Changing Patterns Changing Patterns of Life of Life Ch. 15 Sec. 3Ch. 15 Sec. 3

Bell work #3 Bell work #3 It states that they bought this century old It states that they bought this century old house for there parents which is a house for there parents which is a national landmark national landmark

IntroductionIntroduction

Urbanization has transformed the lives of Urbanization has transformed the lives of people in the developing world just as it people in the developing world just as it did n Europe during the Industrial did n Europe during the Industrial Revolution. First, though, we sill look at Revolution. First, though, we sill look at how the village continues to shape the how the village continues to shape the lives of millions of people. lives of millions of people.

The Village Continuity and The Village Continuity and ChangeChange The village is close set houses made of stones, The village is close set houses made of stones,

clay bricks, or sticks plastered over with mud, clay bricks, or sticks plastered over with mud, roofed with thatch, palm leaves, tile, or tin. It is roofed with thatch, palm leaves, tile, or tin. It is hard packed earthen paths crossed by bare feet, hard packed earthen paths crossed by bare feet, sandals, or perhaps a bicycle or two. It is water sandals, or perhaps a bicycle or two. It is water form a village well, vegetables form a back form a village well, vegetables form a back garden, chickens or goats in the yard. It is dust, garden, chickens or goats in the yard. It is dust, heat, and insects. It is also families, neighbors, heat, and insects. It is also families, neighbors, and an enduring way of life. and an enduring way of life.

Village people continue to form the largest part Village people continue to form the largest part of the world’ population about 3.3 billion of the of the world’ population about 3.3 billion of the 5.7billion people on Earth. Most of them live in 5.7billion people on Earth. Most of them live in the global South. Similar patterns link village the global South. Similar patterns link village people form Uruguay to Malaysia. people form Uruguay to Malaysia.

Enduring WaysEnduring Ways

The day may begin before sunrise, with the The day may begin before sunrise, with the sound of a rooster crowing. If the village is in a sound of a rooster crowing. If the village is in a Muslim land, a muezzin may call villagers to Muslim land, a muezzin may call villagers to predawn prayer.predawn prayer.

As the morning goes on, children in school As the morning goes on, children in school uniforms race toward the crossroads to catch the uniforms race toward the crossroads to catch the bus, their books swinging behind them in straps bus, their books swinging behind them in straps or satchels. At the stream, women who do not or satchels. At the stream, women who do not yet own washing machines slap wet clothes yet own washing machines slap wet clothes against a rock and lay them out on the grass to against a rock and lay them out on the grass to dry. Other young women and men labor in fields, dry. Other young women and men labor in fields, workshops, or markets. Many will have sore workshops, or markets. Many will have sore backs by noon. Later, people gather at small backs by noon. Later, people gather at small open fronted shops around the village square. open fronted shops around the village square.

Changing PatternsChanging Patterns Many village ways have endured for centuries. Many village ways have endured for centuries.

But decades of urbanization, westernization, and But decades of urbanization, westernization, and new technology have left their mark. new technology have left their mark.

While such changes enrich village life, they also While such changes enrich village life, they also weaken traditional cultures. Supermarkets weaken traditional cultures. Supermarkets efficient but impersonal threaten village grocers. efficient but impersonal threaten village grocers. Worse, more and more young people are Worse, more and more young people are leaving the village for the wider vistas of the city. leaving the village for the wider vistas of the city.

Still, the village goes on. Life is not easy. Still, the village goes on. Life is not easy. Sometimes it is cruelly harsh. Yet for millions of Sometimes it is cruelly harsh. Yet for millions of market women and teachers, healers and match market women and teachers, healers and match makers, children and old people, the village makers, children and old people, the village remains a vital center of existence. remains a vital center of existence.

Old Ways and NewOld Ways and New Urbanization- People in the developing world have Urbanization- People in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty. flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty. Cities offer not only economic opportunities but also Cities offer not only economic opportunities but also attractions. attractions.

With no money and few jobs, some new comers cannot With no money and few jobs, some new comers cannot afford to ride buses or go to movies. Instead, most settle afford to ride buses or go to movies. Instead, most settle in shantytowns that ring the cities. These slums are a in shantytowns that ring the cities. These slums are a crowded and dangerous as European cities were in the crowded and dangerous as European cities were in the 1800s. They lack even basic services such as paving, 1800s. They lack even basic services such as paving, running water, or sewage. Drugs and crime are ever running water, or sewage. Drugs and crime are ever present threats. Today, millions of people struggle to present threats. Today, millions of people struggle to survive in these conditions. survive in these conditions.

