challenges of solid waste management in urban … · 2003). besides this, rapid urbanization...

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117-4668 16

CHALLENGES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

URBAN MARKET IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF OGBETE

MAIN MARKET, ENUGU, NIGERIA

Anyebe, Salome

1

Odiwo, Williams Omokhudu2

Aronokhale, Paul Frank3

Ugbomhe O. Ugbomhe PhD4

Abstract

The study sought to determine the composition of solid waste in

Ogbete Main Market, Enugu, ascertain the challenges encountered in solid

waste management in Ogbete main Market, and determine the solid waste

management process in Ogbete main market, Enugu. Zerboc (2003) opined

that the problems associated with solid waste management are cuter than in

developed country and that lack of financial resources and infrastructure to

deal with solid waste create a vicious cycle which in turn further erodes the

resource based. Probability sampling method was used to select 50 people

from Ogbete main market, Enugu. The instrument used for data collection was

primarily questionnaire and interview. The descriptive survey research design

was adopted for the study. The hypotheses were tested using Pearson chi-

square and Z-test statistical tool. The findings indicated that Organic – paper

and plastic are the composition of solid waste in Ogbete main market, Enugu

(c 2 = 19.016 > t

2 = 9.49; P < 0.05). inadequate funds to support waste

management, inadequate equipment to support waste storage, and irregular

collection services are challenges encountered in solid waste management in

Ogbete main market, (Zt = 10.723 > Zt = 1.96; P < 0.05). Reduced, reuse,

recycle are the solid waste management process in Ogbete main market,

Enugu (2

c = 28.772 > 2

t = 9.49, p < 0.05). The study concluded that

management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the

1 Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of

Agriculture, Markurdi, Benue State, Nigeria 2 Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, Edo

University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria Tel: 08075635789 Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Accountancy, Faculty of Management Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,

Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 4 Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences , Ambrose Alli

University Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria Tel: 08067177484 E-Mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Sahel Analyst: Journal of Management Sciences (Vol.14, No.3, 2016), University of Maiduguri

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117- 4668 Page 117

environment and human health and support economic development and

improved quality of life. The study recommended that government should

encourage privatization of waste management service delivery which will

bring an effective and efficient method of managing wastes.

Keywords: Solid wastes, management process, urban market, Nigeria

Introduction

Solid waste management of any kind is a relatively recent

phenomenon. The use of sanitary landfills did not begin until the early 1930s

in Britain and during the 1940s in the United States. Before these years, waste

was dumped on any available land or water. Although recycling had been

practiced for centuries, it is only recently that solid waste management has

become important. Recycling now forms a partnership with solid waste

management as the one cannot exist without the other (Scott, 1998).

In a developing country, the problems associated with solid waste

management are cuter than in a developed country Zerboc (2003). Lack of

financial resources and infrastructure to deal with solid waste creates a vicious

cycle; lack of resources leads to low quality of service provision which leads

to fewer people willing to pay for said services, which in turn further erodes

the resource base and so on (Kuniyal, Jan & Shannigrahi, 1998; Zerboc,

2003). Besides this, rapid urbanization triggers rapid growth of shanty

dwelling units that are largely unplanned for, and add to the waste, health, and

hygiene problems. Another significant factor that contributes to the problem

of solid wastes in a developing country scenario is the lack of proper

collection and transportation facilities. Improper planning coupled with the

rapid growth of population and urbanization serves to add congestion to

streets, and as a result, the waste collection vehicles cannot reach such places,

thus allowing filth to build up over time. Lack of monetary resources, at times,

results in improper or no transportation vehicles for waste disposal adding

another dimension to the ever rising cycle of problems (Zerboc, 2003).

Waste generation, therefore, tends to increase with an increase in

population and economic growth which together add up to the problem of

waste management posted not only to the environment but also to the public

health. While environmental problems are mostly related to the effect of waste

pollution, open landfills and blocked drainage systems expose severe health

problems to the population and especially the children in many developing

countries (Onibokun & Kumuyi, 1999).

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is one of most

recommended and compatible approach for waste management which

provides a framework for the development of a sustainable municipal solid

waste service. Moreover, it presents a use of various collection, transport and

treatment options (White, Franke & Hindle, 1999). Waste management is an

Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Urban Market In Nigeria: A Study of Ogbete Main

Market, Enugu, Nigeria

Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117-4668 Page 118

important aspect of economic development which plays a very important role

in the life of modern society; however, such development has changed our

consumption patterns to the point where we now generate more waste than we

ever did, the quantity of waste produced in cities continue to increasing daily,

the effectiveness of the means of handling waste in terms of collection and

disposal remains undesirably low. The uncollected waste is illegally dumped

in open spaces, water bodies or even burnt on the street and roadsides. In

addition, poor waste management can further be associated with a negative

impact on the public waste due to environmental pollution.

Solid waste management (Slom) pertains to the control of the

generation, storage, collection, transfer, and transportation, processing and

disposal of solid wastes in a fashion that is in accordance to societal and

economic needs while at the same time compliant to environmental standards

and principles (Zerbock, 2003).

