changes in the body - xtec · your body will decide when it is the right time. toni samper changes...

CHANGES IN THE BODY 3r ESO OPTIONAL BIOLOGY MATERIALS STUDENT’S WORKSHEETS

Toni Samper IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Toni Samper Changes in the body IES PALAFOLLS 2007-08

Unit 1 Puberty.......................................................................................7

Introduction................................................................................................ 8

Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty........................................... 9

Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures .................................................... 12

Activity 2: Changes list ............................................................................... 15

What causes all these changes?.......................................................... 16

What is the Endocrine system?.............................................................. 17

Masturbation............................................................................................ 20

Acne (pimples)........................................................................................ 21

Activity 3: Comparing changes................................................................ 22

Activity 4: Valuing myself ........................................................................... 23

Activity 5: Get the picture ......................................................................... 25


Activity 6: Myths and facts ........................................................................ 26

Activity 7: Matching pairs .......................................................................... 27

Activity 8: Loop game about puberty.................................................... 28

Some useful concepts............................................................................ 30

Unit 2: Human reproductive system.............................................. 31

The female reproductive system .......................................................... 32

Activity 1: Label the parts of the diagram using the words below...... 34

Activity 2: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary......... 35

The male reproductive system.................................................................. 36

Activity 3: Look at the external and internals parts of the male

reproductive system. Which words are similar to Catalan?............................... 36

Activity 4: Read the text and underline any words that are in the

diagram ..................................................................................................................... 37

Activity 5: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary......... 38

Gametogenesi ...................................................................................................... 39


Activity 6: Paired speaking ........................................................................ 41

Periods – What are they? (Menstrual cycle) ....................................... 43

Activity 7: What do you know about the menstrual cycle?................. 45

Fertilisation................................................................................................ 47

Development of the zygote, the placenta......................................... 49

Activity 8: Fill the gap ................................................................................. 50

Activity 9: Ordering sentences (how a baby is formed) ....................... 51

Activity 10: The journey game................................................................... 52

Activity 11: Human Reproductive System BINGO CARDS..................... 53

Unit 3: Sexuality and drugs ............................................................. 54

Activity 1: Boyfriends, girlfriends................................................................ 55

Contraception......................................................................................... 56

Activity 2: Match each letter in the pictures below with the correct

name on the chart of the opposite page. ........................................................... 57


Activity 3: Choose three contraceptive methods from the previous list.

Look for information and answer these questions ............................................... 59

Activity 4: Match types of contraception that people are describing

with contraceptive methods of the table below ................................................ 60

Activity 5: Calculate table......................................................................... 61

Activity 6: Look the image below and in pairs discuss the next

questions (use the language frames to help you)............................................... 62

Sexually transmitted infections STIs ....................................................... 64

Some STIs chart (excluding HIV)............................................................ 66

HIV or AIDS. Do you know the difference?.......................................... 67

Activity 7: HIV and AIDS multiple choice quiz......................................... 68

Activity 8: HIV and AIDS True/False........................................................... 71

Activity 9: Summarize your HIV and AIDS knowledge ........................... 72

DRUGS: Legal and Illegal ....................................................................... 73

Activity 10: Recognising drugs .................................................................. 73


Activity 11: Matching pairs ........................................................................ 75

Activity 12: Reading and completing text .............................................. 76

Activity 13: Which is which? ...................................................................... 81

Activity 14: Self assessment........................................................................ 82


Unit 1 Puberty


Introduction

Now that you are growing up, you will probably notice that your body is

changing in all sorts of ways. You will notice changes in the way you look and

also in the way you feel. It’s because you are going through a stage called

puberty. This is an exciting time; it’s when you start to change from being a

boy/girl to becoming a man/woman.

Don’t worry; these changes won’t suddenly happen overnight. You’ll notice that

some happen quickly, but others take place slowly over years.

Puberty for boys usually starts between ages of 10 and 17; for girls it starts

between ages of 8 and 13. Everyone is different and it doesn’t matter when

you start. Your body will decide when it is the right time.


Initial activities: Brainstorming about puberty

1. - Copy the words from the blackboard and translate them into English with

the help of a dictionary

CATALAN ENGLISH


2. - Listen carefully to the definitions your teacher will read and copy them in the

table below

ENGLISH DEFINITION


3. -Find the nine words listed below in this word search

P A T A B I C E O H B S E P U

A U D O I Y O J C O N D O M T

T G B G N A S A A R O I N G A

B E L E A U T C T M V H B W N

H N O A R I E U E O X T E I O

Y I G M O T G L N N R F I A C

W T E U F O Y A K E E O C Y E

B A T N E T O T O N G Y C O B

M L C A V E D I E T O L R A W

L S H T E S T O S T E R O N A

J D A B C S E N T A W O T T N

Y N N D A A B Y S C A E E H O

T A G O S R A G D R N L U E R

S M E N S T R U A T I O N A I

E B S I I E E M R O M I G N T

Puberty genitals menstruation testosterone ejaculation

Condom hormone changes cycle


Activity 1: Puberty in different cultures

1. - Read the text about puberty’s rituals carefully and make a few notes

on the table on page 13

Rituals of Puberty

Puberty can be seen as a cultural event that is recognized with celebration or rituals.

In the Liberian Mano tribe and several other West African tribes, boys in late puberty have a ceremonial death and are then "spirited away" by older men to a lonely place deep in the forest. They learn how to farm and how to earn a living. After several years in hiding they come back with a new name and identity

Girls in early puberty in the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea, go to a menstrual hut where they stay for six days, without food or water. They are rubbed with nettles and they roll a nettle leaf in a tube, and then push them into the vulva. This is to have large and strong breasts.