As urban children attend school and become literate, As urban children attend school and become literate, they often reject their parents’ ways. Without the support they often reject their parents’ ways. Without the support of the village and extended family, older beliefs and of the village and extended family, older beliefs and values are undermined by urban values such as material values are undermined by urban values such as material wealth, education, and job status. People who move wealth, education, and job status. People who move form villages to cities frequently suffer a sense of form villages to cities frequently suffer a sense of overwhelming stress and isolation. Often called culture overwhelming stress and isolation. Often called culture shock. shock.

Westernization Westernization

Although they welcome modern Although they welcome modern technology, they want to preserve older technology, they want to preserve older traditions and religious beliefs. They traditions and religious beliefs. They reject western emphasis on material reject western emphasis on material success and the individual, which they success and the individual, which they feel undermines the community and feel undermines the community and family. family.

Religious InfluencesReligious Influences Since the 1980s religious revivals have swept Since the 1980s religious revivals have swept

many regions. Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, and many regions. Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, and Hindu reformers have offered their own solutions Hindu reformers have offered their own solutions to the problems of today’s world. Some of these to the problems of today’s world. Some of these reformers have been called fundamentalists reformers have been called fundamentalists because they stress what they see as the because they stress what they see as the fundamental, or basic, values of their religions. fundamental, or basic, values of their religions. Many have sought increased political power in Many have sought increased political power in an effort to resist changes that they feel threaten an effort to resist changes that they feel threaten their beliefs. their beliefs.

In Latin America, some Roman Catholic clergy In Latin America, some Roman Catholic clergy adopted a movement called Liberation Theology. adopted a movement called Liberation Theology. They urged the Church to take a more active They urged the Church to take a more active role in opposing the social conditions that role in opposing the social conditions that contributed to poverty.contributed to poverty.

New Rights and Roles for womenNew Rights and Roles for women

The UN Charter included a commitment to work The UN Charter included a commitment to work

for “equal rights for men and women.” by 1950, for “equal rights for men and women.” by 1950, women had won the right to vote in most women had won the right to vote in most European nations, as well as in Japan, China, European nations, as well as in Japan, China, Brazil, and other nations. In most African nation, Brazil, and other nations. In most African nation, women and men won the vote at the same time, women and men won the vote at the same time, at independence. at independence.

Yet in 1985, a report to a UN Conference on Yet in 1985, a report to a UN Conference on Women noted that while women represent half Women noted that while women represent half of the world’s people, “they perform nearly two of the world’s people, “they perform nearly two thirds of all working hours, receive only on tenth thirds of all working hours, receive only on tenth of the world’s income, and own less than one of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of world property. “percent of world property. “

The WestThe West In the industrial world, more and more women In the industrial world, more and more women

worked outside the home and gradually won worked outside the home and gradually won equal access to education. By the 1970s, a equal access to education. By the 1970s, a strong feminist movement sought equal access strong feminist movement sought equal access to jobs and promotions, equal pay for equal to jobs and promotions, equal pay for equal work, and an end to sexual harassment on the work, and an end to sexual harassment on the job. Women moved into high profile jobs as job. Women moved into high profile jobs as business owners and executives, astronauts, business owners and executives, astronauts, scientists, or technicians. scientists, or technicians.

A growing need emerged of affordable day care. A growing need emerged of affordable day care. Some critics charged that the growth in the Some critics charged that the growth in the female worked force was Partly responsible of female worked force was Partly responsible of rising divorce rates and a decline in family life. rising divorce rates and a decline in family life. Others responded that many families required Others responded that many families required town incomes. town incomes.

Developing NationsDeveloping Nations In emerging nations, women worked In emerging nations, women worked

actively in the nationalist struggles. Their actively in the nationalist struggles. Their constitutions spelled out equality between constitutions spelled out equality between women and men, at least on paper. women and men, at least on paper.

While women still had less education than While women still had less education than men, the gap was narrowing. At the same men, the gap was narrowing. At the same time, women generally shouldered a time, women generally shouldered a heavy burden of work inside and around heavy burden of work inside and around the home. the home.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Since 1945, technology has transformed human Since 1945, technology has transformed human

life and thought. Instant communication via life and thought. Instant communication via satellites has shrunk the globe. New forms of satellites has shrunk the globe. New forms of energy, especially nuclear power, have been energy, especially nuclear power, have been added to the steam power, electricity, and added to the steam power, electricity, and gasoline energy of the first industrial age.gasoline energy of the first industrial age.

The computer revolution- The computer is The computer revolution- The computer is among the most revolutionary developments of among the most revolutionary developments of the past 50 years. The first electronic computers, the past 50 years. The first electronic computers, built in the 1940s, were huge, slow machines. built in the 1940s, were huge, slow machines. Later, the computer was miniaturized thanks to Later, the computer was miniaturized thanks to inventions like the silicon chip.inventions like the silicon chip.

