changing face of urban bihar in english

8/8/2019 Changing Face of Urban Bihar in English

1/14

THE CHANGING FACE OF URBAN BIHAR

1. General Background

1.1 The degree of urbanisation in India is amongst the lowest in the world. As per

the UN estimates for the year 2000, 47% of total population of the world live in

urban areas. The percentage of urban population in Asia is 36.7% while that of

Europe, South America and north America are 74.8%, 79.8% and 77.2%

respectively.

1.2 The Census of 2001 has demonstrated that urban centers in India are continuing

to grow at a pace faster than rural areas. Comparing with other states and union

territories, Bihar occupies a place second from the bottom with respect to the

level of urbanisation which is only 10.5% compared to the national average of

27.8%. The pace of urbanisation has also been slower in India as compared toother countries in the world. As per the UN estimates, the degree of urbansation

in the world in 1950 was around 30 percent which increased to 47 percent in the

year 2000. In India, it has increased from 17.3 in 1951 to 27.8 is 2001. China,

which had lower levels of urbanisation in 1950 have now overtaken India with

percentage of urban population of 32.1 percent.

Table 1: Indicators on Urbanization

Name of

States

Level of

Urbanisation

Growth

Rate

Per capita

income

(Rs. Crore)

Urban

poverty

(%)

Sex

ratio in

urban

areas

Slum

population

as % of

urban

population

Literacy

rate in

urban

areas

All India 27.78 2.7 9660.3 23.62 900 14.12 70.1

Delhi 93.01 4.1 19091 9.42 821 15.8 70.74

Maharashtra 42.4 2.9 15805 26.81 874 25.95 75.19

Bihar 10.5 2.6 4397 32.91 869 5.85 64.53

2. An Overview of Urban Sector in Bihar

2.1The growth of population and influx into urban areas has put urban infrastructure

and services under a severe stress. The increasing pressure on urban environment


2/14

is taking its toll on the quality of life of the urban population. The urban

population growth is much higher than the rate of population growth. The urban

population grew to 84.59 lakh in 1991-2001 period as against the decadal growth

of 63.31 lakh reported in 1991 census. Bihar, the 3rd

largest state in terms of total

population size, occupies the 11th

position in terms of urban population. Following

is some statistics, which reveal the urban scenario in Bihar.

2.2The level of urbanization in Bihar is clearly much lower (10.5%) than the national

average of about 28%. As against this, urban poverty is as high as 32.91% against

the national average of 23.62

3. The Changing face of Urban Bihar

3.1Cities hold tremendous potential as engines of economic and social development,

creating jobs and generating wealth through economies of scale. They need to be

sustained and augmented through the high urban productivity for better economic

growth. For cities to become growth oriented and productive it is essential to

achieve a world class urban system. This in turn depends on attaining efficiency

and equity in the delivery and financing of urban infrastructure. However, the

approach to the process of urbanisation has been largely "reactive" in the sense

that problems have sought to the addressed in a knee-jerk manner. Urban

planning needs to be anticipating and based upon an integrated approach to

address the various dimensions of urban development. Infrastructure

inadequacies in urban areas are a major factor constraining Bihars growth. Thetask before the new government was, therefore, first sensitisation of all

stakeholders to the enormity of the problem, secondly to garner the additional

resources to augment civic amenities, and lastly to ensure growth of the urban

areas in a systematic and sustainable manner. The strategy adopted was many

folded; and stress was given on Urban Reforms.

Effective implementation of decentralisation as envisaged in 74th

CAA.

3.2The real spirit of the 74 CAA was to make the urban local bodies into vibrantself-governing institutions. However, the mere incorporation of the provisions of

the 12th

schedule could not literally make a shift over. In order that the urban

local bodies can perform the function assigned to them, financial autonomy has

to be imparted. The State legislature shall assign specific taxes, duties, tolls and

levies and authorise the local bodies to impose, collect and appropriate the same.

Repeal of Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act.

3.3The prevailing Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act was a stumbling block inthe large scale investment in the urban sector, especially in the housing and


3/14

commercial enterprises sector. The state has taken a bold step to repeal the same,

paving the way for attracting large scale private investment in the sector.

Rationalisation of stamp duty

3.4Corrective steps has been taken to down scale the stamp duty towards the

prescribed 5%. At present, it has been brought down from the exiting 18% to10%.

