malas estão sendo despachadas. Digite as informações. Confirme-as. E, agora, tudo o que você tem que fazer é pegar seu cartão de embarque e as etiquetas de bagagem.



[No balcão de despacho de bagagens] Atendente da companhia aérea:Próximo!

James:Oi, tudo bem?

Atendente da companhia aérea:Tudo! Boa-noite! Posso ver seu passaporte e cartão de embarque, por favor?

James:Claro, aqui estão!

Atendente da companhia aérea:Obrigado! Pronto, tudo parece estar OK! Quantas malas vamos despachar hoje?

James:Somente duas, OK?

Atendente da companhia aérea:OK! Coloque a primeira na balança. E a segunda. OK!

James:Você poderia colocar um adesivo de frágil nelas, por favor?

Atendente da companhia aérea:Claro!

James:Maravilha!

Atendente da companhia aérea:OK, e sua mochila e a mala vermelha pequena?

James:Essas são minhas bagagens de mão.

Atendente da companhia aérea:OK! Preencha essas etiquetas e cole-as também.

James:Ótimo, muito obrigado!



Atendente da companhia aérea:E como foi sua visita a Orlando?

James:Foi ótima; é “a linda cidade”, não é mesmo?

Atendente da companhia aérea:Muito bem, sim, senhor! Estes são os comprovantes das suas malas despachadas.

James:Ótimo, muito obrigado!

Atendente da companhia aérea:Obrigado pelo check-in e tenha um ótimo voo!

James:Maravilha, obrigado! OK, tudo certo!

Agora é hora de irmos para o setor de controle de passaporte e inspeção de segurança!



You are at the airport again. You are probably carrying your baggage. Now, if you don’t like to carry heavy bags around, the f irst thing you will want to do as you get to the airport is rent a baggage cart or trolley. They can be found at one of these places:

PLACES WHERE YOU CAN FIND A BAGGAGE CART

Check-in areaÁrea de check-in

Parking lotsEstacionamentos

ArrivalsÁrea de desembarque

There is one small catch when talking about American airports: you will have to pay to release the cart. Look:

And you can pay with:

BAGGAGE CART PAYMENT OPTIONS

CoinsMoedas

BillsNotas

CardsCartões

VocabularyPart 2.



Speaking of coins, Americans have specif ic names for each one of them. They will rarely – if ever – refer to them in any other way. So, it is nice to learn these names. Take a look:

NAMES OF AMERICAN COINS

1 cent = penny1 centavo

5 cents = nickel5 centavos

10 cents = dime10 centavos

25 cents = quarter25 centavos

CHECK-IN PROCESS

Online At the self-service check-in kiosksNos totens de autoatendimento

At the check-in counterNo balcão de atendimento

After you release the cart, you can check in. There are three ways you can do it:

Some airlines won’t allow online check-ins for international f lights. You will have to use one of the other options, and you will need these documents to do it:

NECESSARY ITEMS TO DO THE CHECK-IN

Passport Passaporte

Flight confirmation codeCódigo localizador do voo

HWAJUT



After that, you will be asked about your luggage:

EXTRAS OFFERED DURING CHECK-IN

Seat choiceEscolha de assento

If you choose to use the self-service check-in kiosk, you will be asked to scan your passport and type in the f light confirmation code. Before f inishing your check-in, you will be offered a few extras. Each company will offer something different, but, in general, these are the options:

Extra spaceEspaço extra

Class upgradesUpgrade de classe

Do you have any luggage to check in?Você tem alguma bagagem para despachar?

Please, place one piece of luggage you want to check in on the scale. Por favor, coloque uma mala que deseja despachar na balança.

Please, collect your baggage tag and follow the procedures. Por favor, retire sua etiqueta de bagagem e siga as instruções.

Please, collect your boarding pass. Por favor, retire seu cartão de embarque.

If you don’t understand something at the self-service check-in, remember that there will always be some airline staff member to assist you. You can ask them for help by saying one of the following:

Excuse me. Could you help me with my check-in?Com licença. Você poderia me ajudar com o meu check-in?

Excuse me. Please, I need some help with my check-in.Com licença. Por favor, eu preciso de ajuda com o meu check-in.



You can always go directly to the check-in desk (or counter):

The procedure is very similar, but you will have to interact with the clerk. You will say your name, where you are going, and then they will ask for your flight confirmation code and passport. Take a look at the questions you will be probably asked:

What is your last name? And your first name?Qual é o seu sobrenome? E o nome?

What is your final destination?Qual é o seu destino f inal?

Can I have your flight confirmation code and passport?Posso ver seu código localizador do voo e passaporte?

Then, it is time to choose the seat. You can ask one of the following questions to choose yours:

Can I have a window seat? Posso f icar em um assento na janela?

Can I have an aisle seat?Posso f icar em um assento no corredor?

Before you get your boarding pass, the clerk will ask if you want to check in any luggage, and if you say yes, they may say something like this:

Place your bag on the scale, please.Coloque sua mala na balança, por favor.


Now you know how to do the check-in before you go back home.


If your luggage exceeds the airline baggage-weight policy, you will have to pay the excess-baggage fees. If that happens, you will probably hear:

Your baggage exceeded the weight limit. Sua bagagem excedeu o limite de peso.

How would you like to pay the excess-baggage fees?Como você gostaria de pagar pela taxa de excesso de bagagem?

Would you like to take something out?Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa?

You can also request a fragile sticker for your baggage if you are carrying something that breaks easily. There is also the possibility of getting a priority tag. So you can say:

Can you put a fragile sticker on my bag, please?Você pode colocar uma etiqueta de frágil

na minha mala, por favor?

Can I have a priority bag tag?Posso ter uma etiqueta de

prioridade na minha bagagem?

After you have checked in your luggage, the clerk will ask about your carry-on:

Do you have any carry-on luggage?Você tem alguma bagagem de mão?

Please, use this name tag on your carry-on Por favor, use essa etiqueta de identif icação na sua bagagem de mão.

The process will be concluded after that. The clerk will hand you your boarding pass and inform you of your boarding gate and time. It will be something like this:

Here’s your boarding pass and baggage receipt. Your flight departs at 4 p.m. on gate 23D. Boarding starts at 3 p.m. Enjoy your flight!

Aqui estão o seu cartão de embarque e comprovante de bagagem. Seu voo partirá às 16h no portão 23D. O embarque terá início às 15h. Boa viagem!



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s9

/ 3 /

10 /

6 / 1

2 / 4

/ 7

/ 11

/ 8 /

5 / 1

/2

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

che

ck in

b. b

agga

ge ta

gc.

flig

ht c

onfir

mat

ion

code

/

fligh

t con

firm

atio

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d. w

indo

we.

exc

ess-

bagg

age

fee

f. bo

ardi

ng p

ass



( 1 ) Arrivals

( 2 ) Departures

( 3 ) Coins

( 4 ) Bills

( 5 ) Cards

( 6 ) Penny

( 7 ) Nickel

( 8 ) Dime

( 9 ) Quarter

( 10 ) Check-in kiosk

( 11 ) Baggage tag

( 12 ) Flight confirmation code

( ) Vinte e cinco centavos

( ) Moedas

( ) Terminal de autoatendimento

( ) Um centavo

( ) Código localizador do voo

( ) Notas

( ) Cinco centavos

( ) Etiqueta de bagagem

( ) Dez centavos

( ) Cartões

( ) Área de embarque

( ) Área de desembarque

a) Please, place one piece of luggage you want to on the scale. Por favor, coloque uma mala que deseja despachar na balança.

b) Please, collect your and follow the procedures. Por favor, retire sua etiqueta de bagagem e siga as instruções.

c) Can I have your and passport? Posso ver seu código localizador do voo e passaporte?

d) Can I have a seat? Posso ficar em um assento na janela?

e) How would you like to pay the ? Como você gostaria de pagar a taxa de excesso de bagagem?

f) Please, collect your . Por favor, retire seu cartão de embarque.

Part 3.




MODAL VERBS

We have talked about modal verbs before. They function as auxiliaries, adding meaning to the main verb. In this chapter, we are going to see modal verbs that express possibility, permission, request, and offer. Let’s take a look at can, could, and would.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure. Let’s see some examples in the aff irmative, negative and interrogative forms with the modal verb can:

Affirmative Form Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb +

Complement Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal +

Complemento

I can check in at the airportEu posso fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

Negative Form Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb +

Complement Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal +

Complemento

I cannot (can’t) check in at the airport. Eu não posso fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

Interrogative Form Modal Verb + Subject + Verb + Complement

Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

Can I check in at the airport?Eu posso fazer o check-in no aeroporto?

Simple Present: facts, habits, routine (fatos, hábitos, rotina) I travel every month.

Eu viajo todo mês.

Modal verb can: possibility/permission I can travel every month.Eu posso viajar todo mês.

As previously mentioned, modal verbs “modulate” the action, that is, they add meaning to the main verb. Let’s take a look at an example and compare the difference in ideas between a sentence in the simple present and one with a modal verb:

Part 4.

Grammar



MODAL VERB CANRequest/Possibility

MODAL VERB CANPossibility

MODAL VERB CANPermission

In this case, we are using can to talk about possibility. To help you understand this idea, we could replace the modal verb can with the expression It is possible to.

Now, have a look at another example:

As you can see, the simple present is used to express something we do as a part of a routine or to refer to facts, whereas the modal verb can refers to something that we believe to be possible or that we have permission to do, depending on the context.

Each modal verb will convey a specific idea, depending on the context. Let’s start by having a look at the uses of the modal verb can. Take a look at the following example:

Can you put a fragile sticker on my bag, please? Você pode colocar uma etiqueta de frágil na minha mala, por favor?

I can check in at the airport.It is possible to check in at the airport. Eu posso fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

Can I have your flight confirmation code and passport? Posso ver seu código localizador do voo e passaporte?

Based on the context of the check-in process and on the use of the word please, this sentence expresses a request. The passenger is asking the clerk to do something for them. Depending on the situation, it could also sound like a possibility. It would be like saying, Is it possible for you to put a fragile sticker on my bag, please?

Can is also used to talk about permission. Take a look:



Only international travelers can buy at the duty-free shop. Somente passageiros internacionais podem comprar na loja duty-free.

This sentence conveys an idea of permission too. But in this case, it is not a request for permission since it is in the aff irmative form. It is simply an informative sentence referring to the kind of passengers that are allowed to buy at the duty-free shop.

Another very common modal verb is could. It expresses a remote possibility, and it sounds a bit more formal than can. Compare:

You could check in at the airport. Você poderia fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

In this sense, can is used when you want to say that someone is allowed to do something or ask if something is allowed. Note that when we ask for permission, the subject is usually in the first person singular or plural, because we often ask for permission for ourselves. The combination can I have...? is very common in interactions with attendants, such as when we are buying something at a store or during the check-in process. It is as if the clerk were asking for permission to check a document or to help us in some way.

Pay attention to the following example:

MODAL VERB COULDRemote Possibility

You can check in at the airport.Você pode fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

MODAL VERB CANPermission



In this case as well, could sounds more formal and polite than can. As you can see, we are using the interrogative form, which means we are asking for permission.

MODAL VERB COULDFormal Request

Note that there is no difference in the sentence structure since both can and could are modal verbs. Even though they both convey the idea of possibility, the sentence with could expresses a rather remote possibility compared to the sentence with can.

Could is also used for requests. And, once again, it sounds more formal and polite than can. Compare:

Excuse me. Could you help me with my check-in?Com licença. Você poderia me ajudar com o meu check-in?

Excuse me. Can you help me with my check-in?Com licença. Você pode me ajudar com o meu check-in?

MODAL VERB COULDPermission (formal)

As you can see, regarding the structure, both can and could work the same way. In the interrogative form, we only invert their positions with the subject, since they are modal verbs. And both sentences are correct and used in everyday English. The only difference is that asking for help using could sounds a little more polite than using can.

Depending on the context, could also conveys the idea of permission. Look:

Could I have your flight confirmation code?Poderia ver seu código localizador do voo?

Can I have your flight confirmation code?Posso ver seu código localizador do voo?



PresentOnly international travelers can buy at the duty-free shop.

Somente passageiros internacionais podem comprar na loja duty-free.

PastOnly international travelers could buy at the duty-free shop.

Somente passageiros internacionais podiam comprar na loja duty-free.

The first sentence expresses permission in the present. It means that something is permitted, it is a fact now. On the other hand, the sentence with could means that this permission has ended. It is no longer a fact. Travelers were allowed to do that in the past, but they aren’t anymore. So, in this context, could is the past of can.

The same happens in the negative form. Take a look:

PresentYou can’t smoke on the plane.Você não pode fumar no avião.

PastYou couldn’t smoke on the plane.

Você não podia fumar no avião.

So, if you are not allowed to do something, you are forbidden to do it. In both cases, we have a prohibition. To convey a prohibition in the present, we say, “you can’t do it.” When we use couldn’t, it means that you were not allowed to do that in the past. So, in this case, could works as the past of can.

We saw that can and could are modal verbs that can have similar meanings, that the modal verb could will usually sound more polite and formal than can, and that it can also be interpreted as the past of can.

Now let’s see some examples with another modal verb: would.

Now there is a difference when we talk about permission in the aff irmative form. Let’s see the examples, so we can compare them:

PERMISSION: AFFIRMATIVE FORM

PERMISSION: NEGATIVE FORM



Now you know when and how to use the modal verbs can, could, and would. If you want to learn more about them, just

go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Modal Verb Can Page 188 wModal Verb Could Page 191 wModal Verb Would Page 202 w

Would refers to hypothesis. However, it is also frequently used in interactions to offer something. Take a look:

MODAL VERB WOULDOffer

Would you like to take something out of your bag? Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa da sua mala?

How would you like to pay the excess-baggage fee? Como você gostaria de pagar a taxa de excesso de bagagem?

In this context of offering something to someone, notice that the combination would + like is the one you are most likely to see.

To summarize the most important topics covered in this chapter, this is what we can conclude:

CAN possibility, requests, permission CAN possibilidade, pedidos, permissão

COULD remote possibility, formal/polite requests, formal polite permission in the past (past of can)

COULD possibilidade remota, pedidos formais/educados, permissão formal/educada no passado (passado de can)

WOULD (LIKE) offers Would (like) ofertas



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Choose the option that best defines the use of the modal verbs in the sentences.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verb.

a) I have your flight confirmation code and passport? Posso/Poderia ver seu código localizador do voo e passaporte?

b) Excuse me. you help me with my check-in? Com licença. Você pode/poderia me ajudar com o meu check-in?

a) Excuse me. Could you help me with my check-in? Com licença. Você poderia me ajudar com o meu check-in?