The Australian Aboriginal tribe has a focus on the "death of childhood" and "rebirth into adulthood." The adolescents are tattooed in late puberty to be prepared as adults. Adults are physically marked with tattoos, so they are different from children.

Chinese: In China by the time girls reach puberty they accept the position of being inferior. In the past they had bound feet or "lotus feet". But foot binding is now finished.

Native American: Navajo boys in late puberty go on their own into the mountains to become men. They have to find their guardian spirits and they live alone for four days and nights without food and water. They return to the tribe, must pass some tests, or go back to the forest again. This can take three years.

The Apache Sunrise Ceremony or na'ii'ees is a hard communal four-day ceremony that Apache girls of the past and present experience soon after their first menstruation. They have many sacred ceremonies, dances and songs and the girls are given physical and spiritual power so they can take on their role as women of the Apache nation

In Europe and the Unites States there are no celebrated rituals at the start of puberty.


Cultures Who? What happens?

West African tribes

New Guinea tribe

Australian Aboriginal tribe

China in the past

Navajo tribe

Apache tribe

They have…

They learn…

They go…

They are rubbed…

They are…

They had…

They go…

They live..

They must…

They have…

They are given…


2. - Visit this web and describe what the pictures show

http://www.webwinds.com/yupanqui/apachesunrise.htm

3 .- After reading the text and visiting the website, in groups of 4 (one of

the members must be a girl) describe what happened at home when

menstruation started.


Activity 2: Changes list

Group

1 - Fill the boxes below with changes observed in boys/girls in the last two

years (remember, the first column is physical and the second one is

psychological)

appearance personality

2 - Exchange boys’ and girls’ lists in your group. Change them, adding or

deleting your observation. That means, if you are a girl, change the boys’ list

and vice versa.


What causes all these changes?

Hormones cause these changes. They are made in endocrine glands. Endocrine glands do not have ducts (tubes) to carry away the hormones they make. The hormones are secreted directly into the blood to be carried around the body in the blood plasma.

What are hormones?

Definition: “ A chemical substance that is formed in one part of the body, travels through the blood, and affects that function of cells elsewhere in the body “.

Different hormones are responsible for different changes in you. Most hormones affect several parts of the body; others only affect one part of the body, called the target organ.

As you get nearer to puberty, the brain and pituitary gland release hormones that regulate the reproductive organs of females and males, ovaries and testes to produce hormones too.

The hormones related to the sexuality receive the name of sexual hormones. The most important are:

- oestrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovaries, which intervene in the menstrual cycle of the woman

- testosterone synthesized by the testicles responsible of the formations of sperm and the sexual secondary characters

The sexual hormones determine anatomical differences between boys and girls, since they are responsible for the sexual secondary characters.

The sexual secondary characters are those that differentiate the men and the women as well as the genital organs. The sexual secondary characters appear gradually in boys and girls during the puberty


What is the Endocrine system?

The endocrine system mainly uses blood vessels as information channels. Glands located in many regions of the body release into the bloodstream specific chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism, e.g., mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, sending messages and acting on them.


Physical and psychological changes in girls

girls Pubic hair and under-arm hair growth

Growth spurts

Hips widening

The breasts grow and the nipples are outlined

Vagina, oviducts and uterus development

Oil glands in the skin become more active - This can cause acne

Menstrual cycle (period) starting. The first menstrual period is called Menarche

Become self-conscious of image

Sexual “ drive “ development (the interest for boys grows )

Start falling in love


Physical and psychological changes in boys

boys Hair growth on face and body

Growth spurts

As a result of increased testosterone, vocal cords become longer and thicker and the voice becomes lower. Voice breaking

The body becomes broader and more muscular

Penis, testes and scrotum growth and development. Sperm production


During puberty boys tend to get erections more frequently. Erections can occur with or without any physical or sexual stimulation. It is possible to ejaculate


Sexual “ drive “ development ( the interest for girls grows )



Masturbation

Masturbation is defined as self-stimulation to cause sexual sensations. The use of the word masturbation usually suggests that the person is manipulating his or her genitals to the point of intense pleasure or orgasm.

Approximately 94% of teenage males "admitted" that they masturbated and about 70% of teen females "admitted" to this also.

When boys start puberty a lot of hormonal changes occur. These changes will result in many, but not all boys experience episodes of spontaneous erections during sleep, during the day and wet dreams.

A wet dream (nocturnal emissions) is the uncontrolled ejaculation of semen from the penis during sleep.

Most boys experience wet dreams between the ages of 12 to 18. Generally boys have fewer wet dreams once they start masturbating or once puberty is over.


Acne (pimples)

During puberty the oil glands in your skin become more active, producing excess amounts of an oily substance called sebum. Skin care is especially important during this time.

Picture taken from http://www.fotosearch.com/BNS335/bn243078/

ACNE – What is it?