Association of elected municipalities with the city planning functions.

3.5Enactment of a community participation law, so as to institutionalise citizens

participation in local decision making.

Other Initiatives

3.6Enactment of Bihar Apartment Ownership Act 2006: Under this, registration of

property has been made compulsory. Each and every case of apartment ownership

and transfer will be considered ' to be compulsorily registered', item as enlisted under

sec.16 of Registration Act (1908). The builders of the multi storied building can be

booked under the act for not complying with the provisions for which there are

stringent penal provisions. If the builder fails to register the property, the owner can

apply before the competent person for the same. The vice chairman of the Regional

Development Authority Act in the area of operation of the Regional Development

Authority Act 1981 and the District Magistrate in other areas has been declared asthe competent persons for this.

3.7Amendment in multiplexes and cinema rules: With the intention to improve private

investment opportunity in the areas of multiplexes and entertainment sector,

amendments have been incorporated in the exiting rules. Under the exiting

provisions, proprietor was not authorised to change the sitting capacity of the hall nor

he could have increase the entry fee. By notification no. 3282 dt. 24-08-06, sub rule-

(1) of rule 27 of Bihar Cinema (enactment) Rules has been amended and now the

proprietor is free to change the entry fee, as well as to change the sitting capacity

under intimation to the authorities Building bye laws were amended to facilitated

construction of malls multiplexe. Such bye-laws did not exit earlier.

3.8 Amendment ha been made in the Bihar Regional Development Rule 1982; Listed

Registered Architects are now empowered to sanction the building plan up to 500 sq

meter area, thus facilitating an easy and hassle free administration.

3.9E-governance- Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT application, GIS

and MIS for various urban services has been initiated.


4/14

3.10 Levy of reasonable user charges! The CDP prepared for PUAA and Bodhgaya

clearly spells out the user charges in different services and thus makes a sustainable

outlook.

3.11 Revision of bye-laws: By the notification no. 308 dt. 7-04-06 provisions for

structural safety norms, rainwater harvesting and adoption of water conservation

measures and land scaping measures, access path /walk way, parking, corridor

connecting to the entrance/provision for disabled persons have been incorporated.

3.12 Computerised registration of land and property, and property title certification has

been introduced.

3.13 Encouraging public private partnership. Many ULBs have taken up street lighting,

solid waste management activities involving the private sector. The Patna Regional

Development Authority has recently finalised an agreement with IDFC for the

development of various infrastructure development including beautification schemes

in Patna on the PPP rule.

3.14 Modern and transparents- budgeting, accounting and financial management

system being designed to be adopted for all urban services and governance functions.

Many Local Bodies have already adopted the double entry System.

4. Development Activities under taken.

4.19 Under JNNURM, two towns Patna agglomeration and Bodh-Gaya have been takenup. The City Development Plans for both has been submitted to Government of

India. The State Government has earmarked Rs. 500 crore in the annual budget of

2006-07 for JNNURM. Emphasis has been given in creating and augmenting basic

infrastructure facilities in water supply sewerage, storm water, drainage solid waste

management, roads and bridges, street lighting, tourism and heritage sectors. The

CDP for Patna suggests an investments proposal to the tune of roughly Rs. 3580

crore, for a period of 7 Years. The DPR for the road projects worth Rs. 129 crore,

and for the underground cabling for water pumps worth Rs. 40 crores are ready.

Moreover, the DPRs for Patna city other projects are under preparation by

consultants, which will be ready in a period of 4 months.

As per the guide lines the State level Steering Committees, headed by the Chief

Minister has been constituted. The meeting of the steering Committee has been held

in the month of September, 2006 and sanctioned some DPRs under JNNURM for

Patna agglomeration. The sanctioned DPRs as listed below have been submitted to the

Government of India:-

Sl. No. DPRs SLSC Sanctioned

Amount


5/14

(Rs. in lacs.)1 Road Development 12930-80

2 Under Ground Cabling to strengthen the

Water supply

4020-42

3 Sewerage Project 14150-00

4 Strom Water Drainage 73153-50

Total 104254-72

4.2 Under the 12th Finance Commission schemes worth Rs. 203 crore has been cleared

and Rs. 60 crore released for the year 2006-07:-

Sl.