Still, access to computers added to the gap Still, access to computers added to the gap between the global north and South. between the global north and South.

THE SPACE AGETHE SPACE AGE In October 1957, the space age began In October 1957, the space age began

when the Soviet Union launched sputnik, a when the Soviet Union launched sputnik, a tiny satellite, into orbit. Sputnik set off a tiny satellite, into orbit. Sputnik set off a frantic “space race” between the frantic “space race” between the superpowers. In 1969, the United States superpowers. In 1969, the United States laded the first man on the moon. Both laded the first man on the moon. Both superpowers explored the military uses of superpowers explored the military uses of space and sent spy satellites to orbit the space and sent spy satellites to orbit the Earth. In the post Cold War world, Earth. In the post Cold War world, however, the Untied States and Russia however, the Untied States and Russia turned to cooperation and launched joint turned to cooperation and launched joint space ventures. space ventures.

MEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHSMEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS In the postwar era, medicine achieved amazing In the postwar era, medicine achieved amazing

success. Scientists developed new antibiotics to success. Scientists developed new antibiotics to treat illnesses. Vaccines wiped out some treat illnesses. Vaccines wiped out some diseases like smallpox and prevented the spread diseases like smallpox and prevented the spread of others. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, new of others. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, new challenges arose with the spread of deadly new challenges arose with the spread of deadly new diseases such as Ebola and AIDS. diseases such as Ebola and AIDS.

In the 1970s, surgeons learned to transplant In the 1970s, surgeons learned to transplant organs to save lives. Lasers made surgery safer. organs to save lives. Lasers made surgery safer. Scientists also made headway in treating some Scientists also made headway in treating some cancers. Yet advances in medicine were costly cancers. Yet advances in medicine were costly and usually limited to people and nations that and usually limited to people and nations that could afford them. could afford them.

The Green RevolutionThe Green Revolution Scientist applied new technology to increasing Scientist applied new technology to increasing food production for the world’s growing food production for the world’s growing population. During the 1960s, they touched off population. During the 1960s, they touched off the Green Revolution, developing new kinds of the Green Revolution, developing new kinds of rice and other grains that yielded more food per rice and other grains that yielded more food per acre than older stains. In India, Indonesia, and acre than older stains. In India, Indonesia, and elsewhere, the Green Revolution doubled food elsewhere, the Green Revolution doubled food output. output.

The Green Revolution had limits, however. It The Green Revolution had limits, however. It succeeded only in areas with regular moisture. succeeded only in areas with regular moisture. Also, it required chemical fertilizers and Also, it required chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as irrigation systems, which pesticides as well as irrigation systems, which only wealthy farmers with large acreage could only wealthy farmers with large acreage could afford. Thus, many poor peasants did not benefit afford. Thus, many poor peasants did not benefit form the new technology. Many were forced off form the new technology. Many were forced off their small farms, unable to compete with larger, their small farms, unable to compete with larger, more efficient agricultural enterprises. more efficient agricultural enterprises.

Enduring IssuesEnduring Issues Many people pin their hopes on Many people pin their hopes on

technology to solve a variety of economic, technology to solve a variety of economic, medical and environmental problems. Yet medical and environmental problems. Yet it has not solved such basic problems as it has not solved such basic problems as hunger or poverty. Also, while technology hunger or poverty. Also, while technology has created many new kinds of jobs, it has has created many new kinds of jobs, it has threatened others. For example, a single threatened others. For example, a single computer can process thousands of computer can process thousands of telephone calls that were once handled by telephone calls that were once handled by human operators. human operators.

A New International CultureA New International Culture

Radio, television, satellites, fax machines, Radio, television, satellites, fax machines, and computer networks have put people and computer networks have put people everywhere in touch and helped create a everywhere in touch and helped create a global culture. global culture.

A westernized popular culture- The driving A westernized popular culture- The driving force behind this new global culture has force behind this new global culture has been the United States. Since World War been the United States. Since World War II, American fads, fashions, music, and II, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the world’s entertainment have captured the world’s imagination. English has become the imagination. English has become the leading language of international business leading language of international business

Looking AheadLooking Ahead Many current trends and issues emerged Many current trends and issues emerged

long before 1945 and will continue beyond long before 1945 and will continue beyond 2000. 2000.

Two contradictory trends are shaping the Two contradictory trends are shaping the world. Nationalism is on the rise. Yet world. Nationalism is on the rise. Yet global interdependence ahs become an global interdependence ahs become an inescapable fact of life. In many nations inescapable fact of life. In many nations and regions, people must reconcile local and regions, people must reconcile local and global interests. and global interests.