Acne (pimples) is a natural occurrence. It starts when the skin’s pores become blocked with dead skin cells and sebum, which slows down or stop the flow of the sebum to he skin surface. Bacteria can then develop in the blocked pore, causing a pimple


Activity 3: Comparing changes

1. In the table below, put a X in the correct column

Change girl boy both Hair growth on face and body

The body becomes broader and more muscular



Vagina, oviducts and uterus development

Penis, testes and scrotum growth and development. Sperm production


Sexual “ drive “ development

Menstrual cycle (period) starting. The first menstrual period is called Menarche

Hips widening As a result of increased testosterone, vocal cords become longer and thicker and the voice becomes lower. Voice breaking

The breasts grow and the nipples are outlined

Growth spurts

During puberty boys tend to get erections more frequently. Erections can occur with or without any physical or sexual stimulation. It is possible to ejaculate


Activity 4: Valuing myself

Name :

1. - Rate your body parts from 1 to 10. Put the number in the right hand

column

Part of the body Points I

gave

myself

face

eyes

lips

hair

Arms

neck

back

legs

Breast

hands

Write the three most important characteristics of your personality

1 –

2 –

3 -


2. - Three of your classmate rate your body parts as you did before.

Part of the body Points the

others

gave me

face

eyes

lips

hair

Arms

neck

back

legs

Breast

hands

Write the three most important characteristics of this person that you have observed

1 –

2 –

3 -

3. - Compare the results. Are there any similarities? Are there any differences?


Activity 5: Get the picture

1. - Make a collage poster that show how the media presents images of

people

a) Discuss the range of images

b) How do they show stereotypes?

c) How realistic are they ?

d) How do they affect your lives?


Activity 6: Myths and facts

1. - Do the quiz below; put an X in the adequate column

TRUE OR FALSE?

Statement True False

A tall man will have a big penis

A girl can’t go to the swimming pool when she has her period

Periods are always painful

If a boy has a small penis, he won’t be able to have good sex

Masturbation is harmful for your bones

Puberty means you are prepared to have sex

Boys can get an erection at any time of the day

During puberty boys and girls start falling in love

Girls never masturbate

During puberty pubic hair and under-arm hair begin to grow


Activity 7: Matching pairs

Match the sentences from the columns below (numbers with letters)

One half sentence

The other half sentence answers

1. Puberty is controlled by a. testicles and penis

2. Testosterone causes the

growth of the

b. menarche

3. Many girls have breasts that

are

c. as wide as a strand of spaghetti

4. Breasts can be slightly painful d. 350 or 400 million sperm pump out of his

penis

5. Women usually have two e. hair between 14 and 16

6. The fallopian tubes are about f. chemical messengers called hormones

7. Boys start to develop facial g. just before a period

8. When a man ejaculates, about h. ovaries

9. The first menstrual period is

called

i. unequal in size


Activity 8: Loop game about puberty

1. - Take your card (every card has a definition and a concept) and read the

definition to others. You must pay attention to the definition. If you have

the definition, put your hand up. The teacher checks it; if it’s correct you

read another concept and so on …

Menarche

When a boy reaches climax his penis produces sperm

Genitals

Another word for a girl's period

Menstruation

Another word for a girl's genitals

Vulva

A male hormone produced in the testicles.

Testosterone

Once a month, a girl's ovaries produce eggs

Hormones

The reproductive organs in both men and women


Erection

The first menstrual period a girl experiments at the start of reproductive life

Ovulation

A thin, rubber sheath (cover) worn over the penis

Condom

The time when girls' and boys' bodies start to change and become sexually

mature

Puberty

When a boy gets sexually excited, his penis becomes erect

Masturbate

Cause puberty to start in boys and girls.

Ejaculate

Touching or stimulating your own or someone else's genitals for sexual pleasure


Some useful concepts

• Endocrine system

Definition: Structures or glands that secrete hormones causing bodily functions, including the start of puberty. Context: The endocrine system is responsible for regulating the body’s growth, metabolism, and functioning of the reproductive organs

• Hormone Definition: A chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland that has a specific effect on the activities of other organs in the body. Context: During puberty, the body begins secreting hormones, which in turn cause the body to grow and mature.

• Menstrual cycle Definition: The time (about every 25 to 28 days) when the uterus prepares for pregnancy by building up its lining, which is discharged if fertilization does not occur, signalling the onset of menstruation. Context: It’s important for girls to keep track of their menstrual cycle so that they have a general idea of when to expect their period each month.

• Puberty Definition: The time when a person goes from physical maturity to reproductive maturity. Context: During puberty, both boys and girls experience many changes, including growth spurts, the maturation of their sex organs, and mood swings.


Unit 2: Human reproductive system


The female reproductive system

What are the external parts of the female reproductive

system?

The external genital organs are collectively called the vulva. La vulva is formed by:

- Labia majora: these are two longitudinal folds of skin visible from the outside and contain fat, smooth muscle and many sensory receptors.

- Labia minora: these are two smaller folds of skin between and within the labia majora, also with many receptors. The labia protect the openings of the vagina and urethra.

- The clitoris: is situated at the top of the vulva, just within the point where the labia minora meet. It contains many nerve endings and when sexually stimulated becoming erect, like the penis. It can be a major source of sexual arousal during sexual intercourse

- Urethral opening: is the orifice where the urine comes out - Vaginal opening: is the orifice of the vagina

Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_1.gif


What are the internal parts of the female reproductive

system?

We can differentiate the genitals ducts and the ovaries

Genitals ducts

- The vagina: is a muscular tube long running from the base of the uterus to the outside of the body. It is the site where the semen is deposited during sexual intercourse and also the birth canal during childbirth.

- The oviducts: also called fallopian tubes. They collect the egg released by the ovaries and sweep it towards the uterus. Fertilisation takes place in one of the oviducts.