( a ) polite request ( b ) formal permission

b) Can I have your flight confirmation code and passport? Posso ver seu código localizador do voo e passaporte?

( a ) offer ( b ) permission

c) Would you like to take something out of your bag? Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa da sua mala?

( a ) offer ( b ) request

d) Could I have your flight confirmation code? Poderia ver seu código localizador do voo?

( a ) offer ( b ) formal permission

e) You can check in at the airport. Você pode fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

( a ) possibility ( b ) offer

f) You could check in at the airport. Você poderia fazer o check-in no aeroporto.

( a ) request ( b ) remote possibility

139



NotesA

ctiv

ity B

– A

nsw

ers

a. C

an /

Coul

db.

Can

/ Co

uld

c. W

ould

you

like

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

sa

/ b /

a / b

/ a

/ b

d. c

an’t

/ can

not /

are

not

allo

wed

to /

aren

’t al

low

ed to

e. c

an /

are

allo

wed

tof.

wou

ld y

ou li

ke


c) to take something out of the bag? Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa da mala?

d) You smoke on the plane. Você não pode fumar no avião.

e) Only international travelers buy at the duty-free shop. Somente passageiros internacionais podem comprar na loja duty-free.

f) How to pay the excess-baggage fee? Como você gostaria de pagar a taxa de excesso de bagagem?

8 SecurityCheck.



[At the airport lobby]James:While it might be your f irst time leaving from an American airport, I’m sure you’ve all heard of the security checkpoint, right? And you’ve probably heard that you have to take off your hat, your belt, maybe even your shoes! That’s all true! And we’ll go through everything that you need to know at the security checkpoint!

But f irst, before we get into that, let me point something out. Take a look at this sign! American airports can have many different terminals and many different boarding gates. Here at Orlando International Airport, there are four terminals and two boarding gates. All this information is made available to you on your boarding pass or on the departure boards inside the airport.

[In front of the security checkpoint] Now let’s go over all the procedures that you will need to know at the security checkpoint. First, make sure that you have your passport and your boarding pass in your hand ready to go. Wait for an off icer. Once your documents have been verif ied, it’s time to get ready for scanning. Make sure you empty out all of your pockets, including any bits of paper.

If you’re carrying a laptop computer in your bag, now it’s time to take it out and put it in its own screening bin. At some airports, you are required to throw away all food that you might be carrying in your purses. While all airports aren’t the same, it’s important to pay attention to the instructions around the airport, so you know what you’re doing.

SECURITY CHECK

It is time to go through the security checkpoint. It may be a little annoying, but it is for your own safety. There are plenty of things you can do to avoid wasting time and having problems during the whole process. In this chapter, we will give you some nice tips on what to do to go through it in a very smooth way. Besides that, you will also see a couple of language items that will contribute a lot to your learning.

Take a look at the script of Security Check.

Part 1.

Video Script



Then, take off those shoes, caps, belts, watches and any other accessories and put them all together in their own screening bin. Make sure you follow all these steps and you’re ready to go once it’s your turn. Your bags will be scanned, and so will you. Once it’s your turn, step inside the scanner and place your feet on the marks on the ground. Put your hands above your head and remember: do not move or exit the scanner, unless you’re told to do so by an off icer.

Alright, I’m going to go ahead and get in line!

[On the tram headed for the boarding gate] OK, guys! So at the Orlando International Airport, after you leave the security checkpoint, make sure you take the tram over to your boarding gate.

[At the boarding area] Alright, guys, we’re in the boarding area, and in the next episode, we’ll explore this together a little bit more! Stay tuned!

SEGURANÇA

[No saguão do aeroporto]

James:

Ainda que seja a sua primeira vez partindo de um aeroporto americano, eu tenho certeza de que vocês já ouviram falar da inspeção de segurança, certo? E vocês também provavelmente ouviram que é preciso tirar seu chapéu, cinto, e até mesmo seus sapatos! Tudo isso é verdade! Vamos falar sobre tudo que você precisa saber sobre a inspeção de segurança.

Mas primeiro, antes de entrarmos nesse assunto, deixe-me chamar a sua atenção para este painel! Aeroportos americanos podem ter vários terminais e muitos portões de embarque diferentes. Aqui no Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando, temos quatro terminais e dois portões de embarque. Toda essa informação está disponível para você no seu cartão de embarque ou nos painéis de partidas dentro do aeroporto.



[Em frente ao acesso para a inspeção de segurança] Agora vamos ver todos os procedimentos de que você precisa saber quando chegar na inspeção de segurança. Primeiro, não se esqueça de ter seu passaporte e seu cartão de embarque à mão, prontos para serem apresentados. Espere por um agente. Uma vez que seus documentos forem verif icados, é hora de f icar pronto para o escâner. Certif ique-se de esvaziar todos os seus bolsos, incluindo quaisquer pedaços de papel.

Caso tenha um notebook na sua mochila, agora é a hora de tirá-lo dela e colocá-lo em uma bandeja separada. Em alguns aeroportos você é obrigado a jogar no lixo qualquer comida que você possa ter em sua bolsa. Já que nem todos aeroportos são iguais, é importante prestar atenção às instruções estabelecidas pelo aeroporto, para que você saiba o que está fazendo.

Então, tire os seus sapatos, bonés, cintos, relógios e quaisquer outros acessórios, e coloque-os juntos em uma só bandeja. Não deixe de seguir todos esses passos, e você estará pronto quando sua vez chegar. Suas malas e você serão escaneados. Assim que chegar a sua vez, entre no escâner e ponha seus pés nas marcas no chão. Ponha as mãos acima da cabeça e lembre-se: não se mova ou saia do escâner, a não ser que isso seja indicado por um dos agentes.

Muito bem, vou seguir em frente e entrar na f ila!

[No trem para o portão de embarque] OK, galera! No Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando, após você sair da inspeção de segurança, não se esqueça de pegar o trem até o seu portão de embarque.

[Na área de embarque] Muito bem pessoal! Estamos aqui na área de embarque, e no próximo episódio vamos explorá-la um pouco mais juntos! Fiquem ligados!



We have already seen some items that are forbidden in your carry-on, but there is no harm in checking them out once again. Take a look:

FORBIDDEN ITEMS

Sharp objects such as knives, scissors, and bladesObjetos pontiagudos e/ou afiados, como facas, tesouras e lâminas

The lines are usually pretty long at the security checkpoint. While you are standing in line, you can do the following:

Containers of liquids or gels exceeding 100 mlLíquidos ou géis em embalagens de mais de 100 ml

Flammable items Itens inflamáveis

Weapons of any natureQualquer tipo de arma

Pack your toiletries, liquids, and gels in one clear quart-sized bag. Coloque seus produtos de higiene, líquidos e géis em um saquinho transparente de

aproximadamente 20 x 20 cm.

Take off your shoes, belt, watch, bracelets or any magnetic metal you have on.Tire seus sapatos, cinto, relógio, pulseiras ou qualquer outro metal ferromagnético que

você esteja usando.

Keep your laptop computer and other electronics at hand.Mantenha seu laptop e demais eletrônicos à mão.

VocabularyPart 2.



As you approach the scanners, this is what you will have to do:

Place your feet on the marks.Coloque os pés na marcação.

Raise your arms above your head.Levante os braços acima da cabeça.

In fact, they might not even say anything. As you know, the body speaks. So, the security off icers might just gesture or nod to tell you to come in. Body language is a good strategy to deal with people who can’t speak your language. So, you will step into the scanner and the off icer will be on the other side giving you these instructions:

Take off your shoes and place them in the scanning tray. Tire os sapatos e coloque-os na bandeja do escâner.

Place your laptop computer and electronics in another scanning tray.Coloque seu laptop e demais eletrônicos em outra bandeja do escâner.

Place the clear plastic bag with your liquids in the tray.Coloque o saquinho com seus líquidos na bandeja.

Take off your jacket, scarf, coat, and empty your pockets. Tire sua jaqueta, cachecol, casaco e esvazie os bolsos.

You are all set. Now it is scanning time. You will slide your bags into the bag scanner and wait to be called into the body scanner. You will know it is your turn when you hear one of these sentences or something similar to the following:

Please, come forward. Dê um passo à frente, por favor.

Please, step into the body scanner.Por favor, entre no escâner corporal.



You will have to stand in that position for a couple of seconds, and then you will be told to leave the scanner. You will hear something like this:

You may step out now. Você pode sair agora.

ElectronicsAparelhos eletrônicos

ITEMS THEY MAY WISH TO VERIFY

As you step out of the body scanner, you will proceed to retrieve your belongings that went through the bag scanner. As it turns out, the security officers who check the carry-ons might call you for further inspection. This is a standard procedure. They will ask you to open your bags so they can see their contents better. Sometimes, they pick one bag at random, and sometimes they spot something they would like to verify. For example:

BatteriesPilhas

FoodComida

JewelryJoias

Any other item that cannot be clearly seen on the X-ray.Qualquer outro item que não possa ser visto claramente no raio X.

So now you know what to do to go through the security checkpoint smoothly. All you have got to do now is keep up practicing and improving.


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d. p

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a) Place your shoes in the . Coloque seus sapatos na bandeja do escâner.

b) Place your laptop computer and other in another scanning tray. Coloque seu laptop e demais aparelhos eletrônicos em outra bandeja de escâner.

c) Please, step into the . Por favor, entre no escâner corporal.

d) Take off your jacket, scarf, coat, and empty your . Tire sua jaqueta, cachecol, casaco, e esvazie os bolsos.

e) Pack your , liquids, and gels in one clear quart-sized bag.

Coloque seus produtos de higiene, líquidos e géis em um saquinho transparente de aproximadamente 20 x 20 cm.


B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s).

( 1 ) Toiletries

( 2 ) Shoes

( 3 ) Belt

( 4 ) Watch

( 5 ) Bracelet

( 6 ) Electronics

( 7 ) Batteries

( 8 ) Food

( 9 ) Jewelry

( 10 ) Body scanner

( 11 ) Scanning tray

( 12 ) Pocket

( ) Aparelhos eletrônicos

( ) Relógio de pulso

( ) Comida

( ) Produtos de higiene pessoal

( ) Joias

( ) Sapatos

( ) Escâner corporal

( ) Pulseira

( ) Bolso

( ) Bandeja do escâner

( ) Cinto

( ) Pilhas

Part 3.




Don’t step into the body scanner. Não entre no escâner corporal.

You have already learned some details about safety procedures before returning home. Now, let’s see some structures you can use when you want to give commands, ask for favors, or request permission. It is time to talk about the imperative, the simple present, and the modal verb may. Let’s begin with the imperative.

A very frequent way to give commands or instructions is to use the imperative form. Let’s take a look at some examples:

Take off your shoes Tire os sapatos.

Place your shoes in the scanning tray.Coloque seus sapatos na bandeja do escâner.

Please, step into the body scanner. Por favor, entre no escâner corporal.

IMPERATIVE – AFFIRMATIVE FORM

IMPERATIVE – NEGATIVE FORM

As you can see, the subject does not appear in the sentences, just the verbs in their base form and the complement. The subject in the imperative form is always you, that’s why it is typically omitted from the sentence. In the affirmative form, you just need the verb in its base form and a complement.

Now, let’s see what happens when we use the imperative in the negative form:

In this case, we need to add don’t before the verb and the complement. So, the auxiliary verb in the negative form of the imperative is do followed by not. The contracted form is don’t.

Part 4.

Grammar



It is important to pay attention to the different uses of the word do. It may work as an auxiliary verb, as shown before, or as the main verb, depending on the sentence formation. Do as an auxiliary verb does not have the same meaning as when it is used as the main verb of a sentence. Have a look at this sentence:

Do some research on prohibited items.Faça uma pesquisa sobre itens proibidos.

In this case, we have the imperative form, and do is the main verb. Let’s see another example:

But don’t do the research after you pack your bags.Mas não faça a pesquisa depois de arrumar suas malas.

Here the first do is used as the auxiliary verb of the negative form, and the second do is the main verb. So we have: Don’t do, and it’s all right. The important thing is to understand that don’t means denial, and it doesn’t have the same meaning as the main verb of the sentence. Now, have a look at another example:

This sentence is also in the negative form, but now with a different main verb: Pack. Now we have don’t pack, so don’t is the auxiliary verb and pack is the main verb.

Don’t pack prohibited items in your carry-on.Não coloque itens proibidos na sua mala de mão.

Now that we’ve seen the difference between do as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb, it is time to explore a bit more the simple present, which we use to talk about facts, routine, and habits.

You already know that the verb do is the auxiliary verb of the simple present, and it will always show up in the interrogative and negative forms. But in the affirmative structure, we hardly ever use it. The main structure in the affirmative is:

Affirmative FormSUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Sujeito + Verbo + Complemento




So, to form both interrogative and negative sentences, we need to add do as an auxiliary verb. Have a look at the structures:


Negative FormSUBJECT + DO + NOT (DON’T) + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Sujeito + Verbo + Do + Not (Don’t) + Complemento

Interrogative FormDO + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Do + Sujeito + Verbo + Complemento

Remember that we use do for the subjects I, you, we, and they, and we use does for the third person singular: he, she, and it.

The verb to be does not quite follow the same rules. That is, to be has a different conjugation for each person, and we do not use the auxiliary verb do to make its negative and interrogative forms. Let’s take a look at the conjugation of this verb in the aff irmative and negative forms, as well as some examples:


Affirmative Form:I am (I’m) / you are (you’re) / he, she, it is (he’s, she’s, it’s) / we, you, they are (we’re, you’re, they’re)

She is (She’s) a passenger on flight 123 to Miami.Ela é uma passageira no voo 123 para Miami.

Negative Form:I’m not / you are not (you aren’t) / he, she, it is not (he, she, it isn’t) /

we, you, they are not (we, you, they aren’t)

She is not (She isn’t) a passenger on flight 456 to London.Ela não é uma passageira no voo 456 para Londres.



Negative form:Don’t be nervous during the security check.

Não fique nervosa durante o procedimento de segurança.

In the aff irmative form, there is a different conjugation for each person. Notice that we can also use the contracted forms: I’m, he’s, you’re and so on.

In the negative form, we just place not after the verb, without having to resort to an auxiliary. We can also use the contracted forms: She isn’t, you aren’t, etc., but we don’t usually use the contracted form with the f irst person singular, I. This contracted form exists, ain’t, but it is really informal, and you won’t see it in a more formal situation. It is important to understand it, but it is better not to use it.

The interrogative form is quite simple too. It works just like this:


Interrogative Form:Am I? / Are you? / Is he, she, it? / Are we, you, they?

Are you a passenger on flight 123 to Miami? Você é um passageiro no voo 123 para Miami?

We simply invert the position of the verb To Be and the subject to form questions, and there is no need to use auxiliary verbs in this case either.