No.

Item Estimated cost

(Rs. in lacs)

Sanctioned

Amount

(Rs. in lacs)

1 Patna Municipal

Corporation

Water Supply &

Sanitation5752-12

127-72

2072-28

127-72

2 Muzaffarpur Water Supply 2000-00 400-00

3 Dharbanga Water Supply 2112-67 400-00

4 Chapra Water Supply &

Sanitation

800-83

214-22

800-83

214-22

5 Munger Water Supply 1380-48 1280-48

6 Purnia Water Supply &

Sanitation

625-25

498-93

205-54

498-93

7 Bhagalpur Strom Drainage 6900-236 Under

process

4.3In addition to this, in the financial year 2005-06 a total sum of Rs. 101.65 crore

schemes was sanctioned by the new Government. and funds were released to Patna


6/14

Municipal Corporation, Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation, Muzaffarpur, Dharbanga,

Purnia, Siwan, Ara, Kathihar, Dehri Dalmianagar, Bihar Shari, Sasaram, Begusarai,

Serghati, Mhanar, Haweli Khadhakpur, Areraj, Shivhar, Jhajha, Khalgaiou,

Dalsingsarai, Lalganj, Rafiganj, Dehri & Islampur.

The following table indicates the many fold increase in the plan fund for the year 2006-07 as compare

to the annual plan of 2005-06.

(Rs. in lakhs)

Sl.

No.Sector

Plan

2005-2006

Plan outlay for

2006-2007

1 Water supply & sanitation

a. Water Supply (on going schemes) 3284.00 880.37

b Water Supply (new schemes) 7142.02 919.63

c Sanitation and Clearness Drainage/Sewerage/ Solid

est Management and other sanitation scheme (on

going & new)

64.30

7142.02

00.00

1200.00

d Grant to B. R. J. P. (establishment) 286.99 230.00

Total (1):- 17919.34 3230.00

2 Urban Development

a Centrally Sponsored Schemes (State Share) - -

i National Urban Renewal Mission 00 50000.00

ii Integrated Housing & slum Development

Programme

00 300.00

iii Urban Infrastructure scheme of small medium

towns/UIDSSMT

391.52 1000.00

iv Swarn Jayanti Sahari Rojgar Yojana 156.00 280.00

v Establishment of Urban Information System /NUIS 00 24.72

Total (2):- 547.52 54834.72

b Grant to Urban Local Bodies under Finance

Commission

00.00 6000.00

c Civic Amenities 571.00 389.28


7/14

d Grant to Urban Local Bodies for

construction/renovation of distractive & technical

buildings

0.00 500.00

e Master Plan, Project Reports preparation and

Capacity building

300.00 100.00

3. Urban Roads & Bridges 3000.01 2000.00

Grant Total 22337.86 63824.00

5. Other Important Steps Taken

5.1The Most challenging task before the department was to find out a solution for the

perennial problem of the kankarbagh drainage. The Government has taken a bold

step and sanctioned a comprehensive project of Rs. 2280 lakhs and nominated the

NBCC to go ahead in a turnkey basis.

5.2 Appointment of Consultants for DPR preparation consultants have been appointed in

the five Municipal corporations along with Bihar and Ara for the preparation of

detailed project Reports. The consultant Ms/ Ramkey Infrastructure Consulting Pvt.

Ltd. has been given the task for Patna, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Bodhgaya and Muzaffarpur.Ms/ Shah Technology Pvt. Ltd. has been given the task in Darbanga, Biharsharif and

Ara. The consultants are given an ultimatum to prepare the projects in a time span of

4-5 months.

5.3 For the first time in the history of Urban Development of Bihar, the ULBs were

given Rs. 1200 lakh for purchase of improved equipments to facilitate sanitation

operation.

5.4 The HUDCO has been nominated for the preparation of Master Plan of theimportant towns of Chapra, Ara, Biharsharif, Rajgir, Gaya, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur,

& Bhagalpur.

5.5 The Master Plan of Patna has been prepared and published for inviting objection.

5.6 The list of Unauthorised buildings without a sanction plan was prepared and severe

action, amounting to even evacuation and demolition of building was taken up in

certain extreme eases.