The prevalence of diseases such as malaria, tetanus, diarrhea and

cholera can be related to the polluted conditions caused by waste being left

around urban governance because it reflects not only on the consequences of

the authorities dealing with waste but also the responses of the society on the

performance of the systems used by these authorities. The success of the

authorities implies good governance and therefore the state gains trust from

the public. The opposite is also true, in the case of failure; the public tends to

lose hope for their state (Kironde, 1999). Waste disposal became problematic

with the rise of towns and cities where large numbers of people started to

congregate in relatively small areas in pursuit of livelihoods (Shafiul &

Mansoor, 2003).

Statement of the Problem

Waste is a serious dilemma for environmental and health issues in

Nigeria. Consistently garbage is not collected or disposed of properly in

Obgete main market. Solid waste is left in the marketplaces uncontrolled,

randomly dumped, and sometimes burned. Thus, if there is no proper solid

waste management put in place in Obgete main market, citizenry are bound to

face health problems, such as increase in malaria, fever, cough, skin diseases,

etc. thus the study seek to investigate the challenges of solid waste

management in urban market in Nigeria: A study of Ogbete Market, Enugu.

The main objective of this study was to appraise challenges of solid

waste management in urban markets in Nigeria: A study of Ogbete main

market, Enugu. However, the specific objectives are to:

i. evaluate the composition of solid waste in Ogbete main market,

Enugu.

ii. ascertain the challenges encountered in solid waste management in

Ogbete main market.

iii. examine the solid waste management process in Ogbete main market,

Enugu.



To achieve the above objectives, the following research questions were

raised:

i. What are the compositions of solid waste in Ogbete main market,

Enugu?

ii. What are the challenges encountered in solid waste management in

Ogbete main market?

iii. What are the solid waste management processes in Ogbete main

market, Enugu?

The study proposes the following hypotheses:

i. Organic, paper, and plastic are the composition of solid waste in

Ogbete main market, Enugu.

ii. Inadequate funds to support waste management, inadequate equipment

to support waste storage, and irregular collection services are

challenges encountered in solid waste management in Ogbete main

market, Enugu.

iii. Reduce, reuse, recycle are the solid waste management process in


Literature Review

Solid waste is broadly comprised of non-hazardous domestic,

commercial and industrial refuse including household organic waste, hospital

and institutional garbage, street sweepings, and construction wastes (Zerboc,

2003). Solid waste or municipal solid waste as referred in this report is

described according to Medina (2000) as materials generated from the result

of human daily activities resulting from areas such as households, public

places and city streets, shops, offices, and hospitals. Solid waste management

can be described as a mechanism associated with the control of generation,

storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a way

that favours the best interest of public health and takes into considerations

environmental concerns (Tchobanoglous, Theisen, & Vigil, 1993). The Ghana

Innovation Market Place (2009) popularly known as ‘GMT’ defines solid

waste as neither wastewater discharges nor atmospheric emissions, arising

from domestic, commercial, industrial, and institutional activities in an urban

area.

Components of Solid Waste

Solid waste consists of many different materials. Some can burn, some

cannot. Some can be recycled, some cannot. Therefore, a detailed

understanding of the composition of solid waste will indicate the management

methods that will be used. Solid waste is composed of combustibles and non-

combustible materials. The combustible materials include paper, plastic, yard

debris, food waste, wood, textiles, disposable diapers, and other organics.

Non-combustibles also include glass, metal, bones, leather, and aluminium

(Denison & Ruston, 1990; Kreith, 1994; Zerbock, 2003).




Problem of Solid Waste Management

In Ghana, Boadi and Kuitunen (2004) pointed out some of the

problems affecting solid waste management. These include weak institutional

capacity and lack of resources; both human and capital. They also indicated

that home collection of waste is limited to high and, some middle-income

areas while the poor are left to contend with the problem on their own. This

leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste in surface drains, canals, and

streams, creating unsanitary and unsightly environments in my part of the city.

Furthermore, MLGRD (2004) summarizes the challenges of solid waste

management in Ghana as follows: poor planning for waste management

programmes; inadequate equipment and operational funds to support waste

management activities; inadequate sites and facilities for waste management

operations; inadequate skills and capacity of waste management staff; and

negative attitudes of the general public towards the environment in general. It

can therefore be said that the main challenges facing solid waste management

in developing countries and for that matter Nigeria include: inadequate funds

to support waste management, inadequate equipment to support waste storage,

collection and disposal, low collection coverage and irregular collection

services, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution

control.

Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal

One common solid waste treatment and disposal in Africa is through

landfills or better known as open dumps. Open dumps can be explained as the

dumping of solid waste in a shallow or deep land depressions. The waste is

untreated, uncovered and not segregated. According to the United Nation

Environmental Programme (UNEP), open dumps are commonly preferred in

African municipalities because they are considered as a cheat way to getting

rid of solid waste (UNEP, 2005). However, to reduce the amount of solid

waste to landfills, many attempts have been made by various NGOs and

supported by donors to introduce a pre-sorting of household solid waste into

categories of organic and inorganic, reusable and non-reusable waste.