You noticed that we didn’t use do or does in any sentence with the verb to be in the simple present. But if the verb to be is used in the imperative form, we will need the auxiliary do. Check it out:

VERB TO BE – IMPERATIVE

So, when it comes to the imperative form, we will have to apply its general rule. Even if the main verb is to be, we have to use do in the negative form.

Now, observe the aff irmative form:

VERB TO BE – IMPERATIVE

Affirmative form:Be prepared for the body scanner.

Esteja preparado para o escâner corporal.



As you can see, we will follow the general rule of the imperative in this case too. That is, no explicit subject in the sentence and the verb in its base form, which is be.

The verb to be will be used in its base form in many different structures, such as when we use it with some modal verbs. Let’s see how it works with the modal verb may:

MODAL VERB MAY

You may be asked to open your bags during the security check.

Você pode ser instruído a abrir suas malas durante o procedimento de segurança.

MAY – PERMISSION

Subject + Modal Verb May + Main Verb + ComplementSujeito + Modal Verb May + Verbo Principal + Complemento

You may step out of the scanner now. Você pode sair do escâner agora.

The modal verb may is frequently used to ask for and give permission. For instance, when we say May I...?, we’re asking for permission; and when we say something like You may…, we are giving permission. Even though, depending on the situation, or who you are talking to, permissions can be understood as orders. Take a look at the example:

This is a sentence you may hear from the off icer at the security checkpoint, and it means that you are allowed to step out of the scanner. The off icer is giving you permission to do it. It is a matter of context—it can imply an idea of permission or instruction, which is quite milder than that of an order.

Notice that the structure of the sentence follows the structure of the modal verbs that you already know: subject + modal verb may + main verb + complement.

It is also possible to hear this in the imperative form. Check it out:

Step out of the scanner now. Saia do escâner agora.


153

Now you know how versatile the imperative form is. You also know the difference between the simple present of the verb to be and other verbs. You have also

reviewed one use of the modal verb may. Go the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book to learn more about these important language items.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Imperative Page 185 wSimple Present – Verb To Be Page 261 wSimple Present – Other Verbs Page 265 wModal Verb May Page 194 w


The difference now is that this one sounds stronger than the example with may. It is possible to soften up the imperative by adding please to the sentence. Take a look:

Step forward, please. Dê um passo à frente, por favor.



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Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Which structures can be used to...

a) ...express orders and commands? ( 1 ) Simple present ( 2 ) Imperative ( 3 ) None of the above

b) ...give permission? ( 1 ) Imperative ( 2 ) Modal verb may ( 3 ) Both

c) ...talk about routine? ( 1 ) Simple present ( 2 ) Modal verb may ( 3 ) Both

d) ...talk about facts? ( 1 ) Modal verb may ( 2 ) Imperative ( 3 ) None of the above

e) ...ask for permission? ( 1 ) Simple present ( 2 ) Modal verb may ( 3 ) None of the above

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb to be.

a) She a passenger on flight 456 to London. Ela não é uma passageira no voo 456 para Londres.

b) Don’t nervous during the security check. Não fique nervosa durante o procedimento de segurança.

c) prepared for the body scanner. Esteja preparado para o escâner corporal.

d) you a passenger on flight 123 to Miami? Você é um passageiro no voo 123 para Miami?

e) You may asked to open your bags during security check. Você pode ser instruído a abrir suas malas durante o procedimento de segurança.

9 Boarding Area.



[At the boarding area]James:OK, guys, so the f irst thing that you’re going to want to do once you make it inside the boarding area is to take a look at the departure board. It’s going to give you information pertaining to the status of your f light. Whether it’s on time, whether it’s late, or, worst-case scenario, if it’s been canceled. Also, it’s going to give you information about your gate. Because gate changes are common, pay attention to this:

Once inside the boarding area, most airports have a decent selection of bars and restaurants to choose from. The Orlando International Airport has a really nice food court just outside the boarding area! But, if you’re nervous about making your f light, I would suggest getting some food once you make it inside the boarding area. I’m feeling pretty hungry now, so I’m going to get something to eat!

[In front of the duty-free shop]Now, if you want to go on your last shopping spree, right here in the boarding area is where you’ll f ind the duty-free store. Duty-free stores give customers access to products that are duty-free, that is, without having to pay local taxes or other fees. I’m going to go check it out now, so I’ll be right back!

BOARDING AREA

You’re now in the boarding area, and you probably still have some time left before getting on the plane. That’s a good opportunity for you to explore this place. You can visit some of the shops and maybe buy one or two last things you may have forgotten, grab something to eat in one of the many restaurants and coffee shops you usually f ind there, or simply walk around.

In this chapter you will see what you can do to make the best of this spare time, and you’ll also study useful language items. Take a look at the script of Boarding Area.

Part 1.

Video Script



Duty-free stores are only available to passengers who are f lying internationally. So you may be asked for your passport, or your boarding pass, before making your purchase. Also, it’s very important to remember that some products, like alcoholic beverages, will only be given to you once you board your f light. You’ll pay for your item, check out, and they’ll hand it to you once you’re on the plane.

Oh, last piece of advice! Don’t spend too much time on the store, and make sure that you’re at your gate at least 20 minutes before your f light.

[At the boarding gate] Oh, hi! Here I am at my boarding gate just waiting for my f inal boarding announcement before my f light home. It’s been an amazing trip, and I hope you guys have enjoyed it as much as I have! I’ll see you around!

ÁREA DE EMBARQUE

[Na área de embarque]James:OK, pessoal! A primeira coisa que vocês vão querer fazer quando chegarem na área de embarque é olhar para o painel de partidas. Ele te dará informações relacionadas ao status do seu voo. Se ele está dentro do previsto, atrasado, ou, na pior das hipóteses, se foi cancelado. Ele também te dará informação sobre seu portão de embarque. Como é comum haver mudança de portões, preste atenção nas seguintes dicas.

Assim que você entrar na área de embarque, a maioria dos aeroportos tem uma boa seleção de bares e restaurantes. O Aeroporto Internacional de Orlando tem uma ótima praça de alimentação do lado de fora da área de embarque! Mas, caso esteja nervoso com relação a conseguir pegar seu voo, eu sugeriria que você comesse após entrar na área de embarque. Eu estou com muita fome agora; então, vou pegar algo para comer!



[Em frente à loja duty-free] Agora, se você quiser fazer umas compras de última hora, aqui na área de embarque é onde você encontrará a loja duty-free. Lojas duty-free dão aos seus clientes acesso a produtos que são isentos de taxas, ou seja, aos quais não são acrescidos impostos locais ou taxas adicionais. Vou dar uma conferida e já volto!

Lojas duty-free estão disponíveis somente para passageiros de voos internacionais. Portanto, talvez peçam o seu passaporte, ou o seu cartão de embarque, antes de f inalizar a sua compra. Também é importante lembrar que alguns produtos, como bebidas alcoólicas, apenas serão entregues a você depois do embarque. Você paga e eles são entregues quando você estiver dentro do avião.

Ah, um último conselho! Não gaste muito tempo na loja, e esteja em seu portão de embarque no mínimo 20 minutos antes do seu voo.

[No portão de embarque] Oi! Estou aqui no portão de embarque, esperando pela chamada de embarque f inal, antes de voar de volta para casa. Foi uma viagem incrível, e espero que vocês tenham aproveitado tanto quanto eu! Vejo vocês por aí!



Before you start exploring the boarding area, you should check your f light information. You can f ind it on the departure board. That’s the kind of information you will see there:

INFORMATION ON THE DEPARTURE BOARD

DestinationDestino

AirlineCompanhia aérea

Flight numberNúmero do voo

Terminal and gateTerminal e portão

Scheduled timeHorário programado/previsto

Flight statusStatus do voo

If everything is right with your f light, you will see the following sequence of information concerning the f light status:

FLIGHT STATUSES

Confirmed Confirmado

Check-in open Despacho aberto

Last callÚltima chamada

Now boardingEmbarque imediato

Proceed to gateSiga para o portão de embarque

VocabularyPart 2.



If there’s a problem with the f light, you’ll read:

Delayed Atrasado

Or worst-case scenario:

CanceledCancelado

In such case, you will have to go to the airline counter to reschedule your f light. You may have to ask the following questions:

When is the next flight?Quando é o próximo voo?

Will I get a hotel voucher?Eu vou receber um voucher de hotel?

Flights are not canceled very often. Delays, on the other hand, happen more frequently, especially due to weather conditions. In that case, your gate is likely to change.

If your gate changes, you will hear an announcement similar to this one:

It is important to check the terminal and the gate on the departure board because this is where your f light information will be updated.

If the gate and terminal information on your boarding pass differs from that on the departure board, go to the gate specif ied on the departure board because that’s the correct one.

Attention, please, passengers of flight AM987 to Houston. Your boarding gate has changed; please, proceed to gate A4.Atenção, por favor, passageiros do voo AM987 para Houston.

Seu portão de embarque mudou; por favor, dirijam-se ao portão A4.

When can I rebook my flight?Para quando posso remarcar meu voo?

Will I get a meal voucher?Eu vou receber um voucher de alimentação?



There will probably be an information desk in the boarding area where you can ask for help. You may ask one of these questions:

Excuse me. Can you help me check if my boarding gate has changed?Com licença. Você pode me ajudar a verif icar se o meu portão de embarque mudou?

Do I have to go to another terminal? Eu tenho que ir para outro terminal?

How do I get to my boarding gate? Como eu chego ao meu portão de embarque?

RestaurantsRestaurantes

PLACES TO GO IN THE INTERNATIONAL BOARDING AREA

DrugstoresFarmácias

Once you get to your boarding terminal, there are plenty of options for you to kill time while waiting for your f light. These are some of them:

Bookstores Livrarias

Duty-free shopsLojas duty-free

The duty-free shop is usually the travelers’ favorite shop. This is where you are likely to f ind better prices since you don’t have to pay local taxes.



And you’ll f ind almost anything you want in a duty-free shop. Take a look:

THINGS YOU MAY FIND IN A DUTY-FREE SHOP

ElectronicsAparelhos eletrônicos

Candy and chocolateDoces e chocolates

Clothes Roupas

Beauty products Produtos de beleza

Perfume Perfumes

Alcoholic beverages Bebidas alcoólicas

EyewearÓculos de sol e lentes de contato



If you are in a shop, the salesperson may approach you like this:

But if you are the one who approaches the salesperson, then you’ll say:

Now, if you want to learn more about the price of the products or the deals you can get, you may ask:

How much is it? Quanto é?

How much does it cost?Quanto isso custa?

Do I get a discount if I take two?Eu ganho um desconto se levar dois?

Is this on sale?Isso está em promoção?

Can I help you? Posso ajudar?

How can I help you? Como posso ajudar?

If you don’t want to go shopping or if you get a bit hungry, just look for some restaurant in the boarding area.

Excuse me. Can you help me?Com licença. Você pode me ajudar?



Now you know how to check your flight status, the procedures in case of unforeseen events, such as delayed or canceled flights, as well as

what shopping and restaurant options you have in the boarding area.


And there will be some options for you to choose from, such as:

PLACES TO GET SOMETHING TO EAT AND DRINK


Fast-food restaurantsRestaurantes de fast-food

Snack bars Lanchonetes

Coffee shopsCafés

You can place your order like this:

I would like a burger with fries, please. Eu gostaria de um hambúrguer com batata frita, por favor.

I’ll have a cup of coffee, please. Vou querer uma xícara de café, por favor.

A large cappuccino, please. No sugar. Um cappuccino grande, por favor. Sem açúcar.



Act

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d. re

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/ re

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How

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/ ’d

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B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s).

( 1 ) Departure board

( 2 ) Destination

( 3 ) Airline

( 4 ) Flight number

( 5 ) Bookstore

( 6 ) Scheduled time

( 7 ) Flight status

( 8 ) Confirmed

( 9 ) Check-in open

( 10 ) Canceled

( 11 ) Last call

( 12 ) Delayed

( ) Livraria

( ) Cancelado

( ) Painel de partidas

( ) Confirmado

( ) Despacho aberto

( ) Status do voo

( ) Última chamada

( ) Atrasado

( ) Número do voo

( ) Horário previsto

( ) Destino

( ) Companhia aérea

a) Your has changed. Please proceed to gate A4. Seu portão de embarque mudou. Por favor, dirijam-se ao portão A4.

b) Do I get a if I take two? Eu ganho um desconto se levar dois?

c) Will I get a ? Eu vou receber um voucher de alimentação?

d) When can I my flight? Para quando posso remarcar meu voo?

e) can I help you? Como eu posso te ajudar?

f) I two burgers and fries, please. Eu gostaria de dois hambúrgueres e batatas fritas, por favor.

Part 3.




In this chapter, we will explore some language items, such as adjectives and nouns. Let’s begin with adjectives.

Adjectives express characteristics and they are used to describe things, places, and people—they always refer to nouns or pronouns.

In English, adjectives don’t change according to number or gender as it happens in some other languages. That means that they do not have singular or plural forms, or feminine and masculine forms. Let’s see some examples:

CanceledCancelado/Cancelada

Cancelados/Canceladas

ConfirmedConfirmado/Confirmada

Confirmados/Confirmadas

DelayedAtrasado/Atrasada

Atrasados/Atrasadas

LargeGrande/Grandes

Interesting Interessante/Interessantes

XL

And there’s another difference: in many languages, the most common position for the adjective is after the noun, but, in English, adjectives usually come before the noun. Check it out:

Adjective NounI’d like a large cappuccino.

Eu gostaria de um cappuccino grande.

Part 4.

Grammar



Notice that the adjective large comes before the noun cappuccino.Look at this next example:

Adjective Noun

There are interesting products at the duty-free shop. Existem produtos interessantes na loja duty-free.

In this case, interesting is the adjective and products is the noun. Have a look at another one:

Adjective Noun

Have a nice flight.Tenha um bom voo.


CONCRETE NOUNS

Clothes Roupas

Nouns are words we use to name people, things, places, feelings, experiences, and so on. Nouns can refer either to concrete or abstract things. Concrete nouns are those used to name things we can see or touch.

For example:

SeatAssento

ABSTRACT NOUNS

But nouns are also used to name abstract things, things we can’t touch, such as ideas, feelings, experiences, and situations. They are called abstract nouns.

ExperienceExperiência

FreedomLiberdade

DreamSonho

Here, nice is the adjective and flight is the noun. Once again, the adjective comes before the noun.

As you can see in the examples, adjectives don’t change their form, and they usually come before nouns. But what are nouns?