- The uterus: It has a thick muscular outer wall (the myometrium), and a lining rich in blood vessels (the endometrium), which is shed during menstruation. The cervix also called uterus neck is the narrow junction between the uterus and the vagina

The ovaries

They are the origin of the female gametes, the eggs, and they also produce sex

hormones: oestrogen and progesterone.

Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/femalerepro_1.gif


Activity 1: Label the parts of the diagram using the words below

Image taken from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_5_quiz_dd_07.html

Image taken from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_5_quiz_dd_06.html


Activity 2: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary

1 - Visit this website

http://swgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63

2 – In the home page, click at

3 – Watch the clip, if needed watch it two o three times and when it is finished, do the test.

4 – Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below

OBJECTIVE

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SUMMARY

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


The male reproductive system

Activity 3: Look at the external and internal parts of the male reproductive system. Which words are similar to Catalan?

Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookREPROD.html

Image taken from http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookREPROD.html


Activity 4: Read the text and underline any words that are in the diagram

Externally, we can differentiate two structures: the penis and the scrotal sac, or

scrotum.

• The penis: It contains the urethra, which carries sperm and urine to the outside world. The penis also contains and special spongy tissue which can fill with blood when the male is sexually stimulated, causing it to enlarge and become erect and rigid. The penis ejaculates semen into the vagina of the female during the sexual intercourse. The extreme of the penis is called glans. A loose fold of skin, called the prepuce, or foreskin, covers the glans penis (it may have been surgically removed in circumcision).

• The scrotum: It is a sac of skin containing the two testes which hung from the main body cavity thus helping to keep the sperm about 3ºC cooler than normal body temperature. This is important for their survival.

What are the internal parts of the male reproductive

system?

We can differentiate the testes, the spermatic ducts and the attached glands

•••• The testes: There are normally two. Is the site of production of the male gametes, the spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are formed in the seminiferous tubules (about 1000 per testis). Cells lining their walls produce the sperm. Between the tubes there are the Leydig’s cells that produce testosterone (male sex hormone).

•••• The spermatic ducts: - The epididymis: Is a coiled tube which the spermatozoa are stored while

completing their maturation - The vase deferens: Is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to

the urethra. Sperm are also stored there. - •••• The attached glands: - The prostate gland, Cowper’s glands and seminal vesicles are all glands

which secrete fluids for carrying the sperm and in which the sperm can swim.

Fluid plus sperm is called SEMEN


Activity 5: Visit the website, do the test and copy the summary




3 – Watch the clip, if needed, visualize two o three times and when it finished, do the test.

4 – Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below

OBJECTIVE

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SUMMARY

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


Gametogenesi

Is the formation of gametes. It takes place in the gonads (testes in the males and

the ovaries in the female).

In males the formation of sperm takes de name of spermatogenesis, and testes

produce vast number of spermatozoa in a continuous production line of several

thousand per second.

In females the formations of eggs is called Oogenesis, and ovaries produce only

one egg per month.

Sperm human image

Image taken from http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/sex/common/ibank/ibank/0024.jpg


Egg human image

Image taken from http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/lifecycle/45.asp


Activity 6: Paired speaking

1 – Talk to each other classmate to fill in the missing information

GROUP A

organ function

is situated at the top of the vulva

Labia minora protect the openings of the vagina and urethra.

Vaginal opening is the orifice of the vagina

The oviducts

is the narrow junction between the uterus and the

vagina

The ovaries are the origin of the female gametes

The penis ejaculates semen into the vagina of the female

is a sac of skin containing the two testes

The testes

is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to

the urethra

Prepuce covers the glans penis

the endometrium is shed during menstruation


GROUP B

organ function

The clitoris is situated at the top of the vulva

Labia minora

is the orifice of the vagina

The oviducts they collect the egg released by the ovaries

The cervix is the narrow junction between the uterus and the

vagina

are the origin of the female gametes

The penis

The scrotum is a sac of skin containing the two testes

The testes is the site of production of the male gametes

The vase deferens is a tube which carries the sperm out of the testis to

the urethra

Prepuce

is shed during menstruation


Periods – What are they? (Menstrual cycle)

The start of the periods is probably the biggest change that takes place for a girl

during puberty. Periods are nothing to be worried about. They are a natural part

of every woman’s life. Most girls start having periods between the ages of 10 and

16. There is no right time; your periods will start when your body is ready. A

period happens to most women each month and usually lasts somewhere between 3

and 7 days

Your menstrual cycle is from the first day of one period to the first day of the

next.

When you first start to have periods, they may not be very regular. Your body will

take a while to settle down into a regular cycle, this might take 2 or 3 years. Don’t

worry, this is normal

About every 28 days an egg is released from one of woman’s ovaries. The egg

travels downs the oviduct to the uterus where, if it has been fertilised, it can

implant and grow into a baby.

To prepare for possible fertilisation, the lining of the uterus thickens. This is

controlled by the release of progesterone, from the corpus luteum, the remains of

the follicle left behind in the ovary. If the egg has not been fertilised then the

lining breaks down and is released (menstruation). Oestrogen from the ovary

encourages the uterus lining to grow again for the next egg released.

If the egg has been fertilised, then progesterone continues to be released from

the corpus luteum. This maintains the uterus lining during pregnancy and prevents

further ovulation.

TOP 5 MYTHS ABOUT PERIODS

1. Virgins shouldn’t wear tampons 2. You can’t get pregnant during your period 3. You shouldn’t wash your hair or body during your period 4. You should always rest during your period 5. People can tell when you are having your period


Image taken from http://www.mydr.com.au/default.asp?Article=3041


Activity 7: What do you know about the menstrual cycle?


http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/female_reproductive_system.html


body basics female reproductive system

3 – Go to

menstrual cycle

4 – Press

play

5 –Watch carefully. Don’t worry if you don’t understand the first time, you have the text in writing

6 – Answer the following questions:

A - What is the menstrual cycle called?...............................................................................

