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Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical College Wisconsin

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Page 1: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial

BoostingBeth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO

Medical College Wisconsin

Page 2: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Disclosure

• Chart Rounds participant

• No COI

Page 3: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Learning Objectives

• Discuss the challenges of boosting the parametria

• Discuss external beam strategies for boosting the parametria

• Discuss brachytherapy strategies for boosting the parametria

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• 42 y/o pt with a 10 mo. history of increasing pelvic pain and difficult BMs with weight loss.

• Endoscopy and pelvic exam negative initially.

• Eventual discovery of a 6 cm posterior lip cervical cancer involving the right uterosacral ligament and compressing the rectum

• Biopsy + for poorly diff adenocarcinoma.

• Stage IIIB

Page 5: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

• Pelvic external beam‐45 Gy, 4 field 3D conformal and weekly Cis‐P

• Transperineal interstitial implant‐22 needles and tandem; 5 HDR fx of 450 cGy periphery/540 cGy core(~75Gy/83 Gy LDR equivalent)

• Parametrial boosting‐3.6 Gy split pelvis and 10.8 Gy to right pelvic sidewall 

Repeat MR after 45 Gy

Page 6: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

• Pt had resolution of presenting symptoms with negative 3 mo.PET

• Rectal bleeding 9 months later

• Endoscopy‐angiodysplasias of the rectum‐argon plasma coagulation(APC) X 3 and carafate enemas

• Rare bleeding at 24 mo.• Patient NED at 24 mo.

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Parametrial/Paracervical Tissue • Fat and loose 

connective tissue and smooth muscle around the uterus and cervix− Contains blood vessels and lymph nodes

− 30% of pts with localized disease will have pathologic involvement

− Disease may extend from the primary or be discontinuous and throughout the parametria

Netter F.  Atlas of Human Anatomy 4th Ed

Good et al Brachytherapy 11(2012):77‐79.

Page 8: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Lim et al IJROBP, 2010

Page 9: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

The Traditional Approach

External Beam Doses for Cervical Cancer

Whole pelvis 4500 cGy

Split pelvis (midline block) 5040 cGy

Parametrial boosts  5400‐5940 cGy 

Page 10: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

The clinical challenge: How do you reach the parametria?

–3D conformal boost with MLB ?

– IMRT boost?– Interstitial brachytherapy boost?

Good et al Brachytherapy 11(2012):77‐79.

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3D Conformal Midline Blocks

Intended to avoid regions of excessive dose adjacent to the implant, but deliver adequate dose to tumor‐bearing regions outside of implant

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3D Conformal Midline Blocks

• Parametrial boosts traditionally done with AP‐PA fields with a MLB

1) standardized rectangular or

2) customized to an ICBT isodose line.

– Used by major centers for years

– No additional investment in software or equipment

– Time honored

Page 13: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

“It is current standard practice not to consider the radiation dose to the bladder and rectum from the parametrial boosts because these organs are blocked by the 

midline shield”

Ting, Radiology 209:825‐830, 1998

Page 14: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Problems with Midline Blocks: Blocking too Little

• Portions of the bladder and rectosigmoid are not under the midline block and will get both the brachytherapy doses and WP and PM doses.

4 cm midline block

Fenkell et al IJROBP (2011)79:1572‐1579

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Problems with Midline blocksBlocking too Little

‐ The packed applicator may move cephalad towards the rectosigmoid during the implant

‐ The upper rectum and rectosigmoid may extend above the midline block after the implant

‐ The upper rectum and rectosigmoid are not always midline

Rectosigmoid ComplicationsHuang Gyn Onc (2000)79:406‐410

NPMB= 40‐45 Gy; LPMB=50‐54 Gy; HPMB= > 54 Gy

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Problems with Midline Blocks:Blocking too Little 