5.7 A workshop was organised on 'Healthy city concept' with the joint effort of the

Department of Health and world Health Organisation. The seminar was a success for


8/14

awareness creation in the public, stressed the relevance of co-ordinate and committed

efforts from government and Non-governmental organsation to face the serious

challenges of public health, sanitation and environmental pollution.

5.8The Department has bestowed with a professional touch by hiring the service of a

competent consultant Ms/ ICRA management consultant for a contract period of one

year. The terms and condition and MOA reached with the consultant can be

described as a model one in this direction.


9/14

A brief note for two-days conference scheduled to be held on

17-18, November, 2006 at Hyderabad

The degree of urbanisation in India is amongst the lowest in the world. As per the UN

estimates for the year 2000, 47% of total population of the world live in urban areas. The

percentage of urban population in Asia is 36.7% while that of Europe, South America and

north America are 74.8%, 79.8% and 77.2% respectively.

The Census of 2001 has demonstrated that urban centers in India are continuing to

grow at a pace faster than rural areas. Comparing with other states and union territories, Bihar

occupies a place second from the bottom with respect to the level of urbanisation which is

only 10.5% compared to the national average of 27.8%. The pace of urbanisation has also

been slower in India as compared to other countries in the world. As per the UN estimates,

the degree of urbansation in the world in 1950 was around 30 percent which increased to 47

percent in the year 2000. In India, it has increased from 17.3 in 1951 to 27.8 is 2001. China,

which had lower levels of urbanisation in 1950 have now overtaken India with percentage of

urban population of 32.1 percent.

Table 2: Indicators on Urbanization

Name of

States

Level of

Urbanisation

Growth

Rate

Per capita

income

(Rs. Crore)

Urban

poverty

(%)

Sex

ratio in

urban

areas

Slum

population

as % of

urban

population

Literacy

rate in

urban

areas

All India 27.78 2.7 9660.3 23.62 900 14.12 70.1

Delhi 93.01 4.1 19091 9.42 821 15.8 70.74

Maharashtra 42.4 2.9 15805 26.81 874 25.95 75.19

Bihar 10.5 2.6 4397 32.91 869 5.85 64.53

2. An Overview of Urban Sector in Bihar

The growth of population and influx into urban areas has put urban

infrastructure and services under a severe stress. The increasing pressure on urban

environment is taking its toll on the quality of life of the urban population. The urbanpopulation growth is much higher than the rate of population growth. The urban population

grew to 84.59 lakh in 1991-2001 period as against the decadal growth of 63.31 lakh reported

in 1991 census. Bihar, the 3rd

largest state in terms of total population size, occupies the 11th

position in terms of urban population. Following is some statistics, which reveal the urban

scenario in Bihar.

The level of urbanization in Bihar is clearly much lower (10.5%) than the national

average of about 28%. As against this, urban poverty is as high as 32.91% against the

national average of 23.62


10/14

3. The Changing face of Urban Bihar

Cities hold tremendous potential as engines of economic and social development,

creating jobs and generating wealth through economies of scale. They need to be sustained

and augmented through the high urban productivity for better economic growth. For cities to

become growth oriented and productive it is essential to achieve a world class urban system.

This in turn depends on attaining efficiency and equity in the delivery and financing of urban

infrastructure. However, the approach to the process of urbanisation has been largely

"reactive" in the sense that problems have sought to the addressed in a knee-jerk manner.

Urban planning needs to be anticipating and based upon an integrated approach to address the

various dimensions of urban development. Infrastructure inadequacies in urban areas are a

major factor constraining Bihars growth. The task before the new government was,

therefore, first sensitisation of all stakeholders to the enormity of the problem, secondly to

garner the additional resources to augment civic amenities, and lastly to ensure growth of the

urban areas in a systematic and sustainable manner. The strategy adopted was many folded;and stress was given on Urban Reforms.

Effective implementation of decentralisation as envisaged in 74th

CAA.

The real spirit of the 74 CAA was to make the urban local bodies into vibrant self-

governing institutions. However, the mere incorporation of the provisions of the 12th

schedule

could not literally make a shift over. In order that the urban local bodies can perform the

function assigned to them, financial autonomy has to be imparted. The State legislature shall

assign specific taxes, duties, tolls and levies and authorise the local bodies to impose, collectand appropriate the same.

Repeal of Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act.