B – When does the cycle start?..............................................................................................

C – How many days does menstruation last?……………………………………………………………………….

D – If a sperm fertilizes the egg, the lining of the uterus (finish the

phrase)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E – When does ovulation occur?………………………………………………………………………………….

F – What happens if the egg isn’t fertilized?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

G – The lining, blood, and dissolved egg leaving the body through the vagina is

called .............................................................................................................................................


7- Visit this website too


a) In the home page, click at

b) Watch the clip, if needed, visualize two o three times and when it finished, do the test.

c) Finally read the objective and summary, and copy it in the box below

OBJECTIVE

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SUMMARY

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


Fertilisation

After ovulation, the egg (secondary oocyte) is swept along the oviduct by the

action of the ciliated lining. If sexual intercourse has happened, the egg becomes

surrounding by sperm.

Fertilisation is the fusion of a sperm with the egg to form a cell called zygote. It

takes place in one of the oviducts.

Sperm may survive for up to three days in the woman’s body, but they gradually

lose their ability to fertilise the egg.

Fertilisation image

Image taken from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/health_ivf_step_by_step/html/1.stm


Image taken from http://www.fertility.com/international/concern/Understanding_Fertility/Ovulation.jsp


Development of the zygote, the placenta

After fertilisation in the fallopian tube, the zygote starts to divide by mitosis

.This begins the development of the embryo on its way along the oviduct to the

uterus. In the uterus the embryo becomes attached to the wall. This process is

called implantation.

The placenta

The placenta is a structure found only in mammals. In humans, it develops over the

first two or three months of pregnancy and is a special organ. It is unique because

it is formed from the tissues of two, genetically different individuals, the mother

and the fetus.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PLACENTA

•••• Exchange of materials between mother and fetus

- Respiratory gases - Nutrients - Water - Excretory products - Antibodies

•••• Endocrine organ

•••• Protective barrier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta


Activity 8: Fill the gap

1 -Test your knowledge about reproduction by filling the gaps with the words

in the box below.

Every _________ an ________ ripens and bursts from one of the

_____________. The ovum (egg) is pushed down the __________

_______________. When a man ____________ the___________

swim along the _______________, through the _______________

and into the ___________. They continue ___________________

right into the ___________________. Most die before they get

this far. Of the ___________ejaculated, only about ___________

will get this far. Only one __________ breaks through the _________.

The fertilised ovum (egg) now travels to the ____________where it

fixes itself to the lining. This is where it starts to grow and will become

a ____________

baby uterus month fallopian tube 400 millions ovum (egg) ejaculates

ovum (egg) sperm uterus cervix sperm swimming ovaries vagina 100

fallopian tubes fertilised


Activity 9: Ordering sentences (how a baby is formed)

Look at the sentences below and order them

a) The fertilised egg moves down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may

settle into the lining of the uterus and begins to grow

b) When a woman becomes excited, the vagina releases fluid that lubricates the

area

c) Movements of the penis in the vagina finished with the ejaculation (a fluid

called semen comes from the penis into the woman’s vagina)

d) Sperm is made in a man’s testes

e) When a man becomes excited, his penis becomes hard. This is called erection

f) Semen contains thousands of sperm

g) Some of the sperm swim through the uterus and up the fallopian tubes

h) During sexual intercourse, the penis moves in the woman’s vagina

i) If the sperms meet an egg, they accumulate round it. If a sperm enters into

the egg, the egg is fertilised (only one sperm can enter into)

j) Eggs are stored in the woman’s ovaries

Answers

1___ 2___ 3____ 4___ 5____ 6___ 7___ 8___ 9___

10___


Activity 10: The journey game

1. Listen carefully to the teacher’s statements about the human reproductive system

and find out which city you arrive in.

Begin this tree on the start point:

• If you think it’s a true sentence, move up the tree.

• If you think it’s a false sentence, move down the tree. Where have you finished?


Activity 11: Human Reproductive System BINGO CARDS

The teacher gives you a card

1. When a word is called, you should find it and mark it with a X.

2. The first player(s) to have five words in any direction (horizontal,

vertical, or diagonal) wins.


Unit 3: Sexuality and drugs


Activity 1: Boyfriends, girlfriends

a) Write three reasons why some people of your age like to have a boyfriend or a girlfriend

b) Working in small, single-sex groups (all boys or all girls), discuss the qualities you think the ideal boyfriend should have and the qualities you think the ideal girlfriend should have. Choose the top four in each list and write them on the blackboard

c) Compare your “top four qualities“ and explain your reasons d) Sexologist office: Read the problems from the letters below. What advice

would you give in each case?

Case 1

“My boyfriend and I have been together for a year and we have a great time. We

both love tennis, swimming and going to the cinema. We spend most of our spare

time together, with friends, or just on our own. Recently, we have become very

physical; kissing, cuddling and touching each other all over. So far we haven’t had

sex because it’s such a big step. My boyfriend said that is time, but I don’t want

to do something I might regret, but it’s getting hard to convince him not to have

sex. He says that I don’t love him. He is always reminding me that my best friend

Carlota has just had sex with her boy friend Pole. What should I do? “

Case 2

“I am 14 and my girlfriend is 16. She wants us to start having sex and she keeps

asking me when we will do it. I know she had sex with her last boyfriend, and all

our friends keep asking if we have done it yet. I have tried to explain to her that

we have to wait because I’m not quite sure of having sex yet, but she got upset

and said that I don’t really love her. I do love her. How can I make her understand

that I just don’t feel ready? What can I do?”