Ext beamWP

D2cc Bladder

D2cc Rectum

D2cc Sigmoid 

45.0 Gy 83.8 57.5 71.450.4 Gy 85.9 59.6 73.555.8 Gy 88.0 61.7 75.659.4 Gy 89.4 63.1 77.0

Page 17: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

The Challenge of Uterosacral ligament Involvement

Safer to avoid early in treatment if 

uterosacral ligament involvement

May want to consider oblique 

boosts with uterosacral ligament 

involvement

Midline Blocks

Chao; IJROBP 40:1998

Page 18: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Outcomes with Parametrial Boosts

No consensus as to indications, 

optimal technique, or dose of PMB

Typically for bulky IIB and IIIB 

patients

PMB range: 5‐20 Gy after 40‐50 

Gy WP

Total dose 60‐62 Gy (range 50‐70 

Gy) Perez; Cancer 51:1983

Perez IJROBP 41(2):307‐317,1998)

(Viswanathan IJROBP 2011)

Some correlation with local control and PMB dose( < 50 Gy) but higher doses only associated with increased complications

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Technical Challenges Integrating Brachytherapy and External Beam

Most external beam and brachytherapy treatment planning systems cannot integrate to add external beam and brachytherapy 

doses together

Lack of a True cumulative dose to Tumor and OAR

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IMRT Parametrial Boosting• Concurrent SIB offers 

accelerated fractionation to bulky disease and standard fractionation to microscopic disease

• Does not require isodosematching or adding two IMRT plans

• How do you separate the parametrial disease from the central cervical disease?

• Easier to do for nodes!

• Sequential IMRT boost takes disease regression into account with decreased boost volume

• Not always a visible parametrial GTV after external beam but there may still be palpable retraction towards a sidewall

Good et al Brachytherapy 11(2012):77‐79.

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Integration of External Beam and Brachytherapy 

To improve outcomes in patients with cervical 

cancer, the  external beam doses and techniques must be scrutinized and controlled just as carefully  

as the brachytherapydoses and techniques

Page 22: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Parametrial Dose from Brachytherapy

• D90 > 85 Gy (80‐90 Gy); D90> 87 Gybulky tumors

• Dose escalation for large tumors with interstitial needles added to the ring

Dose specification: 

HR CTV

• Rectum < 70‐75 Gy• Sigmoid < 70‐75 Gy• Bladder < 90 Gy

Dose volume constraints for OAR: (D2cc)

Page 23: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Parametrial Boost with BrachytherapyIntracavitary/interstitial Applicators

Intracavitary/Interstitial Tandem and Ring, Tandem and ovoids• 60% of tumors can be covered with IC and the remaining require IC‐interstitial

• Only 5% require template‐based interstitial

10‐20% of total dwell time comes from the needles and the remainder from IC T/R Tanderup et al Rad Onc 94:173‐180,2010

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Image‐Guided Adaptive Parametrial Boost

• Supplement brachytherapy boost with a high‐precision, high‐gradient stereotactic hypo‐fractionated IMRT boost to the under‐dosed part of the HR CTV. 

• IMRT boost is planned and delivered with the brachytherapy applicator in place

• Requires integration of external beam and brachytherapy TP systems

Assenholt et al Acta Oncol 2008;47:1337‐1343Tanderup et al Radiother Oncol 2010; 96: S427‐S428.

Page 25: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Image‐Guided Adaptive Parametrial Boost

Assenholt et al Acta oncologica 2008:47:1337‐1343

Page 26: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Interstitial techniques

• Template‐based approaches are indicated for bulky disease after external beam

• Can selectively implant one or both parametria

• Can implant medial and some of the lateral parametria

• May not cover uterosacralligaments well or lateral parametrial disease

Page 27: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

How do you do your parametrialboosts?

1. Midline block/3D conformal2. IMRT3. SBRT4. Tandem and ring/ovoids with needles5. Transperineal interstitial implant

Page 28: Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting 105... · 2015-02-24 · Challenging Cases in Cervical Cancer: Parametrial Boosting Beth Erickson, MD, FACR, FASTRO Medical

Questions?