Regardless of the type of noun, the position of the adjective won’t change. Compare:

Unforgettable experience adjective + abstract nounExperiência inesquecível adjetivo + substantivo abstrato

Large cappuccino adjective + concrete nounCappuccino grande adjetivo + substantivo concreto

In the f irst example, we have the adjective unforgettable and the abstract noun experience. In the second one, we have the adjective large and the concrete noun cappuccino. In both cases, we use the same structure, that is: an adjective plus a noun. As you can see, the type of noun – concrete or abstract – doesn’t affect this structure.

But, different from adjectives, nouns vary in number. Most of them have singular and plural forms. When we talk about one thing only, we use a singular noun. And to talk about more than one, we use plural nouns.

Check some examples out:

One seat Two seats Um assento Dois assentos

One woman Ten women Uma mulher Dez mulheres

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Notice that we used different plural forms. To use the plural form of regular plural nouns, such as seat, we just add -S to the end of the word. This is the general rule. There are other variations, mainly regarding spelling depending on the noun’s ending, but regular plural nouns will always end in -S.



But remember, in English, the adjective doesn’t change its form. It does not matter if the noun is singular or plural, nor whether it has a regular or irregular plural form: the adjective won’t change.

Tall womanMulher alta

Canceled flightVoo cancelado

Tall womenMulheres altas

Canceled flightsVoos cancelados

It’s also important to keep in mind that all the nouns that have a plural form are things that we can count, so we call them countable nouns. For example:

One drugstoreUma farmácia

COUNTABLE NOUNS

Two drugstoresDuas farmácias

On the other hand, irregular plural nouns will suffer a change in their basic form and will not end in -S. It’s the case of woman, which becomes women.

Let’s see other examples:

Woman – womenMulher – mulheres

Man – menHomem – homens

Child – childrenCriança – crianças

Person – peoplePessoa – pessoas

IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

There are things we can’t count by units; therefore, they don’t have a plural form. They are called uncountable nouns.

Take a look at the examples:

InformationInformação

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

LuggageBagagem




The words information and luggage have a plural form in several languages, but in English they are uncountable, so they have no plural form. If we really need to be more precise about their quantity, we say pieces of.

Look at other examples:

Can you give me two pieces of information? Você pode me dar duas informações?

How many pieces of luggage do you have? Quantas peças de bagagem você tem? / Quantas bagagens você tem?

Using adjectives with uncountable nouns is quite simple as well. Nothing changes, actually. The adjective remains the same, and it’s used in the same position.

Heavy luggage Bagagem pesada / Bagagens pesadas

Interesting information Informação interessante / Informações interessantes

Now you know how to use adjectives, the plural, and countable and uncountable nouns in English. Go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book to learn

more about these important language items.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Adjectives Page 175 wNouns Page 213 wPlural Nouns Page 216 wCountable and Uncountable Nouns Page 220 w



Part 5.

ActivitiesGrammarA. Write C when the noun is countable, and U when it is uncountable.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate adjective and noun, according to the words in bold.

a) I’d like a . Eu gostaria de um cappuccino grande.

b) There are at the duty-free shop. Existem produtos interessantes na loja duty-free.

c) Have a . Tenha um bom voo.

d) All must be checked in. Toda bagagem pesada deve ser despachada.

e) can be rebooked at the airline counter. Voos cancelados poderão ser reagendados no balcão da companhia aérea.

f) normally choose aisle seats. Pessoas altas normalmente escolhem os assentos no corredor.

a) ( ) Information Informação

b) ( ) Child Criança

c) ( ) Luggage Bagagem

d) ( ) Man Homem

e) ( ) Woman Mulher

f) ( ) Dream Sonho

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

sa.

Ub.

Cc.

U

d. C

e. C

f. C

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

larg

e ca

ppuc

cino

b. in

tere

stin

g pr

oduc

tsc.

nic

e fli

ght

d. h

eavy

lugg

age

e. C

ance

led

fligh

ts

f. Ta

ll pe

ople

Gram

Guide

marGrammar Guide.

GrammarGuide


The infinitive form of the verb is the verb in its base form. In English, the infinitive form is preceded by the particle “to.”

Have a look at some examples of verbs in the infinitive form:

Just like it happens in most languages, the infinitive form is used in several instances in English. One of the most common uses is to follow other verbs.

To eatComer

To speakFalar

To goIr

To travelViajar

To studyEstudar

To workTrabalhar

We want to travel next month.Nós queremos viajar mês que vem.

(verb: want in the simple present + inf initive: to travel)

She needs to study for the exam.Ela precisa estudar para a prova.

(verb: need in the simple present + inf initive: to study)

Did you have to work last week?Você teve que trabalhar semana passada?

(verb: have in the simple past interrogative + infinitive: to work)

INFINITIVE FORM

VERB + INFINITIVE

Infinitive Form


And the infinitive form is also frequently used after some adjectives.

All of these sentences have examples of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also called to-infinitive, because it is composed of two words in English: the particle to + the verb.

But we also use the bare infinitive, which is the verb in the infinitive form, but not preceded by the particle “to.” This is how verbs appear in the dictionary, and it’s also used after some verbs.

And this is how we use the infinitive form in English.

I’m happy to see you!Eu estou feliz em ver você!

(adjective: happy + inf initive: to see)

You are not allowed to stay here.Você não tem permissão para f icar aqui.(adjective: allowed + inf initive: to stay)

I’m ready to start.Estou pronto para começar.

(adjective: ready + inf initive: to start)

They watched me do the job before they tried it.Eles me viram fazer o trabalho antes de tentarem.

(verb: watch in the simple past + object: me + bare inf initive do)

We can’t travel with you this weekend.Nós não podemos viajar com vocês neste f im de semana.

(modal verb can in the negative + bare inf initive travel)

They will finish this job tomorrow.Eles vão terminar esse trabalho amanhã.(modal verb will + bare inf initive finish)

ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE

VERB + BARE INFINITIVE

Infinitive Form

GrammarGuide


Adjectives are used to describe things. We can use adjectives to describe objects, people, places, the weather, and food, for example.

Adjectives don’t have singular or plural forms or feminine and masculine, and they always refer to nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are used mainly in two positions. In the first one, a noun or a pronoun is the subject of the sentence, followed by the verb and the adjective.

Mary is smart.Mary é esperta.

(subject: Mary + verb: is + adjective: smart)

John is smart.John é esperto.

(subject: John + verb: is + adjective: smart)

Mary and John are smart.Mary e John são espertos.

(subject: Mary and John + verb: are + adjective: smart)

ADJECTIVESSubject + Verb + Adjective

Mary has a great job.Mary tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

John has a great job.John tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

Mary and John have great jobs.Mary e John têm ótimos empregos.

(no determiner + adjective: great + noun: job)

ADJECTIVES(Determiner +) Adjective + Noun

The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer. In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective, and the noun.

Take a look:

Adjectives


Article: the / a / ano(a) / um(a)

Demonstratives: this / that / these / thoseeste(a); esse(a); estes(as); esses(as) / aquele(a); aqueles(as)

Possessive adjectives: my / your / his / her / its / our / theirmeu(s); minha(s) / seu(s); sua(s) /

dele / dela / nosso(s); nossa(s) / deles; delas

DETERMINERS

In this second structure, it’s possible to use a determiner or not. But what is a determiner?

A determiner can be an article, such as the, a, or an; a demonstrative, such as this, that, these, or those; or a possessive adjective, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their.

Chris is the best student in the class.Chris é o melhor aluno da sala.

(determiner: the + adjective: best + noun: student)

Look at those cute dogs!Olha aqueles cachorros fofos!

(determiner: those + adjective: cute + noun: dogs)

Chocolate is my favorite dessert.Chocolate é minha sobremesa favorita.

(determiner: my + adjective: favorite + noun: dessert)

ADJECTIVESDeterminer + Adjective + Noun

Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.

Adjectives


Carnival is a beautiful big old festival.O Carnaval é uma grande e bonita festa antiga.

(determiner: a + adjectives: beautiful, big, and old + noun: festival)

ADJECTIVES

It’s possible to use two or more adjectives in a sentence. Look at the example:

When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:

It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.

1st – OpinionExample: Amazing, beautiful, nice.

Exemplo: Incrível, bonito(a), legal.

5th – AgeExample: Old and young.

Exemplo: Velho(a) e novo(a).

3rd – Physical characteristicsExample: Thin, tall, short.

Exemplo: Magro(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

7th – OriginExample: Japanese, Italian, American.

Exemplo: Japonês(esa), Italiano(a), Americano(a).

9th – Type Example: General, specific.

Exemplo: Geral, específ ico(a).

2nd – SizeExample: Big, small, tall, short.

Exemplo: Grande, pequeno(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

6th – ColorExample: Blue, red, yellow.

Exemplo: Azul, vermelho(a), amarelo(a).

4th – ShapeExample: Round, square, rectangular.

Exemplo: Redondo(a), quadrado(a), retangular.

8th – MaterialExample: Wooden, plastic, glass.

Exemplo: De madeira, de plástico, de vidro.

10th – PurposeExample: Cooking, cleaning, teaching.Exemplo: Para cozinhar, limpar, ensinar.

ADJECTIVE ORDER

This is how adjectives are used in English.

Adjectives

GrammarGuide


The definite article is a determiner. Determiners are groups of words that will always precede a noun since they are used to “mark” nouns.

In English, there is only one definite article: the.

Unlike other languages, the definite article in English does not change according to gender. This means that it will remain the same before a feminine, masculine, or neutral noun.

Take a look:

The same goes for number. The definite article in English does not change in number either. So, there’s no article variation, whether it is referring to a singular or a plural noun.

Masculine noun Feminine noun Neutral nounthe boys the girls the kidsos meninos as meninas as crianças

Theo(a); os(as)

DEFINITE ARTICLE

Masculine noun the boyo menino

Feminine nounthe girla menina

Neutral nounthe kida criança

DEFINITE ARTICLEGender

DEFINITE ARTICLENumber

Definite Article


We use the definite article when we believe the listener or reader knows or is familiar with the noun to which we are referring.

The article is placed before the noun to which it refers. And although it is not always immediately before the noun, articles are always determining a noun.

Take a look:

This is the place I told you about.

Este é o lugar do qual eu te falei.

Get the phone. It’s ringing.Pegue o telefone. Está

tocando.

The moon is beautiful tonight.A lua está bonita hoje.

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLE

In English, there are some situations in which we will not use articles before nouns. Articles are not used before generalizations, possessive adjectives, and most proper nouns.

Let’s see each of these cases:

The shopping bags are on the bed.As bolsas de compras estão na cama.(Specif ic shopping bags and specif ic

bed = article)

Your shopping bags are on my bed.Suas bolsas de compras estão na

minha cama.(Specifying the owner of the objects

with possessive adjectives = no article)

Books are important for your personal and professional development.

Livros são importantes para seu desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.

(Referring to books in general = no article)

The books you lent me are excellent.Os livros que você me emprestou são excelentes.(Referring to a group of specif ic books = use the

definite article)

The same rule applies to possessive adjectives. Since the possessive adjective is referring to the

noun, we don’t use an article to refer to it.

DEFINITE ARTICLENo article before possessive adjectives

DEFINITE ARTICLENo article before generalizations

The car is outside.O carro está lá fora.

(article: the + noun: car)

The red car is outside.O carro vermelho está lá fora.(article: the + adjective: red +

noun: car)

Definite Article


In most cases, we do not use the definite article before proper nouns either.

Europe Russia California JuliaThe Europe The Russia The California The Julia

DEFINITE ARTICLEGeneral rule: no article before proper nouns

Proper nouns that include a common noun as part of their name, such as “states,” “kingdom,” and “republic” in the following examples.

The United States The United Kingdom The Czech Republic Os Estados Unidos O Reino Unido A República Tcheca

Names of seas, rivers, deserts, mountain groups, and island groups

The Atlantic The Sahara The Caribbean O Atlântico O Saara O Caribe

Geographical regions

The South The East The Midwest O sul O leste O Centro-Oeste

DEFINITE ARTICLEExceptions: definite article before proper nouns

But there will be some exceptions to this general rule. We’ll use the definite article before proper nouns in some situations, as we can see in the following table.

This is how we use the definite article in English.

Definite Article

GrammarGuide


Articles are determiners. Determiners are a group of words that will always precede a noun since they are used to “mark” nouns.

The indefinite article “a,” or its variation “an,” is used to refer to things in general. In opposite to the definite article, which is used to talk about specific things.

In English, the articles do not change according to gender. This means that no matter if the noun is feminine or masculine, there will be no variation.

Regarding number, it is important to notice that the English indefinite article is only used before singular nouns.

I gave Mark a book.Eu dei um livro ao Mark.

(Things in general = indefinite article “a” or “an”)

He loved the book I gave him.Ele adorou o livro que eu dei a ele.

(Specif ic things = definite article “the”)

Singular

a girluma menina

a boyum menino

Plural

girls (umas) meninas

boys (uns) meninos

ARTICLESIndefinite x Definite

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Indefinite Article


Take a look at the following examples to see how it works in a sentence:

We should also pay special attention to the variation of the indefinite article in English.

The indefinite article in English will vary depending on the initial sound of the word that comes after it. If the following word begins with a consonant sound, we’ll use a, and if the following word begins with a vowel sound, then we’ll use an.

Notice that the variation occurs based on the initial sound and not on the spelling. Considering the vowels, sound and spelling will coincide in all words starting with the vowels A, E, and I. That means that these words are spelled with initial vowels and have an initial vowel sound. Therefore, they will be preceded by an.

Have a look:

The baby is a girl / a boy.O bebê é uma menina / um menino.

(Singular noun = we can use the indefinite article)

The babies are girls/boys.Os bebês são meninas/meninos.

(Plural noun = we cannot use the indefinite article)

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Words spelled with initial vowels and pronounced as vowels.Palavras que começam com vogais que são pronunciadas como vogais.

A E I an army an elephant an island an avenue an event an institution an alien an employee an immigrant

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with A, E, and I

Indefinite Article


Words starting with O and U require more attention because, although they are spelled with an initial vowel, they may have an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial O, most will be pronounced as vowels. Among the most frequent words in English, we should pay special attention to the word “one,” which has an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial U, we should pay more attention to the difference in pronunciation since there are a considerable number of words spelled with initial U but pronounced as a consonant.

Take a look at the difference:

an objectum objeto

(pronounced as vowel)(pronunciada como vogal)

a one-way streetuma rua de mão única

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /w/ as in the verb want)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do verbo “want”)

an umbrellaum guarda-chuva

(pronounced as vowel – sounds like / / as in the word “other”)(pronunciada como vogal – como o som inicial da palavra “other”)

a universityuma universidade

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /j/ as in the pronoun you)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do pronome “you”)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with O

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with U

Indefinite Article


We must also pay attention to the initial consonant H. Words spelled with an initial H may carry initial vowel sounds – in case the H is silent – or consonant sounds.

an houruma hora

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

an honest manum homem honesto

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

a houseuma casa

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

a hurricaneum furacão

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with H

And this how we use the indefinite article in English.