The prevailing Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act was a stumbling block in the

large scale investment in the urban sector, especially in the housing and commercial

enterprises sector. The state has taken a bold step to repeal the same, paving the way for

attracting large scale private investment in the sector.

Rationalisation of stamp duty

Corrective steps has been taken to down scale the stamp duty towards the prescribed

5%. At present, it has been brought down from the exiting 18% to 10%.

Association of elected municipalities with the city planning functions.

Enactment of a community participation law, so as to institutionalise citizens

participation in local decision making.


11/14

Other Initiatives

Enactment of Bihar Apartment Ownership Act 2006: Under this, registration of

property has been made compulsory. Each and every case of apartment ownership and

transfer will be considered ' to be compulsorily registered', item as enlisted under sec.16 of

Registration Act (1908). The builders of the multi storied building can be booked under the

act for not complying with the provisions for which there are stringent penal provisions. If

the builder fails to register the property, the owner can apply before the competent person for

the same. The vice chairman of the Regional Development Authority Act in the area of

operation of the Regional Development Authority Act 1981 and the District Magistrate in

other areas has been declared as the competent persons for this.

Amendment in multiplexes and cinema rules: With the intention to improve private

investment opportunity in the areas of multiplexes and entertainment sector, amendments

have been incorporated in the exiting rules. Under the exiting provisions, proprietor was not

authorised to change the sitting capacity of the hall nor he could have increase the entry fee.

By notification no. 3282 dt. 24-08-06, sub rule-(1) of rule 27 of Bihar Cinema (enactment)

Rules has been amended and now the proprietor is free to change the entry fee, as well as to

change the sitting capacity under intimation to the authorities Building bye laws were

amended to facilitated construction of malls multiplexe. Such bye-laws did not exit earlier.

Amendment ha been made in the Bihar Regional Development Rule 1982; Listed

Registered Architects are now empowered to sanction the building plan up to 500 sq meter

area, thus facilitating an easy and hassle free administration.

E-governance- Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT application, GIS

and MIS for various urban services has been initiated.

Levy of reasonable user charges! The CDP prepared for PUAA and Bodhgaya

clearly spells out the user charges in different services and thus makes a sustainable outlook.

Revision of bye-laws: By the notification no. 308 dt. 7-04-06 provisions for

structural safety norms, rainwater harvesting and adoption of water conservation measures

and land scaping measures, access path /walk way, parking, corridor connecting to the

entrance/provision for disabled persons have been incorporated.

Computerised registration of land and property, and property title certification has

been introduced.

Encouraging public private partnership: - Many ULBs have taken up street

lighting, solid waste management activities involving the private sector. The Patna Regional

Development Authority has recently finalised an agreement with IDFC for the development

of various infrastructure development including beautification schemes in Patna on the PPP

rule.


12/14

Modern and transparent:- budgeting, accounting and financial management system

being designed to be adopted for all urban services and governance functions. Many Local

Bodies have already adopted the double entry System.

4. Development Activities under taken.

Under JNNURM, two towns Patna agglomeration and Bodh-Gaya have been takenup. The City Development Plans for both has been submitted to Government of India. The

State Government has earmarked Rs. 500 crore in the annual budget of 2006-07 for

JNNURM. Emphasis has been given in creating and augmenting basic infrastructure facilities

in water supply sewerage, storm water, drainage solid waste management, roads and bridges,

street lighting, tourism and heritage sectors. The CDP for Patna suggests an investments

proposal to the tune of roughly Rs. 3580 crore, for a period of 7 Years. The DPR for the road

projects worth Rs. 129 crore, and for the underground cabling for water pumps worth Rs. 40

crores are ready. Moreover, the DPRs for Patna city other projects are under preparation by

consultants, which will be ready in a period of 4 months.

As per the guide lines the State level Steering Committees, headed by the Chief

Minister has been constituted. The meeting of the steering Committee has been held in the

month of September, 2006 and sanctioned some DPRs under JNNURM for Patna

agglomeration. The sanctioned DPRs as listed below have been submitted to the Government

of India:-

Sl. No. DPRs SLSC Sanctioned Amount

(Rs. in lacs.)1 Road Development 12930-802 Under Ground Cabling to strengthen the Water

supply4020-42

3 Sewerage Project 14150-00

4 Strom Water Drainage 73153-50

Total 104254-72

Under the 12th

Finance Commission schemes worth Rs. 203 crore has been cleared

and Rs. 60 crore released for the year 2006-07:-

Sl.No.