Contraception

Humans, and a few of the apes, are the only vertebrates that are sexually active

throughout the reproductive cycle. It is usual for people, especially in modern societies, to

want to limit the number of children they have.

There are many things you need to know about before you start having sex and one of

them is contraception.

If conception is the beginning of pregnancy; contraception, also called birth control or

family planning, means the use of artificial or natural methods to prevent pregnancy.

Contraceptive methods

NATURAL

- Total abstinence

- Periodic abstinence

- Withdrawal ( coitus interruptus )

- Others ( oral sex, anal sex, non-penetrative sex, masturbation )

BARRIER

- Condom

- Femidom ( female condom )

- Diaphragm

- Cervical cap

SPERMICIDE

HORMONAL

- Female pill

- Female patch

- Vaginal ring

- Injections

POST-FERTILISATION

- IUD

- Morning-after pill

SURGICAL (and for the moment irreversible method)

Vasectomy ( male sterilisation )

Tubal ligation ( female sterilisation )


Activity 2: Match each letter in the pictures below with the correct name on the chart of the opposite page.

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L


CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS LETTER

CERVICAL CAP

CONDOM

VAGINAL RING

SPERMICIDAL FOAM

IUD

THE MORNING AFTER PILL

WITHDRAWAL ( PULLING OUT )

ABSTINENCE

FEMIDOM

HORMONAL PATCH

FEMALE PILL

DIAPHRAGM


Activity 3: Choose three contraceptive methods from the previous list. Look for information and answer these questions

Name Where can you get it from? Does it help prevent STIs

( sexually transmitted infections ) Why?


Activity 4: Match types of contraception that people are describing with contraceptive methods in the table below

Maria “ I used to take my temperature to find out when I was fertile, but now I

use a kit, where you test a urine sample and it tells you if you are fertile or not “

John “It was easy. I just pinched the end and rolled it over my penis “

Sara “I was having sex with my boy friend but when he pulled the condom out, it

was broken. Next morning I went to the clinic and the doctor gave me a pill “

Ally “I didn’t feel comfortable when the doctor pushed it trough my cervix into

the uterus, but she did it quickly. There is a little plastic thread attached to it,

which the doctor will pull it out in two years time”

Louise “The doctor shows me how to put it in and take it out. I have to spread a

spermicidal cream over it, then put it in my vagina over my cervix “

Contraceptive method People

IUD

Cap and spermicidal

Condom

Natural methods

EC ( emergency contraception )


Abortion

Abortion is the premature termination of pregnancy, resulting in death of the

embryo or fetus. Sometimes it happens naturally, in which case it’s called

miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, or natural abortion. But, on the other hand,

when it carries out deliberately, it’s called induced abortion.

REMEMBER, ABORTION IS NOT A CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD

Activity 5: Calculate table

1 - Using the data provided in the table below, calculate he percentage of

abortions carried out on single and married women in the years 1982, 1985, 1990,

and 1997. Put the results in the appropriate column

year single married Other ( widowed,

divorced, separated,

unknown )

percentage

1982 71.836 40.510 16.207

1985 87.213 37.698 16.190

1990 116.150 38.151 19.599

1992 105.630 36.394 18.471

1997 114.900 33.600 19.300

Adapted from “Marital status of women having abortions in 1982, 1985, 1990, 1992 and 1997. Residents of

England and Wales “

2 – Make a bar chart with the years (horizontal axis) and the marital status:

single, married and other (number of abortions in the vertical axis)


Activity 6: Look at the image below and in pairs discuss the next questions (use the language frames to help you)

-What do you think about the message?

-Who is addressed? Why?

-Do you think sexual activity would be different if men could be

pregnant?

Poster released in the 1970s by the Family Planning Association of Victoria, Australia


LANGUAGE FRAME

the image

the pregnant man

shows…

makes me think that….

I think

I believe

if men were pregnant

They would…


Sexually transmitted infections STIs

STIs are the infections that can be passed during sexual intercourse. All of them

are transmitted by microorganisms, for example: virus, bacterium, yeast, protozoa

and arthropods

Remember:

VIRUS: A group of infectious agents those are incapable of growth or

reproduction outside of living cells.

HIV

Image taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV

BACTERIUM: A very small living organism made of only one cell. They are present

almost everywhere, in the air, the soil and the skin. Many of them are microbes

that cause diseases but others may be helpful to humans.

Gonorrhoea

Image taken from http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0001546.html


Syphilis

Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_syphilis.shtml

YEAST: A microorganism of the fungus family

Chlamydia

Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_chlam.shtml

PROTOZOA: Large group of single-celled organisms which are different from

bacteria and include a large number of parasitic forms which cause disease in

humans and animals.

Trichomona vaginalis

Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_trich.shtml

ARTHROPODS: A large group of invertebrate animals with jointed legs, including

the insects, scorpions, crustaceans and spiders

Pubic lice

Image taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/relationships/sex_and_sexual_health/stis_lice.sh


Some STIs chart (excluding HIV)

picture Infection Agent Transmission mechanism

Syphilis bacterium Having unprotected sex

Herpes genital virus Having unprotected sex

candidiasis Yeast Sexual intercourse with an

infected partner

trichomoniasi protozoa Sexual intercourse with an

infected partner

Pubic lice

(crabs)

Arthropod Sexual intercourse with an

infected partner


HIV or AIDS. Do you know the difference?