Indefinite Article

GrammarGuide


The imperative form is used to tell people what to do, and for this reason, it does not have an interrogative form. The imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms.

In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to encourage someone.

Affirmative FormMain Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Go there.Vá lá.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t come here.Não venha aqui.

IMPERATIVE FORMStructure

IMPERATIVE FORMFunctions

1. Order; demand

Open your book. Don’t get in. Abra o seu livro. Não entre.

2. Instructions

Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt. Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.

Imperative


3. Advice, suggestions

Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.

4. Requests; favors

Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please. Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.

5. Encouragement

Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it. Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.

Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most imperative sentences, the subject is omitted.

However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both aff irmative and negative sentences.

Affirmative FormSubject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

You sit down now.Sente-se agora.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) +

Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t you lie to me.Não minta para mim.

IMPERATIVE FORMUsing the Subject to Add Emphasis

Imperative


In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking. But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.

We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me” or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person (me/us) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let me see.Deixe-me ver.

Let me help you.Deixe-me ajudá-lo.

Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.

Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.

INDEFINITE ARTICLEMaking Suggestions or Requests in the First Person

We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person. To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let it go.Deixe isso para lá.

Let him stay.Deixe-o f icar.

Let them talk.Deixe-os falar.

IMPERATIVE FORMMaking Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person

And this is how we use the imperative in English.

Imperative

GrammarGuide


I can’t drive.Eu não posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)

I can’t play the piano.Eu não posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

I can drive.Eu posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)

I can play the piano.Eu posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaning to the main verb. They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs share the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base form, and it can be followed by a complement or not.

In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include not after the modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative Form

MODAL VERBSNegative Form

Modal Verb Can


Can you drive?Você pode dirigir?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)

Can you play the piano?Você pode tocar piano?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject. The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a complement, when necessary.

The modal verb can in its aff irmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability, and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack of permission.

MODAL VERBSInterrogative Form

MODAL VERB CANUses

Affirmative

PossibilityI can meet you later.

Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Present AbilityI can dance very well.

Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem.

PermissionYou can come in. Você pode entrar.

Negative

Lack of PossibilityI can’t meet you later.

Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Lack of AbilityI can’t dance very well.

Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.

Lack of PermissionYou can’t come in.

Você não pode entrar.

Modal Verb Can


Interrogative

Asking for a FavorCan you help me?

Você pode me ajudar?

Asking for PermissionCan I come in?

Eu posso entrar?

Asking about PossiblityCan we meet after work?

Nós podemos nos encontrar depois do trabalho?

As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to ask about the possibility of something happening.

MODAL VERB CANUses

It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same sentence in different contexts may have different meanings.

You can speak English.Você pode/sabe falar inglês.

It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.

You have the ability to speak English.Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.

You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.

MODAL VERB CANContexts

And this is how you use the modal verb can.

Modal Verb Can

GrammarGuide


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs follow the same sentence structure. Let’s look at structures in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.

In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb, and the main verb in the base form, which may be followed by a complement or not. Take a look at the table.

In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb. When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We could go to the gym.Nós poderíamos ir à academia.

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We couldn’t go to the gym.Nós não pudemos ir à academia.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative

MODAL VERBSNegative

Modal Verb Could


It’s important to notice that modal verbs, in general, should be associated with their functions in the context, and not with time (past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb could since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.

The modal verb could, in its affirmative and negative forms, can be used to express probability or lack of probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to past abilities.

Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.

(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)

Mary’s parents are out of town. She couldn’t be there.Os pais da Mary estão fora da cidade. Ela não poderia estar lá.

(She couldn’t be there = It’s not possible for her to be there)

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Present)

To make interrogative sentences, the modal verb is placed before the subject.

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Could we go to the gym together?Nós poderíamos ir à academia juntos?

MODAL VERBSInterrogative

We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for something to happen.

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Future)

Sylvia is an excellent professional. I think she could be the new manager.A Sylvia é uma profissional excelente. Eu acho que ela poderia ser a nova gerente.

(She could be the new manager = It’s likely to happen)

Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.

(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)

Modal Verb Could


Could you lend me your car?Você poderia me emprestar o seu carro?

Could I borrow your car?Eu poderia pegar o seu carro emprestado?

However, when we use the modal verb could to refer to ability, we are referring to abilities people had in the past, and that they probably don’t have anymore, or, in the case of negative sentences, abilities people didn’t have in the past.

Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele

sabia/podia correr!

George was a good player, but he couldn’t run long distances.George era um bom jogador, mas ele não sabia/podia correr distâncias longas.

MODAL VERB COULDAbility / Lack of Ability (in the Past)

The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities or abilities in the past.

Could you meet me at the coffee shop tomorrow?Você poderia me encontrar no café amanhã?

(Asking about possibilities for the future)

Could you speak English by the time you lived abroad?Você podia/sabia falar inglês quando morou fora?

(Asking about ability in the past)

MODAL VERB COULD

In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or permission.

MODAL VERB COULDMaking Requests

And now you know how to use the modal verb could.

Modal Verb Could

GrammarGuide


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

The sentence structure of modal verbs follows the same pattern:

MODAL VERBSSentence Structure

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Negative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Interrogative Form

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Modal Verb May


It may rain.Pode chover. / Pode ser que chova.(There is a reasonable chance that

it will rain).

I may go to the party.Eu posso ir à festa. / Pode ser que

eu vá à festa.(There is a reasonable chance that I

will go to the party).

She may be at home.Ela pode estar em casa. / Pode ser que

ela esteja em casa.(There is a reasonable chance that

she will be home).

I may not be the best student in class, but I’m very dedicated.Eu posso não ser o melhor aluno da turma, mas eu sou muito dedicado.

Be careful with the pieces of news you read on social media. They may not be true.

Tenha cuidado com notícias que você lê nas redes sociais. Elas podem não ser verdadeiras.

Researchers may not be able to find the cure to some diseases, but they’ve been doing their best.

Pesquisadores podem (até) não ser capazes de achar a cura para algumas doenças, mas eles têm dado o melhor de si.

MODAL VERB MAYExpressing Probability

MODAL VERB MAYExpressing Unlikely Things

The modal verb may can be used to express probability.

In such cases, we are saying that something is likely to happen, that there’s a chance that something will happen. For example:

The modal verb may can also be used to say that there is a chance that something does not happen.

In this case, we use it in the negative form. Take a look:

Modal Verb May


It is rare to see may in the interrogative form to give the idea of probability.

The interrogative form is used as a formal way to ask for permission. In such cases, may is used in questions in the first person, either singular or plural.

When we ask for permission, the interrogative form can only be used in the first person.

However, when we answer these permission requests, that is, when we give permission or not, we will use the aff irmative or the negative forms in the second person. Have a look:

MODAL VERB MAYAsking for Permission

MODAL VERB MAYGiving Permission (or not)

Excuse me, Ms. Sullivan. May I come in?Com licença, senhora Sullivan. Eu posso entrar?

(May I come in? = First person singular – I).

May we talk to you for a minute, sir?Nós podemos falar com o senhor por um minuto?

(May we talk…? = First person plural – We).

Asking for permission: Excuse me, Ms. Sullivan. May I come in? Com licença, senhora Sullivan. Eu posso entrar?Giving permission or not: Yes, you may come in. / No, you may not come in. Sim, você pode entrar. / Não, você não pode entrar.

Asking for permission: May we talk to you for a minute, sir? Nós podemos falar com o senhor por um minuto?Giving permission or not: Yes, you may. / No, you may not. Sim, vocês podem. / Não, vocês não podem.

And now you know how to use the modal verb may.

Modal Verb May

GrammarGuide


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms, as you can see in the following table.


Affirmative Form


Negative Form


Interrogative Form


You must pay your taxes.Você tem que pagar seus impostos.

You must be eighteen to drive in some countries.Você tem que ter dezoito anos para dirigir em alguns países.

MODAL VERB MUSTObligation/Necessity

Must is used in the aff irmative form to express obligation or necessity. For example:

Modal Verb Must


John’s son was born. He must be very happy.O filho do John nasceu. Ele deve estar muito feliz.

It must be nice to be rich.Deve ser legal ser rico.

You must not (mustn’t) drink and drive.Você não pode beber e dirigir.

Visitors must not (mustn’t) cross this line. This is a restricted area.Os visitantes não podem cruzar esta linha. Esta é uma área restrita.

MODAL VERB MUSTAssumption/Deduction

MODAL VERB MUSTProhibition

It can also be used to make assumptions or deductions in the aff irmative form. Have a look:

In the negative form, however, must is used to express prohibition. We generally use the contracted form, mustn’t. If you wish to emphasize the prohibition, use must not. For example:

Must is rarely used in the interrogative form, but it can be used to confirm or to double-check duties and obligations. For instance:

MODAL VERB MUSTConfirm and Double-check Duties and Obligation

Must I take the exam today? I didn’t know that.Eu tenho que fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Eu sou obrigado a fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Mustn’t you be at the job interview at 9h? It’s 8:30h already.Você não tem que estar na entrevista de emprego às 9h? Já são 8:30h.Você não tem a obrigação de estar na entrevista às 9h? Já são 8:30h.

And this is how you use the modal verb must.

Modal Verb Must

GrammarGuide


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms. Check the following table to see how it works:


Modal Verb Should

Affirmative Form


Negative Form


Interrogative Form



You should clean your room.Você deve limpar o seu quarto.

(It’s your responsibility).

People should respect other people’s choices.As pessoas devem respeitar as escolhas de outras pessoas.

(It’s a social rule).

MODAL VERB SHOULDExpressing Obligations and Duties

Depending on the context, sentences with the modal verb should can be understood as a polite way to talk about obligations and duties. Have a look at some examples:

In some other cases, should expresses that something is probable because it is logical or normal, that is, you refer to a deduction. For instance:

MODAL VERB SHOULDDeductions

She left home half an hour ago. She should be arriving.Ela saiu de casa meia hora atrás. Ela deve estar chegando.

(It’s a deduction based on the time she left her house and how far her home is from here).

The singer should launch her new album next month.A cantora deve lançar o seu novo álbum mês que vem.

(Deduction based on behavior or clues).

You should check the airline policies before you pack.Você deve verif icar as políticas da companhia aérea antes de fazer as malas.

You shouldn’t drink so much coffee.Você não deve beber tanto café.

MODAL VERB SHOULDAdvice and Recommendation

The modal verb should has different uses. One of the most frequent is to give advice or recommendations. For example:

Modal Verb Should


MODAL VERB SHOULDDifferent Meanings Depending on the Context

You should get here before noon.Você deve chegar aqui antes de meio-dia.

• It could be a piece of advice• Poderia ser um conselho

• It could be your duty • Poderia ser sua obrigação

• It could be the speaker’s expectation• Poderia ser uma expectativa do falante

And this is how you use the modal verb should.

When talking about modals, the meaning we want to convey depends on the context. The same sentence may have different meanings. Compare:

Modal Verb Should

GrammarGuide


Modal Verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

The structure of the modal verbs follows the same pattern. Check the following table.

In some cases, the modal verb would is used as a softer and less definitive form of the modal will, or as the past of will when we are reporting sentences.

Expressing hypothesis is one of the most common uses of the modal verb would. And since it is used to express hypothetical situations, you’ll see that it is used in many conditional sentences.

In such cases, we’ll use a clause with would to refer to unreal or uncertain situations together with an if-clause.


Affirmative Form


Negative Form


Interrogative Form


Modal Verb Would


We can also use would to make polite requests. If we observe it carefully, we’ll see that it’s still a request made from a hypothetical perspective, but now you are actually asking something from someone.

MODAL VERB WOULDPolite Requests and Offers

If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.Se eu tivesse muito dinheiro, viajaria pelo mundo.

(I don’t have a lot of money. So, traveling the world is just a hypothetical situation.)

Would you invite your boss for your birthday?Você convidaria o seu chefe para o seu aniversário?

(The question is asked out of curiosity. It’s a hypothetical situation.)

If I were you, I wouldn’t go to the Caribbean now. It’s hurricane season.Se eu fosse você, eu não iria para o Caribe agora. É temporada de furacão.

(It’s a hypothetical situation because I am not you, and I am not going to the Caribbean.)

MODAL VERB WOULDHypothesis

Polite Requests Polite Offers

Would you help me with my project? Would you like some coffee?Você me ajudaria com o meu projeto? Você aceitaria um café?

Would you go to the grocery store for me? Would you like me to drive you home?Você iria ao supermercado para mim? Você gostaria que eu te levasse para casa?

Modal Verb Would


And this is how you use the modal verb would.

Would is also used to talk about a past habit or to express refusal in the past.

We can use would in expressions too. Would rather is used to say we prefer one thing to another. Most of the time, we use the contracted form, which is I’d rather.

Another commonly used expression with would is “would mind.” We use it to ask for favors or permission. But the structure is a bit different. Check it out in the following box.

I asked her what was going on, but she wouldn’t tell me.Perguntei o que estava acontecendo, mas ela não quis me dizer.

(I asked her in the past and she refused to tell me.)

When I was younger, I would argue with my brother all the time.Quando eu era mais novo, eu discutia com meu irmão o tempo todo.

(It was a typical behavior in the past.)

I’d rather stay home tonight. I’m tired.Eu prefiro f icar em casa hoje à noite. Estou cansado(a).

MODAL VERB WOULDTalk about a past habit or express refusal in the past

MODAL VERB WOULDExpressions – Would Rather

MODAL VERB WOULDExpressions – Would Mind

Asking for a favor Asking for permission

Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind if I opened the window?Você se importaria de abrir a janela? Você se importaria se eu abrisse a janela?(Would you mind + verb in the -ING form) (Would you mind if + subject + verb in the past)

Modal Verb Would

GrammarGuide


in the car in the roomno carro no quarto/cômodo

in town / in the city in the bookna cidade no livro

in school (as a student) in the hospital (as a patient)na escola (como aluno) no hospital (como paciente)

in church (involved in church service) in the church (inside the physical place)na igreja (envolvido em serviços religiosos) na igreja (dentro do espaço f ísico)

I work on the 26th floor at 205 Oak Avenue, in New Jersey.Trabalho no 26º andar na avenida Oak 205, em Nova Jersey.

Prepositions of place are used to indicate direction, location, and spatial relations. Prepositions of place tell us where one thing is in relation to other things.

The most common prepositions of place are IN, ON, and AT.

IN is used to talk about places and larger areas such as geographic locations, countries, states, cities, and neighborhoods. It also refers to a position inside large areas and in three-dimensional spaces.