Item Estimated cost(Rs. in lacs)

SanctionedAmount

(Rs. in lacs)

1 Patna Municipal

Corporation

Water Supply &

Sanitation

5752-12

127-72

2072-28

127-72

2 Muzaffarpur Water Supply 2000-00 400-00

3 Dharbanga Water Supply 2112-67 400-00

4 Chapra Water Supply &

Sanitation

800-83

214-22

800-83

214-22

5 Munger Water Supply 1380-48 1280-48

6 Purnia Water Supply &Sanitation 625-25498-93 205-54498-93

7 Bhagalpur Strom Drainage 6900-236 Under process


13/14

The following table indicates the many fold increase in the plan fund for the

year 2006-07 as compare to the annual plan of 2005-06.

(Rs. in lakhs)

Sl.

No. SectorPlan

2005-2006

Plan outlay for

2006-2007

1 Water supply & sanitationa. Water Supply (on going schemes) 3284.00 880.37

b Water Supply

(new schemes)

7142.02 919.63

c Sanitation and Clearness Drainage/Sewerage/

Solid west Management and other sanitation

scheme (on going & new)

64.30

7142.02

00.00

1200.00

d Grant to B. R. J. P. (establishment) 286.99 230.00

Total (1):- 17919.34 3230.00

2 Urban Development

a Centrally Sponsored Schemes (State Share) - -

i National Urban Renewal Mission 00 50000.00

ii Integrated Housing & slum Development

Programme

00 300.00

iii Urban Infrastructure scheme of small medium

towns/UIDSSMT

391.52 1000.00

iv Swarn Jayanti Sahari Rojgar Yojana 156.00 280.00

v Establishment of Urban Information System

/NUIS

00 24.72

Total (2):- 547.52 54834.72

b Grant to Urban Local Bodies under Finance

Commission

00.00 6000.00

c Civic Amenities 571.00 389.28

d Grant to Urban Local Bodies for

construction/renovation of distractive &

technical buildings

0.00 500.00

e Master Plan, Project Reports preparation and

Capacity building

300.00 100.00

3. Urban Roads & Bridges 3000.01 2000.00

Grant Total 22337.86 63824.00

5. Other Important Steps Taken

The Most challenging task before the department was to find out a solution for the

perennial problem of the kankarbagh drainage. The Government has taken a bold step and

sanctioned a comprehensive project of Rs. 2280 lakhs and nominated the NBCC to go ahead

in a turnkey basis.

Appointment of Consultants for DPR preparation consultants have been appointed in

the five Municipal corporations along with Bihar and Ara for the preparation of detailed

project Reports. The consultant Ms/ Ramkey Infrastructure Consulting Pvt. Ltd. has been

given the task for Patna, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Bodhgaya and Muzaffarpur. Ms/ Shah Technology

Pvt. Ltd. has been given the task in Darbanga, Biharsharif and Ara. The consultants are given

an ultimatum to prepare the projects in a time span of 4-5 months.


14/14

For the first time in the history of Urban Development of Bihar, the ULBs were given

Rs. 1200 lakh for purchase of improved equipments to facilitate sanitation operation.

The HUDCO has been nominated for the preparation of Master Plan of the important

towns of Chapra, Ara, Biharsharif, Rajgir, Gaya, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, & Bhagalpur.

The Master Plan of Patna has been prepared and published for inviting objection.

The list of unauthorised buildings without a sanction plan was prepared and severe

action, amounting to even evacuation and demolition of building was taken up in certain

extreme eases.

A workshop was organised on 'Healthy city concept' with the joint effort of the

Department of Health and world Health Organisation. The seminar was a success for

awareness creation in the public, stressed the relevance of co-ordinate and committed efforts

from government and Non-governmental organisation to face the serious challenges of publichealth, sanitation and environmental pollution.

The Department has bestowed with a professional touch by hiring the service of a

competent consultant Ms/ ICRA management consultant for a contract period of one year.

The terms and condition and MOA reached with the consultant can be described as a model

one in this direction.

changing face of urban bihar in english

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