Some of us usually change the terms HIV and AIDS. Read the definitions below in

order to clarify these concepts.

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus

This is a virus that can be passed on through unprotected sexual intercourse,

contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to

her baby at birth. Eventually, the virus stops a person’s immune system from

working, which means that their body can’t fight against other infection.

If someone has contracted HIV, they are said to be “HIV positive “. One

important thing is that a person who is HIV positive may not appear to be ill at all.

AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

A collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to

the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans.

Someone who is HIV positive will eventually become ill. They begin to catch

infections that they can’t fight. And they become more and more ill. When this

happens they are said to have AIDS


Activity 7: HIV and AIDS multiple choice quiz

1. Does HIV only affect gay people?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Only gay men

d) Only gay women

2. What protects you most against HIV infection?

a) Condoms

b) Contraceptive pills

c) Diaphragm

d) Natural methods

3. How can you tell if somebody has HIV or AIDS?

a) They look tired and ill

b) There is no easy way to tell

c) They are very excited

d) Because of the way they act

4. Can you get AIDS from sharing a cup used by a HIV person?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Only if you don’t wash the cup

d) Only if the cup is made of iron

5. What is HIV?

a) A virus

b) A bacterium

c) A fungus

d) An arthropod


6. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

a) HIV is a virus and AIDS is a bacterial disease

b) There is no difference between HIV and AIDS

c) HIV is the virus that causes AIDS

d) AIDS is the virus that causes HIV

7. HIV can make a person ill because …

a) It makes a person lose weight very suddenly

b) It reduces the body’s core temperature

c) It attacks the immune system

d) It makes a person gain weight very suddenly

8. How much saliva would it take to infect someone with HIV?

a) 1,2 litres

b) 0,5 litres

c) 10 ml

d) HIV can’t be passed on through saliva

9. Can insects transmit HIV?

a) Yes

b) Only males

c) No

d) Only mosquitoes

10. What does HIV stand for?

a) Harmful intravenous vaccine

b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus

c) Homosexual Injury Volition

d) High industrial vaccine


11. What can the contraceptive pill protect a woman against?

a) Pregnancy

b) HIV

c) Vaginal herpes

d) Syphilis

12. What is the only method of HIV prevention that women may have

some control over?

a) The pill

b) Diaphragm

c) Condom

d) Spermicidal

13. What is the international symbol of AIDS awareness?

a) A green ribbon

b) A red ribbon

c) A white ribbon

d) A black ribbon


Activity 8: HIV and AIDS True/False

1. Read the questions below and put an X in the correct column

Question True False

You can become infected HIV by sleeping around

Injecting drugs can give you HIV

You can get HIV from toilets seats

If you are fit and healthy you won’t become infected with HIV

Married people don’t become infected with HIV

Women are safe from HIV as long as they use a contraceptive

You can be infected with HIV from sharing toothbrushes

You can become infected with HIV from kissing

A woman can become infected with HIV more easily during her

period

Anal sex between two men is more risk than anal sex between a

man and a woman

If you have sex with people who look healthy , you won’t become

infected with HIV

If you only have sex with people you know, you won’t become

infected with HIV


Activity 9: Summarize your HIV and AIDS knowledge

1. Now that you have done and corrected activities 7 and 8, with a partner, try to make a list of risky and safe activities in order to avoid HIV infection.

I can become infected by… I can’t become infected by…


DRUGS: Legal and Illegal

Any chemicals that have an effect on your mind or body are drugs.

• All drugs change your body chemistry. A drug will make your body or mind or both feel different.

• You could even see things differently or see things that aren’t there

Activity 10: Recognising drugs

1 - Complete the spaces in this table with names of drugs from the box

below. Check your answer as a class

picture name picture name

tobacco crack heroine marijuana

ecstasy hashish alcohol Cocaine


2 – Classify these drugs in two columns LEGAL and ILLEGAL

LEGAL ILLEGAL


Activity 11: Matching pairs

Why do teenagers experiment with drugs?

1 .Match each sentence (1 – 6) with the correct meaning (a – f)

Sentences Name answer

1 – They are interested in seeing what different drugs

are like

boredom

2 – They have problems they would rather forget about.

Drugs are a way of getting temporary time off from their

problems

rebellion

3 – They just enjoy the feeling that a drug gives them escapism

4 – They want to feel older, cooler or harder than other

people

curiosity

5 – They are bored and take drugs for a change enjoyment

6 – They want to test how their parents, friends, school…

will react if they do something extreme

image


Activity 12: Reading and completing text

1 – Read this text about “carry on smoking “. Complete the sentences using

the words in the box

____________ certainly helps people _______________, much as alcohol does.

People quickly become _____________ on the ___________( from stress ) that

it gives them. This is a kind of _____________________, and as with all drugs,

that’s where the __________ lie. But there are other reasons…

a) Some people carry on smoking because they feel that it helps to ___________

b) Some smokers carry on because they feel it __________________ when

they are stressed.

c) Some people say smoking _______________________ d) Smokers ____________ their _________________, for example: the

first cigarette in the morning or tapping the cigarette on the table before

smoking, etc

Smoking enjoy dependent calms them down

cope with the stress concentrate smoking rituals

reduces their appetite mental addiction problems relief

2 – Why do you think people start smoking? Give three reasons

a)

b)

c)


image taken from http://www.clipartguide.com/_search_terms/cartoon_police.html

ECSTASY

Picture taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm

• Ecstasy, also known as MDMA - chemical name (3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), is a synthetic, psychoactive drug possessing stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.