I live in South America.Eu moro na América do Sul.

The keys are in the drawer.As chaves estão na gaveta.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – IN

IN – COMMON USES

Check out some other common phrases with the preposition of place IN.

Prepositions of Place


I’m at the Empire State.Estou no Empire State.

I’m at the door.Estou na porta.

at school/college/university (in the building) at the hospital (in the building; working or visiting)na escola/faculdade/universidade (no prédio) no hospital (no prédio; trabalhando ou visitando)

at home at the party/concert/moviesem casa na festa / no show / no cinema

at the bus stop at the subway stationno ponto de ônibus na estação de metrô

at the beginning of (the street) at the end of (the street)no começo (da rua) no f inal (da rua)

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – ATWhen we use AT as a preposition of place, it indicates a position at a point; that’s why we use AT to specify a detailed location or to inform an address.

You’ll also use AT if you say the name of a place, like buildings and organizations, and also for events, such as parties or concerts.

Check out some common phrases with AT as a preposition of place.

AT – COMMON USES

The preposition of place ON is used to talk about a position on a surface, such as a road, a street, a bed, or even a page, and it’s also used for means of transportation on which you can stand while inside, such as a bus.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – ON

You’ll find this information on page 10.Você encontrará essa informação na página 10.

The Walk of Fame is on Hollywood Boulevard.A calçada da fama f ica no Hollywood Boulevard.



to walk on the street to drive on the road/highwayandar na rua dirigir numa rodovia/estrada

to be/sit on the bed / on the chair / on the floor to be on the table/deskestar/sentar na cama / na cadeira / no chão estar sobre a mesa/escrivaninha

to be on the bus/subway/airplane to post on social mediaestar no ônibus/metrô/avião postar numa rede social

ON – COMMON USES

Check out some common uses of ON as a preposition of place.

There are other prepositions used to indicate directions and locations.

Above indicates that something is in a higher position, and below indicates that something in a lower place or position.

Across from means that something is directly opposite to something else, such as on the other side of the street. In front of means further forward or facing someone or something. Behind means at the back.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEAbove and Below

São Paulo is 700 meters above sea level.São Paulo f ica 700 metros acima do nível do mar.

Parts of Amsterdam are below sea level.Partes de Amsterdam estão abaixo do nível do mar.

The Renwick Gallery is across from the White House.A galeria Renwick f ica em frente (do outro lado da rua) da Casa Branca.

Protesters were in front of the White House.Os manifestantes estavam em frente à Casa Branca.

Don’t look now. He is behind you.Não olhe agora. Ele está atrás de você.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEAcross from, In Front of, Behind



Under means the same as below. The difference is that it’s normally used to refer to something that is covered or protected by something.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEUnder

Your flip flops are under the bed.Seus chinelos estão embaixo da cama.

We are all under the same sky.Estamos todos sob o mesmo céu.

Beside means on the side, between means in the middle of two things, and among means surrounded by things.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEBeside, Between, Among

The Westminster Abbey is beside the Big Ben.A Abadia de Westminster f ica ao lado do Big Ben.

There’s a cat between dogs.Tem um gato entre cachorros.

There’s a dog among the stuffed animals.Tem um cachorro entre os bichos de pelúcia.



The restaurant is near the hotel. / The restaurant is close to the hotel.O restaurante é perto do hotel.

The art museum is far from the hotel.O museu de arte é longe do hotel.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACENear, Close to, Far from

If we want to indicate distance, we can use near, or close to, for short distances, and far from for long distances.

Notice that, if you don’t choose the appropriate preposition, the sentence might still be grammatically correct, but it may not send the right message.

That’s why it’s important to understand prepositions in context so you can practice and use them to refer to different things in different situations.

And now you know how to use prepositions of place.


GrammarGuide


Interrogative sentences in English follow some basic structures.

In a sentence with the verb to be as the main verb in the simple present or the simple past, there is no need to use an auxiliary verb. Therefore, the sentence will have the following structure: the verb to be as the main verb, the subject, and the complement.

Sentences that have one auxiliary or modal verb are made by placing the auxiliary right before the subject, and then the main verb, which may be followed by a complement.

In the case of verb forms that have more than one auxiliary, the structure is the first auxiliary verb, the subject, and then the second or third auxiliary verbs, followed by the main the verb and a complement, if necessary.

Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento (Simple Present and Simple Past)

Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Primeiro Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESStructures

Interrogative Form


However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.

Check out some examples with these structures. In verb forms such as the simple present and the simple past, in which the verb to be is the main verb, we don’t need an auxiliary to ask a question.

Structure: Verb To Be + Subject + Complement

Is she a lawyer?Ela é advogada?

Were you home last night?Você estava em casa na noite passada?

Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Does she work as a lawyer? (main verb: work)Ela trabalha como advogada?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Did you do your homework? (main verb: do)Você fez sua lição de casa?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple past)

Can you help me? (main verb: help)Você pode me ajudar?

(The modal verb can works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Are you studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você está estudando para a prova?

(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with other verbs as the main verb

Interrogative Form


Question Full Answer Short Answer Wrong Answer

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.

Depending on the verb form, there may be more than one auxiliary verb before the main verb, which is the case of the present perfect continuous.

Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short answer, and to give a short answer we need to use an auxiliary verb.

Structure: First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Have you been studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você tem estudado para a prova?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

Have you been waiting for a long time? (main verb: wait in the -ING form)Você está esperando há muito tempo?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESLong and short answers

And this is how we use the interrogative form in English. Now, you know its basic sentence structure.

Interrogative Form

GrammarGuide


Nouns are used to refer to people or things. They vary in number, which means they have singular and plural forms.

There are countable and uncountable nouns. The noun “cat” is countable, since you can count cats and quantify them, such as in “one cat,” “two cats,” “three cats,” and so on.

And there are uncountable nouns, which means that we cannot use numbers to quantify them. Let’s take the noun “water” as an example. We don’t say “one water,” “two waters,” “three waters,” etc.

However, we can express an amount by using quantifiers such as a lot of.

Check it out:

My cat is lazy.Meu gato é preguiçoso.

My cats are lazy.Meus gatos são preguiçosos

I have three cats.Eu tenho três gatos.

(countable noun = there are singular and plural forms)

It’s important to drink a lot of water.É importante beber muita água.

(uncountable noun = there is no plural form)

NOUNSSingular and Plural

NOUNSCountable and Uncountable

Nouns


People’s Names

GeorgeJohnMaryKate

Pets’ Names

MaxBella

ArchieLuna

Names of Places

BrazilNew YorkLondon

Hollywood

Although it’s not common in English, nouns may vary in gender, which means that they will have a different form when referring to male or female people or animals.

Most nouns in English do not vary in gender, as it happens to the noun “student.” But others do, such as the nouns “actor” and “actress.” Yet, it is worth noting that nowadays, neutral forms are usually preferred.

Nouns can be classified as proper or common.

Proper nouns are the names of people, pets, or places, for example. They are capitalized, and in most cases, not preceded by articles.

John is a good student. Mary is a great student. John é um bom aluno. Mary é uma boa aluna.

(The noun “student” doesn’t vary in gender: whether referring to male or female, it remains the same).

John is a good actor. Mary is a great actress. John é um bom ator. Mary é uma boa atriz.

(The noun “actor” varies in gender: We use “actor” to refer to men and “actress” for women).

NOUNSGender variation

NOUNSProper Nouns

Nouns


Common nouns are used to designate generic people, animals, things, or ideas.

It is also possible to classify nouns as concrete or abstract.

Concrete nouns refer to things we can touch or see, material objects, whereas abstract nouns refer to things that are not material, such as feelings, emotions, situations, and ideas.

People

childcriança

manhomem

studentestudante

Animals

dogcachorro

catgato

birdpássaro

Things/Places

housecasa

citycidade

countrypaís

Ideas/Feelings

loveamor

securitysegurança

opinionopinião

Concrete Nouns

phonetelefone

tablemesa

foodcomida

Abstract Nouns

freedomliberdade

dreamsonho

passionpaixão

NOUNSCommon Nouns

NOUNSConcrete and Abstract

Now you know what a noun is, its characteristics, and some categories.

Nouns

GrammarGuide


Singular

catgato

bike bicicleta

car carro

Plural

catsgatos

bikesbicicletas

carscarros

Plural nouns are words that show there is more than one person, animal, thing, place, or idea, and, because of that, they require verbs in the plural.

In English, as a general rule to form the plural of nouns, in most cases you simply add –S at the end of the noun.

Singular Plural

Her daughter is beautiful. Her daughters are beautiful. A f ilha dela é bonita. As f ilhas dela são bonitas.

PLURAL NOUNS

PLURAL NOUNSGeneral Rule: Add –S

Plural Nouns


The nouns ending in –O can either have their plural form ending in –S or –ES, and some can be spelled either way. As a general rule, we add –S to make the plural of most nouns ending in –O.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –O

Add –S

piano pianos piano pianos

studio studios estúdio estúdios

Add –ES

tomato tomatoes tomate tomates

potato potatoes batata batatas

hero heroes herói heróisAdd –S or –ES

mango mangos/mangoes manga mangas

volcano volcanos/volcanoes vulcão vulcões

tornado tornados/tornadoes tornado tornados

For nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, and –CH, add –ES at the end.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES

Singular Plural

bus buses ônibus ônibus

tax taxes imposto impostos

watch watches relógio relógios

Plural Nouns


Nouns ending in –F or –FE will present variations in the plural form as well. In most cases, we replace the end with –VES. However, some cases follow the general rule for plural, and –S is added at the end.

For nouns ending in –Y, check if the –Y is preceded by a consonant or a vowel because this is what will define the plural form.

For the nouns ending in consonant + Y, drop the –Y and add –IES. As for the ones ending in vowel + Y, just add –S.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –F or –FE

Add –S

sheriff sheriffs xerife xerifes

giraffe giraffes girafa girafas

Vowel + YAdd –S

boy – boysmenino – meninos

day – daysdia – dias

Replace –F or –FE with –VES

wife wives esposa esposas

wolf wolves lobo lobos

Consonant + YReplace –Y with –IES

city – citiescidade – cidades

lady – ladiessenhora – senhoras

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –Y

Plural Nouns


There are some nouns that have an irregular plural form. In these cases, the nouns may have their basic form completely changed. The ones mostly used are in the following table.

There are also some nouns that have the same form for the singular and plural. In these cases, we’ll understand if it’s singular or plural by the context.

Singular Plural

tooth teeth dente dentes

foot feet pé pés

mouse mice camundongo camundongos

goose geese ganso gansos

Singular Plural

child children criança crianças

person people pessoa pessoas

woman women mulher mulheres

man men homem homens

PLURAL NOUNSIrregular Plural Forms

PLURAL NOUNSNouns that keep the same form

I’d like fish and chips, please.Quero peixe e fritas, for favor.

We saw some beautiful fish when we were scuba diving.Vimos alguns peixes bonitos quando estávamos mergulhando.

Now you know some rules and how to use the plural. But remember: When in doubt, research!


Plural Nouns

GrammarGuide


Nouns can be either countable or uncountable.

Countable nouns are the ones that we can count; thus, they have a plural form.

Before countable nouns we can use the indefinite article or cardinal numbers to specify the exact amount we are referring to.

However, if we don’t know or don’t want to mention an exact amount, we can also use quantifiers to express the idea of quantity. Some quantif iers can only be used with countable nouns, such as few to express small quantities, and many to express large quantities.

COUNTABLE NOUNS

There’s a cat in the garden.Tem um gato no jardim.

(a cat: indefinite article + countable noun in the singular)

There are two cats at my front door.Tem dois gatos na minha porta da frente.

(two cats: cardinal number + countable noun in the plural)

There were many cats at the adoption fair.Havia muitos gatos na feira de adoção.

(many cats: quantif ier + countable noun in the plural)

Countable and Uncountable Nouns


COUNTABLE NOUNSQuantifiers

Small amount

There are few people at the beach.Há poucas pessoas na praia.

Large amount

There are many people at the beach.Há muitas pessoas na praia.

Uncountable nouns are the ones you cannot count, and for this reason they do not have a plural form.

They are usually abstract ideas, liquids, grains, gases, or natural phenomena. As we usually treat uncountable nouns as singular nouns, we do not use the indefinite article with them, since the indefinite article means one.

It is important to notice that the concept of countable and uncountable nouns is present in several languages, but the words that are considered countable or uncountable may vary widely from one language to the other.

In English, the nouns “travel,” “advice,” “information,” “baggage,” and “work” are uncountable. However, if you need to count them, there are some strategies you can use.

Let’s see an example in which we refer to people, which is a countable noun with an irregular plural.



UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNSSimilar meanings

Countable

a journey/trip uma jornada/viagem

a bag/suitcase/backpack uma bolsa/maleta/mochila

a job/project/task um trabalho/projeto / uma tarefa

a recommendation uma recomendação

dollars/euros/reais/yens dólares/euros/reais/ienes

Uncountable

travelviagem

baggage/luggagebagagem

worktrabalho

adviceconselho

moneydinheiro

This strategy may not work every time, though. You may not want to use a similar word, or maybe there isn’t a similar word that f its the context.

In such cases, you can use a quantifier. The most frequent way to quantify uncountable nouns is to use either some or (a) piece of before these nouns.

The expression piece of can be used with not only the indefinite article (a piece of) meaning one, but also with cardinal numbers (two pieces of).

The f irst one is to use countable nouns with a similar meaning.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSsome and (a) piece of

Some + Uncountable NounCan you give me some advice?

Você pode me dar alguns conselhos?



Check some other examples with some and a piece of used with uncountable nouns.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSsome and (a) piece of

Equipment – some equipment; a piece of equipment; two pieces of equipmentEquipamento – alguns equipamentos; um equipamento; dois equipamentos

Information – some information; a piece of information; two pieces of informationInformação – algumas informações; uma informação; duas informações

Furniture – some furniture; a piece of furniture; two pieces of furnitureMóvel – alguns móveis; um móvel; dois móveis

News – some news; a piece of news; two pieces of newsNotícia – algumas notícias; uma notícia; duas notícias

Cardinal Number + Piece of + Uncountable NounCan you give me two/three/four pieces of advice?

Você pode me dar dois/três/quatro conselhos?

Indefinite Article + Piece of + Uncountable NounCan you give me a piece of advice?

Você pode me dar um conselho?



When referring to gases, grains, and liquids, we can count them by using a unit of measurement, such as kilos, liters, or ounces. We can also count the containers in which they have been packed.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSUnits of measurement or containers

Water – liters/bottles/gallons of waterÁgua – litros/garrafas/galões de água

Rice – kilos/pounds/packs of riceArroz – quilos/libras/sacos de arroz

Sugar – cubes/spoons/cups of sugarAçúcar – torrões/colheres/xícaras de açúcar

Now you know the most frequent countable and uncountable nouns and how they can be quantified.

Regarding moods and feelings, it’s not possible to use a piece of, but it’s possible to use quantifiers, such as much, some, or little.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNSQuantifiers

I’ve been under too much pressure lately.Tenho estado sob muita pressão ultimamente.

I feel a bit frustrated, but I see some hope for the future.Eu me sinto um pouco frustrado, mas vejo alguma esperança no futuro.

I’d gladly accept a little help from my friends.Eu aceitaria de bom grado um pouco de ajuda dos meus amigos.


GrammarGuide


The modal verb will is mostly used to refer to the future. As all modal verbs, it functions as an auxiliary verb, adding meaning to the main verb.

Check the structures for the aff irmative, interrogative, and negative forms.

WILLStructure

Affirmative

She will go to college next year.Ela vai para a faculdade ano que vem.

Subject + Will + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Negative

Will you talk to her?Você vai falar com ela?

Will + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Interrogative

It won’t rain.Não vai chover.

Subject + Will + Not (Won’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Will


Tell people what to do

Will you behave now?Você vai se comportar agora?

Make an offer / a proposal

Will you marry me?Você quer se casar comigo?

Promises

I will always be with you.Eu sempre estarei com você.

Willingness and Decisions

I’ll (I + will) get the door.Eu vou abrir a porta.

I will quit smoking.Eu vou parar de fumar.

WILLUses

WILLUses

In the interrogative, we can use will to tell people what to do or to make proposals. We can also use it for promises in aff irmative and negative sentences.

Will is commonly used to express willingness and decisions about the future that we make at the moment we speak.

Will


You’ll have to attend driving classes to get your driver’s license.Você terá que fazer aulas de direção para tirar a carteira de motorista.

Refusal

I won’t (will + not) talk to her.Eu não vou falar com ela.

She won’t talk to anybody.Ela não vai falar com ninguém.

Will is also used to refer to things that are inevitable.

It can be used to express refusal in the negative form.

WILLUses

WILLInevitability

Now you know that will is a modal auxiliary verb, and you are familiar with its structures and common uses.

Will

GrammarGuide


The future continuous is used to say that something will happen in the future and continue for an expected period of time.

Check the structure of the future continuous in aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences.

FUTURE CONTINUOUSStructure

Affirmative FormSubject + Will + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +

Complement (if necessary)

I will be traveling tomorrow morning.Eu estarei viajando amanhã de manhã.

Negative FormSubject + Will + Not (Won’t) + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +


I won’t be traveling.Eu não estarei viajando.

Interrogative FormWill+ Subject + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +


Will you be traveling?Você estará viajando?

Future Continuous


FUTURE CONTINUOUSUses

FUTURE CONTINUOUSUses

The future continuous is used to project future actions, make predictions, and refer to previously f ixed events.

When the future continuous is used with still, it refers to events that are already happening now, and that are expected to continue in the future.

Project Future Actions

Next week, I will be drinking margaritas by the pool.Semana que vem, estarei bebendo margaritas na piscina.

Global temperatures will still be rising in ten years.As temperaturas globais ainda estarão aumentando dentro de dez anos.

(The temperatures are already rising, and, in the future, this is expected to continue.)(As temperaturas já estão aumentando e, no futuro, espera-se que continuem a aumentar.)

Predictions

He will be feeling happy when he returns home.Ele estará se sentindo feliz quando voltar pra casa.

Referring to Previously Fixed Events

I will be speaking at the next annual conference.Me apresentarei na próxima conferência anual.

Future Continuous


I can’t go with you because I’m going to be running that marathon I told you about.Não posso ir com você porque estarei correndo naquela maratona de que eu te falei.

Going to can also be used in the future continuous.

FUTURE CONTINUOUSGoing to

Now you know more about the future continuous, its structure, and common uses.

Future Continuous

GrammarGuide


The present continuous is mainly used to talk about actions and events in progress at the moment or about temporary states or situations that are true at the moment of speaking.

The basic structure of the present continuous is the verb to be, which works as an auxiliary, and a main verb in the -ING form. The verb to be will be conjugated according to the subject. Take a look at its structure:

AffirmativeSubject + To Be + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am watching a movie.Eu estou assistindo a um filme.

NegativeSubject + To Be + Not + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am not hearing you.Eu não estou te ouvindo.

InterrogativeTo Be + Subject + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

Are you taking your pills?Você está tomando os seus remédios?

PRESENT CONTINUOUSStructure

Present Continuous


We can use the present continuous to talk about changes that take time.

It’s getting easier every day.Está f icando mais fácil a cada dia.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSGradual Change

The present continuous can also be used to describe actions that are repeated or frequent, but that we believe to be a temporary situation, different from our routine.

I am working a lot this week.Estou trabalhando muito nesta semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSRepeated Temporary Actions and Events

The present continuous is also used to talk about future events that have been previously arranged or planned.

I am getting married next week.Vou me casar na próxima semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSFuture

Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, even if they refer to temporary situations or things that are happening now. They are called non-progressive verbs, and they express feelings, like the verbs to love and to hate; mental states and opinions, like the verbs to believe, to guess, and to agree; and senses, like the verbs to see and to hear.

I like this book.NOT: I am liking this book.

Eu gosto desse livro.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs

Present Continuous


Some of these non-progressive verbs can be used with continuous forms, but they will have different meanings.

I see someone at the door.Eu estou vendo alguém na porta.

I have two pieces of luggage. Eu tenho duas malas.

I am seeing someone. Eu estou saindo com alguém.

I am having breakfast at the hotel restaurant.Eu estou tomando café da manhã no restaurante do hotel.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs in Continuous Forms: Different Meaning

Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.

Present Continuous

GrammarGuide


There are spelling rules for the -ING form in English, which means that the way we write the verbs will change according to certain rules.

The general rule for the -ING form is that you just add the suff ix -ING.

There are also some special cases. If the verb ends in an E, drop the E and add -ING.

watch watching assistir assitindo

do doing fazer fazendo

Verbs ending in -E Drop the -E and add -ING

take taking pegar; levar pegando; levando

make making fazer fazendo

SPELLING RULES: -ING FORMSGeneral Rule – Add -ING.

SPELLING RULES: -ING FORMSSpecial Cases

Spelling Rules: -ING Forms


When the verb has one syllable and ends in CVC, that means, consonant plus vowel plus consonant, we will usually double the last consonant and add -ING.

One-syllable verbs Double the last consonant ending in CVC and add -ING

run running correr correndo

get getting pegar pegando

swim swimming nadar nadando


However, if the one-syllable verb that ends in CVC finishes in W, X, or Y, there will be no double consonant, we will just add -ING.

CVC ending in Y, W, and X Add -ING

enjoy enjoying gostar; aproveitar gostando; aproveitando

show showing mostrar mostrando

fix fixing consertar consertando




In the case of two-syllable verbs ending in CVC, there are two rules.

If they end in a stressed syllable, we’ll double the last consonant and add -ING. If the last syllable is unstressed, we’ll just add -ING.

Last syllable is stressed

commit committing (se comprometer) (se comprometendo)

Last syllable is unstressed

whisper whispering (sussurrar) (sussurrando)

SPELLING RULES: -ING FORMSTwo-syllable Verbs Ending in CVC

For the verbs ending in IE, we replace IE with Y and add -ING.

Ending in IE Change IE for Y and add -ING die dying morrer morrendo

lie lying mentir mentindo

tie tying amarrar amarrando


Now you know the spelling rules for the -ING forms.


GrammarGuide


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word what, which is used to ask general questions.

In most cases, the structure of direct and indirect questions follows this pattern:

But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three possible structures.

What is your favorite color?Qual é a sua cor favorita?

(Direct Question: Question Word + Interrogative Form)

Tell me what your favorite color is.Diga-me qual é a sua cor favorita.

(Indirect Question: Question Word + Affirmative Form)

1. What + Interrogative Form

2. What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement

3. What + Noun + Interrogative Form

QUESTION WORD WHATDirect and Indirect Questions

QUESTION WORD WHATStructure – Direct Questions

Question Word What


Let’s analyze each structure, starting with the f irst one, which is the question word what followed by an interrogative form. This structure can be used with any verb form.

Let’s see some examples:

What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

What did you do yesterday?O que você fez ontem?

(Simple Past: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

(Past Continuous: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What have you been doing lately?O que você tem feito ultimamente?

(Present Perfect: Question Word + 1st Auxiliary + Subject + 2nd Auxiliary + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What would you do with a million dollars?O que você faria com um milhão de dólares?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

QUESTION WORD WHATWhat + Interrogative Form

Question Word What


It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the subject is included in the given question.

Let’s take a closer look:

(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)

(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer. O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)

(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing. The subject “you,” which is part of the question, becomes “I” in the answer.

And the core answer is “traveling.”)(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava

fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta. A resposta central é “viajando”.)

QUESTION WORD WHATWhat + Interrogative Form

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

I was traveling. Eu estava viajando.

What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

She wants eggs and toast. Ela quer ovos e torradas.

Question Word What


But it is possible to ask questions with the question word what to learn about the subject of a sentence. In such cases, we will use the structure: What + Verb in The Third Person Singular + Complement.

Check the following examples:

QUESTION WORD WHATWhat + Verb in Third Person Singular (+ Complement)

(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)

(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)

(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)

(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

What makes you happy?O que deixa você feliz?

There are so many people here. What’s happening?Tem tanta gente aqui. O que está acontecendo?

Spending time with my family makes me happy.Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.

Not having money to pay their bills (is bothering them).Não ter dinheiro para pagar as suas contas (está incomodando-os).

A music festival (is happening here).Um festival de música (está acontecendo aqui).

What’s bothering them?O que está incomodando-os?

Question Word What


Let’s take a closer look and analyze the structure of the examples we have previously seen.

If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after the question word.

What time do you usually wake up?A que horas você geralmente acorda?

(What + time = used to ask about the hour)

What kind of music do you like?De que tipo de música você gosta?

(What + kind = used to ask about the specif ic type of a thing)

What size do you need?De que tamanho você precisa?

(What + size = used to ask about size)

QUESTION WORD WHATWhat + Noun + Interrogative Form

What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement (if necessary)

What makes you happy?

What’s happening?

What’s bothering them?

QUESTION WORD WHAT

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(3)

(3)

Question Word What


There are still some special cases, such as what + about. It is used to make an offer or to ask about your opinion or how you feel about something.

QUESTION WORD WHATSpecial Cases – What About

In informal conversations, there are some common expressions with the question word what.

What’s up?E aí?

What now?O que agora?

QUESTION WORD WHATExpressions

What about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

How are you?Como vai você?

Great idea.Ótima ideia.

I’m fine, thanks. What about you?Eu estou bem. E você?

Question Word What


The question word what can also be used in exclamations to express surprise, shock, or emotions. In this case, we use: what + an article + (an adjective) + a noun. We may or may not include the adjective, but the noun must always be there in exclamations with what.

Structure: What + Article + (Adjective) + Noun

What a (beautiful) place!Que lugar (bonito)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “beautiful”) + Noun “place”)

What a great song!Que música ótima!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “great” + Noun “song”)

What a (nice) gesture!Que gesto (legal)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “nice”) + Noun “gesture)

What a song!Que música!

(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)

QUESTION WORD WHATExclamations

Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.

Question Word What

244

GrammarGuide


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word when, which is used to ask or to explain at what occasion or moment something takes place.

Check out some examples of when used in direct and indirect questions:

WhenQuando

When are you traveling?Quando você viaja?

(Direct Question: When + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Tell me when you are going to travel.Me diga quando você vai viajar.

(Indirect Question: When + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

Could you tell me when you are going to travel?Você poderia me dizer quando você vai viajar?


QUESTION WORD WHEN

QUESTION WORD WHENDirect and Indirect Questions

In general, the structure to make these interrogative sentences is the question word when followed by the structure of the interrogative form, which can be used with different verb forms.

Question Word When


In the simple forms, when the verb to be is the main verb of the sentence, there is no auxiliary. For all the other verbs, you’ll need the auxiliary verb to make an interrogative sentence.

Structure: When + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement

When are you free?Quando você está livre?(are = simple present)

When was she born?Quando ela nasceu?(was = simple past)

Structure: When + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

When does she have English classes?Quando ela tem aulas de inglês?

(does = auxiliary for the simple present)

When did you start college?Quando você começou a faculdade?(did = auxiliary for the simple past)

QUESTION WORD WHENSimple Forms – Simple Present and Simple Past

We can use when with continuous forms such as the present continuous to indicate actions in the future.

Structure: When + Verb To Be + Subject + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

When are you moving to Italy?Quando você se mudará para a Itália?

QUESTION WORD WHENContinuous Forms

Question Word When


The same happens with perfect forms. It’s important to notice, though, that most perfect forms do not refer to a specific point in time, so questions with perfect forms are usually accompanied by an adverb of time. Check out the examples:

PRESENT PERFECTStructure: When + Verb To Have + Subject +

Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

When has she ever helped her parents?Quando na vida ela ajudou seus pais?

(Rhetorical question reinforced by the adverb “ever”)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSStructure: When + Verb To Have + Subject + Been +

Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Since when have you been studying?Desde quando você está estudando?

(The adverb “since” is used to ask about a starting point)

QUESTION WORD WHENPerfect Forms

It’s important to notice that if we want to ask about the specific time when an activity or event starts or ends, the preferred question is “what time,” not “when.”

What time did you leave work yesterday?A que horas você saiu do trabalho ontem?

When did you leave work yesterday?Quando você saiu do trabalho ontem?

QUESTION WORDSSpecific Time

And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question word when with different verb forms.

Question Word When

247

GrammarGuide


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word where.

Where is used to ask questions about place.

The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.

WhereOnde/Aonde

Where is the subway station?Onde é a estação de metrô?

(Direct Question: Where + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

I am asking you where the subway station is.Eu estou te perguntando onde f ica a estação de metrô.


QUESTION WORD WHERE

QUESTION WORD WHEREDirect and Indirect Questions

Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the interrogative form.

Question Word Where


Take a look at the structure to use where with the simple present. Note that when the main verb is the verb to be, there is no auxiliary verb. For all other verbs, the auxiliary is necessary.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

Where are you?Onde você está?

Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where do you work? Where does she work? Onde você trabalha? Onde ela trabalha?

QUESTION WORD WHEREWhere + Interrogative

Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary verb in the past

SIMPLE PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

Where were you?Onde você estava?

Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where did you go? Where did he go? Aonde você foi? Aonde ele foi?

QUESTION WORD WHEREWhere + Interrogative

Question Word Where


The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous.