• Ecstasy is also said to suppress the need to eat, drink, or sleep, enabling users

to endure two to three day parties. Consequently, MDMA use sometimes results in severe dehydration or exhaustion

• Adverse effects: It’s a psychedelic stimulant. It causes anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations , chills, sweating , increases in body temperature, tremors, involuntary teeth clenching , muscle cramping , nausea and blurred vision

MARIJUANA AND HASHISH (CANNABIS )

All the three pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm

MARIJUANA HASHISH MARIJUANA PLANT

• Both marijuana and hashish come from the “Cannabis Sativa “ variety of the hemp plant

• Adverse effects: Cannabis has most of the same health risks as tobacco. It produces dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, bloodshot eyes, difficulty speaking, listening, thinking, and problem solving anxiety or panic

attacks, paranoia in some users, distorted perception: (sight, sound, time, touch)


ACID (LSD)

Picture taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm

• Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) is a psychoactive hallucinogenic drug. It comes in a variety of forms, but is most commonly sold in the form of blotter paper, which is small paper squares that has been dipped in LSD

• Adverse effects: It’s a psychedelic drug, which means they cause

hallucinations. The powerful hallucinogenic effects of this drug can produce profound adverse reactions, such as acute panic reactions, psychotic crises, and flashbacks.

HEROIN

Pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm

• Heroin is a brownie-white powder sold in paper wraps. It is a processed form of opium. It is sold by the gram or by the bag. Heroin is usually smoked or injected.

• Adverse effects: It’s a sedative drug which depresses the body’s nervous

system. The first time people use heroin, they usually get sick, dizzy and sleepy. After using it a couple of times your body starts to get used to it. Then it makes you feel warm, happy, confident, cosy and content. It’s incredibly addictive


COCAINE -CRACK

Pictures taken from http://www.coolnurse.com/drug_photos.htm

• Cocaine is the most potent stimulant of natural origin. It is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant which grows on the mountain slopes of the Andes Mountains of South America

• Cocaine is snorted and injected. Snorting is inhaling cocaine powder through the

nose where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. Injecting is using a needle to release the drug directly into the bloodstream. It’s incredibly addictive

•

• Crack is a form of cocaine made into crystals and smoked. Smoking involves inhaling cocaine smoke into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream as quickly as when it is injected. It’s incredibly addictive, far more addictive than cocaine.

TOBACCO

Picture taken from http://www.bbc.co.uk/surgery/drink_drugs/cigarettes_tobacco/

• Tobacco is the dried, shredded and processed leaves from the tobacco plant. It comes in ready made cigarettes, rolling tobacco and cigars.

• It is usually smoked. Some people chew tobacco leaves. The main addictive ingredient in tobacco is nicotine.

• Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure the instant a smoker takes a first drag.

• Smoking has some long-term health risks as: lung cancer, mouth cancer, bronchitis, emphysema ( a lung disease ) and heart disease

• The nicotine in tobacco is extremely addictive


ALCOHOL

• The alcohol that we drink is made by fermenting or distilling fruit, vegetables and grains. This is where it gets its distinctive flavours from. In its pure form ethyl alcohol is a clear, colourless liquid.

• Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the function of the central nervous system. Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain.

This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing .Alcohol relaxes the body and slows down reactions. That’s why it’s incredibly dangerous to drive when you are drunk.

• Alcohol starts to take effect 5 – 10 minutes after drinking. • People has different ways to react with the alcohol

one way another way

less inhibited more argumentative

less coordinated more aggressive

more relaxed more violent

louder, jollier more depressed

In very small amounts, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or less anxious.

More alcohol causes greater changes in the brain, resulting in intoxication. People who

have overused alcohol may stagger, lose their coordination, and slur their speech. They

will probably be confused and disoriented. Depending on the person, intoxication can

make someone very friendly and talkative or very aggressive and angry. Reaction times

are slowed dramatically — which is why people are told not to drink and drive. People

who are intoxicated may think they're moving properly when they're not. They may act

totally out of character


Activity 13: Which is which?

1. Below you have two pictures; from a 15 year old non-drinker’s brain activity

and a 15-year-old drinker’s brain activity. If you know that alcohol is a

depressant, which means it slows the function of the central nervous system.

Try to guess which picture does it belong to? Why have you chosen it ?

Images taken from http://www.kidshealth.org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/alcohol.html

AB


Activity 14: Self assessment

Name : Date:

Very

well

Quite

well

Needs to be

reviewed

Can do:

Unit 1

- I can describe puberty changes in boys and girls

- I can speak about how puberty is in different cultures

- I can understand how hormones affect the body

- I can name the sexual hormones

- I can predict between myths and facts about puberty

Unit 2

- I can identify and label the parts of the female

reproductive system

- I can compare diagram and text about male reproductive

system

- I can understand the differences between spermatogenesis

and oogenesi

- I can order and sequence the facts of the menstrual cycle

- I can explain the functions of the placenta

Unit 3

- I can understand the different types of contraceptive

methods

- I can explain what STIs are

- I can understand the difference between HIV and AIDS

- I can recognise legal and illegal drugs

- I can explain why tobacco and alcohol are legal drugs

changes in the body - xtec · your body will decide when it is the right time. toni samper changes...

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