QUESTION WORD WHEREContinuous Forms

Where + Interrogative Form

PRESENT AND PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where are you going?Aonde você está indo?

Where were you going last night when I arrived?Aonde você estava indo ontem à noite quando cheguei?

It is possible to use where with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

PRESENT PERFECT

A past action that is still relevant. Uma ação passada que ainda é relevante.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been?Por onde você esteve?

QUESTION WORD WHEREPerfect Forms

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Question Word Where


Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, the modal verb comes right after the question word.

Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where should we go on our next vacation?Aonde devemos ir em nossas próximas férias?

(should = recommendation)

Where would you like to live?Onde você gostaria de viver?

(would = hypothetical question)

Where can we find an ATM?Onde podemos encontrar um caixa eletrônico?

(can = possibility)

QUESTION WORD WHEREModal Verbs

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Action started in the past and still going on.Ação iniciada no passado que ainda está acontecendo.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been working?Onde você tem trabalhado?

In English, it is common to use where with verbs followed by prepositions that express directions. When we use these prepositions, they are placed right after the verb.

Two frequent prepositions used in questions with where are “to” and “from,” since they typically follow verbs that express movement.

Question Word Where


And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.

Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.

Where are you going (to)?Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?

(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place with or without the preposition.)

(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar, com ou sem preposição.)

Where is she coming from?De onde ela está vindo?

(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)

QUESTION WORD WHEREWhere + Verbs Followed by Prepositions

Question Word Where

GrammarGuide


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the question word which.

We use which to ask about specific information. As in some contexts which will be interchangeable with the question word what, it’s important to highlight the difference between these two question words.

The most important feature of which is that it’s used when there’s a limited number of choices in mind.

QUESTION WORDSWhat vs. Which

What’s your phone number?Qual é o seu telefone?

(There are many possibilities. Country code, area code, and several possible combinations of numbers.)

Which size do you want?Que tamanho você quer?

(There are limited options, such as small, medium, or large.)

In English, when we ask direct questions with both which and what, it’s possible to use a noun after the question word to make the question more specif ic.

Again, you’ll choose to use one or the other based on the range of options. Take a look at the examples.

QUESTION WORDSWhich vs. What

I bought white and grey paint. Which color will you choose for your bedroom?Eu comprei tinta branca e cinza. Qual cor você vai escolher para o seu quarto?

(Limited options = only two colors available: white and grey)

Question Word Which


Which can also be followed by a pronoun, usually because you don’t want to repeat the options you have just given, and in such case, we’ll frequently use the pronoun one.

QUESTION WORD WHICHWhich + Pronoun

Structure: Which + Pronoun + Interrogative Form

Mr. Brown and Ms. Davenport are my favorite teachers.O Sr. Brown e a Sra. Davenport são meus professores favoritos.

OK. But which one do you like the most?O.k. Mas de qual deles você gosta mais?

(Replace “teacher” with “one” since the teachers were already mentioned.)

We can also use an object pronoun or a determiner right after which, but in such case we’ll use which of. Check the examples.

QUESTION WORD WHICHWhich of

Which of us is going to sleep in the bigger bed?Qual de nós vai dormir na cama maior?

Which of these jackets is yours?Qual dessas jaquetas é sua?

I’m trying to decide on the new color of our bedroom walls. What colors do you like?Eu estou tentando decidir a cor das paredes do nosso quarto. De quais cores você gosta?

(Broader option = from all the colors, you can choose the ones you like)

Question Word Which


The question word which can be used in direct and indirect questions. In direct questions, it follows the interrogative form and structure, whereas in indirect questions we are reporting the question or there’s a question within another question.

QUESTION WORD WHICHDirect and Indirect Questions

Which dress do you prefer? The pink or the green?Qual vestido você prefere? O rosa ou o verde?

(Direct Question: Which + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Can you give me some suggestions on which museums I should visit in Berlin?Você pode me dar algumas sugestões de quais museus eu devo visitar em Berlim?

(Indirect Question: Which + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

Now you know how to ask questions using the question word which, and know the difference between what and which, their use and structure.

Question Word Which

GrammarGuide


Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.

The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, like all the other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.

QUESTION WORD HOWDirect and Indirect Questions

How are you feeling?Como você está se sentindo?

(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Can you tell me how you are feeling?Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?

(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms.

In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs. The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the questions.

Check out some examples:

QUESTION WORD HOWSimple Present

Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How are the kids?Como estão as crianças?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

Question Word How


Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How do you go to work?Como você vai para o trabalho?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)

Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How was the game?Como foi o jogo?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How did you go to the game?Como você foi para o jogo?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)

How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary verb will be conjugated in the past.

The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the interrogative form of these structures.

For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING form, and a complement, if necessary.

QUESTION WORD HOWSimple Past

Question Word How


Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How are you organizing your tasks?Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?

(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)

How were you feeling when you started therapy?Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?

(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)

QUESTION WORD HOWPresent and Past Continuous

It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been?Como você tem passado?

(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been dealing with this situation?Como você tem lidado com essa situação?

(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)

QUESTION WORD HOWPresent Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Question Word How


Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How should we help her?Como devemos ajudá-la?

(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for guidance or recommendation)

How can we go to the party?Como podemos ir para a festa?

(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)

We also use how with modal verbs. In this case, they come right after the question word.

If you want to ask more specif ic questions using how, you can use an adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.

How old is your brother?Quantos anos seu irmão tem?

(How + Old = Age)

How much is this T-shirt?Quanto custa esta camiseta?

(How + Much = Amount or Price)

How often do you go to the gym?Com que frequência você vai à academia?

(How + Often = Frequency)

How many people were there at the concert?Quantas pessoas havia no show?

(How + Many = Quantity)

How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?

(How + Far = Distance)

QUESTION WORD HOWModal Verbs

QUESTION WORD HOWOther Possibilities

How long does it take to get there?Qual tempo demora/leva para chegar lá?

(How + Long = Duration)

How tall is your brother?Qual é a altura do seu irmão?

(How + Tall = Height for People)

How high is Mount Everest?Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura / o tamanho do Monte Everest?

(How + High = Height for Places)

Question Word How


How can also be used with prepositions such as about. There are two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.

In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how come is an informal way to ask “why.”

How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative form, regardless of the verb form.

How about a cup of coffee?Que tal uma xícara de café?

(How + About + Noun = Offer)

How about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)

How come she went to the party alone?Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?

(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)

How come she is not here?Como é que ela não está aqui?Como pode ela não estar aqui?

(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)

HOW ABOUTOffers and Suggestions

HOW ABOUTReason and Surprise (Informal)

Question Word How


We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also be used in exclamations.

The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.

Compare the difference:

How + Complete Sentence

How I love this city!Como eu amo essa cidade!

(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)

How + Adjective

How beautiful!Que bonito!

(How + Adjective “beautiful”)

What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun

What a beautiful city!Que cidade bonita!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)

HOW AND WHATExclamation

And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.

Question Word How

GrammarGuide


The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things that happen regularly.

SIMPLE PRESENT

This wall is white.Esta parede é branca.

(It’s a factual piece of information.)

I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.

(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)

The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides. In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the main verb is the verb to be.

Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in the simple present.

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

Singular PluralFirst person I am We areSecond person You are You areThird person He/She/It is They are

Simple Present -Verb To Be


There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.

AffirmativeSubject + Verb To Be + Complement

I’m a writer.Eu sou escritor.

NegativeSubject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement

I am not a writer.Eu não sou escritor.

InterrogativeVerb To Be + Subject + Complement

Are you a writer?Você é escritor?

Affirmative Negative I’m I’m not You’re You aren’t He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t We’re We aren’t They’re They aren’t

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Contracted Form

The simple present of the verb to be is commonly used in its contracted form, also known as short form. Contractions are considered informal, and they are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, use the full form.

The short or contracted forms can be used in affirmative or negative sentences.

Simple Present - Verb To Be


Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure for aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple present.

It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession, marital status, and nationality.

I am thirsty.Eu estou com sede.

(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)

I am skinny.Eu sou magro(a).

(It refers to a physical characteristic.)

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Uses


We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about permanent or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.

AgeI am 36 years old.Eu tenho 36 anos.

ProfessionI am an architect.Eu sou arquiteta.

NameI am Sophie.

Eu sou Sophie.My name is Sophie.

O meu nome é Sophie.

NationalityI am French.

Eu sou francesa.

Marital StatusI am single.

Eu sou solteira.



The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.

I am stressed.Eu estou estressado(a).

(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.)

I am a stressed person.Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.

(It’s part of my personality.)

It’s eleven o’clock.São onze horas.

Our meeting is on December 3rd.A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.



The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.

We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.

I am at the mall.Eu estou no shopping.

The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.


And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.


GrammarGuide


Verb To Be Other Verbs

Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher? Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?

Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher. Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.

The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that because there is an important difference in structure.

In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs.

When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to the subject.

Check out the difference in the box.

SIMPLE PRESENT

The basic structure for the aff irmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject, main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled.

Simple Present -Other Verbs


Usage of the Auxiliary Do

I do have the right to speak my mind.Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.

(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function). (O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um signif icado, mas uma função).

If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular, as you can see in the following table.

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form: Adding Emphasis

Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb.

Singular Plural

I work here. We work here. Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.

You work here. You work here. Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.

He works here. Ele trabalha aqui.

She works here. They work here. Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.

It works for now. Isso funciona por enquanto.

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form

Second person

Third person

First person

Simple Present - Other Verbs


Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the aff irmative form, but it’s also important to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specif ic contexts.

As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.

The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes back to its base form.

Singular Plural

I don’t work here. We don’t work here. Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.

You don’t work here. You don’t work here. Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.

He doesn’t work here. Ele não trabalha aqui.

She doesn’t work here. They don’t work here. Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.

It doesn’t work for now. (Isso) não funciona por enquanto.

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form

Second person

Third person

First person

Do Not Use the Contracted Form

You do not have the right to shout at people.Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form: Adding Emphasis

In informal language, the contracted forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t (does + not) are used in most cases. In formal written language, we avoid using contractions.

On the other hand, in spoken language, if we use the full form, it probably means we want to add emphasis to a negative statement.



I work at a law firm.Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.

She works a lot.Ela trabalha muito.

SIMPLE PRESENTOther Verbs – Uses

The simple present is used to talk about facts and to show repetitions, habits, or generalizations.

The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular, the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated.

Check out the following table:

Singular Plural

Do I work here? Do we work here? Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?

Do you work here? Do you work here? Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?

Does he work here? Ele trabalha aqui?

Does she work here? Do they work here? Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?

Does it work for now? Isso funciona por enquanto?

SIMPLE PRESENTInterrogative Form

Second person

Third person

First person



She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.

He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.

Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.


The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when reporting past events.

It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate something or give instructions and directions.

First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.

You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.




In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This group is divided into different subgroups of verbs.

Mental process verbs

know, suppose, think, understandsaber, supor, achar, entender

Verbs that describe senses

smell, taste, hearsentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir

Verbs that express feelings

admire, adore, hate, like, respectadmirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar

Speech act verbs

promise, swear, agree, denyprometer, jurar, concordar, negar

SIMPLE PRESENTNon-progressive Verbs

And now you know the structure and the most common uses of the simple present with other verbs.


271

GrammarGuide


my dogmeu cachorro

(It’s not your dog or his dog, it is my dog)

our housenossa casa

(It’s not a house or a beautiful house, it is our house)

their booksos livros deles

(It’s not just any book, it is their books)

Possessive adjectives are always used before a noun, and they determine who possesses the noun to which they refer.

Take a look at the following table to see all the possessive adjectives in English.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Singular Plural

My Our meu(s), minha(s) nosso(s), nossa(s) Your Your teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s)

His seu(s), sua(s), dele

Her Their seu(s), sua(s), dela seu(s), sua(s), deles, delas

Its seu(s), sua(s), dele, dela

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Second person

Third person

First person

vosso(s), vossa(s), seus, suas, de vocês

Possessive Adjectives


Is this cute boy your son?Este menino fofo é seu f ilho?

Este menino fofo é f ilho de vocês?

It is important to notice that possessive adjectives in English do not suffer number or gender variations according to the nouns to which they are referring, as opposed to what happens in several other languages.

That means that the possessive adjectives will keep the same form whether they are referring to a singular noun or to a plural noun, as well as to a masculine, neutral, or feminine noun.

Let’s take a closer look at each one of them.

For the first person, we’ll use the possessive adjective my in the singular or our in the plural.

This is my dog.Este é o meu cachorro.

That is our house.Aquela é nossa casa.

These are my daughters.Estas são minhas f ilhas.

Those are our sons.Aqueles são nossos f ilhos.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESFirst Person (singular and plural)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESSecond Person

For the second person, we’ll use your. This possessive adjective will be the same for both the singular and plural forms, and only the context will make it clear if we are referring to one or more owners.



Jeff is my best friend. I’m going to his birthday party.Jeff é o meu melhor amigo. Eu estou indo à sua festa de aniversário.

I’m going to Jeff’s birthday party.Eu estou indo à festa de aniversário do Jeff.

(Jeff’s name wasn’t mentioned before, so the possessive case is used because it makes it clear whose birthday party it is.)

(O nome do Jeff não havia sido mencionado anteriormente, então usa-se o possessive case porque ele deixa claro de quem é a festa de aniversário.)

When we express possession referring to the third person, singular or plural, we can use the possessive case or the possessive adjectives his, her, its, in the singular, or their in the plural.

The possessive case might be preferred if it is not clear in the context to whom we are referring.

POSSESSIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

If the context makes it clear to whose party we are referring, we can replace the possessive case with a third person possessive adjective.

For the third person singular, we’ll use the possessive adjectives his for a masculine owner, her for feminine, and, for other cases, we will use its.

George is traveling with his wife.George está viajando com a sua esposa / a esposa dele.

(We used “his” because we are talking about George’s wife, and George is a man.)(Usamos his porque estamos nos referindo à esposa do George, e George é um homem.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Singular



George and Paula are traveling with their son.George e Paula estão viajando com o seu f ilho / o f ilho deles.

The kids are playing with their toys.As crianças estão brincando com os seus brinquedos / os brinquedos delas.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Plural

For the third person plural, we will use their regardless of gender.

Paula is traveling with her husband.Paula está viajando com o seu marido / o marido dela.

(We used “her” because we are talking about Paula’s husband, and Paula is a woman.)(Usamos her porque estamos nos referindo ao marido da Paula, e Paula é uma mulher.)

Don’t use this computer. Its keyboard is not working.Não use este computador. Seu teclado / O teclado dele não está funcionando.

(We used “its” because we are talking about the computer keyboard, which is an object.)(Usamos its porque estamos nos referindo ao teclado do computador, que é um objeto.)

And this is how we use the possessive adjectives in English.


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