Empirical Review

Boadi and Kuituene (2004) cited in Felix (2010) conducted a study on

solid waste management in Ghana: The case of Tamale Metropolitan Area.

The study aimed at ensuring a clean environment in the Tamale Metropolis. It

analysed the underlying factors affecting effective solid waste management in

the metropolis and suggested possible measures tackle the problem. The

research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary

sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data

were: preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey, and face-to-face

interview. The following key findings were established to be the factors

affecting effective solid waste management in the metropolis. These are

inadequate skip supply for storing waste, lack of routine collection of waste,

poor methods of waste management, inadequate resources for waste



management institutions to effectively collect the waste generated. In the light

of these problems enumerated above, the research recommended the adequate

supply of skips, regular collection of waste, use of integrated solid waste

management (ISWM) model, proper management of the landfill and adequate

resourcing of the waste management institutions.

Ezigbo, (2012) conducted a study on Management of Solid Waste in

Nigeria: Challenges and Proposed Solutions. Objectives of the study: to

identify the methods for storage of solid wastes, ascertain the waste disposal

systems, and determine the effective waste management system. The study

was carried out primarily through survey method and interview of employees

from Anambra State Waste Management Authority 9ASWAMA), and Enugu

State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA). Observations were also

carried out to view ASWAMA and ESWAMA activities in the two states.

Secondary data were obtained from books journals, annual reports, and the

internet. The study population was 2000 (ASWAMA 1200 and ESWAMA,

800). A sample size of 333 was obtained using Taro Yamane’s statistical

formula (ASWAMA 200 and ESWAMA 133). The questionnaire was

designed in Likert scale format: 300 (90.00%) of the questionnaire were

returned by the respondents. 33(9.91%) of the questionnaires distributed were

not returned. Findings indicated that financial constraints and lack of

appropriate technologies are major challenges to waste management. The

study concludes that successful waste management depends on adequate

financing, enabling legislation and a supporting institutional and policy

environment. Successful waste management in Nigeria will require a holistic

programme which will integrate all the technical, economic, social, cultural,

and psychological factors that are often ignored in solid waste management

programme. The study recommended that government should encourage and

empower the federal ministry of health through sanitary inspectors to work

towards enhancing environmental sanitation in Nigeria.

Theoretical Framework

Waste Management Theory (WMT) has been introduced to channel

environmental sciences into engineering design. WMT is a unified body of

knowledge about waste and waste management. It is an effort to organize the

diverse variables of the waste management system as it stands today. WMT is

considered within the paradigm of industrial ecology and built side-by-side

with other relevant theories, most notably Design Theory. Design theory is a

relatively new discipline still under development. Following its development

of offers valuable insights about evolving technical theories. According to

Love (2002), it is crucial for theory development to integrate theories from

other bodies of knowledge, as well as the clarification of the definitions of

core concepts, and mapping out key issues, such as domain, epistemologies,

and ontologies. At the present stage of WMT development, scientific

definitions of key concepts have been offered, and evolving of WMT under

the paradigm of industrial ecology is in progress.




Methodology

This study was carried out primarily through descriptive of people

from Ogbete main market, Enugu. Secondary data was obtained from books,

journals, and the internet. Non-probability sampling method was used to select

50 people from Ogbete main market, Enugu. Data collected were presented in

tables and hypotheses were tested using Chi-square and Z-test statistical tools

using SPSS.

Data Analysis and Discussion

The data obtained from the field were presented and analysed with

descriptive statistics to provide answers to the research questions while the

corresponding hypotheses were tested with Chi-square and Z-test at 0.05

alpha levels.

Table 1: Composition of solid waste in Ogbete main market, Enugu

S/N Questionnaire items Agreement Disagreement Total

1 Organic, paper, and plastic

are the composition of solid

waste in Ogbete main

market, Enugu

45(46.5) 5(3.5) 50

2. Glass, metal, bones, leather,

and aluminum are

composition of solid waste

in Ogbete main market,

Enugu

48(46.5) 2(3.5) 50

Total 93 7 100

Source: Field work, 2015

Ho: Organic, paper, and plastic are not the composition of solid waste in


H1: Organic, paper, and plastic are the composition of solid waste in


Table 2: Chi-square test computed from the frequency cross tabulation

Value Df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-square

Likelihood Ratio

Linear-by-Liner Association

N of Valid Cases

19.016(a)

10.996

4.911

100

4

4

1

.061

.027

.027

Table 2 is the output of the computed chi-square values from the cross-

tabulation statistics of observed and expected frequencies with the response

options of agree and disagree based on the responses of the research subjects.

Pearson Chi-square computed value (2

c = 19.016) is greater than the chi-



square tabulated value (2t = 9.49) with 4 degrees of freedom (df) at 0.05 level

of alpha (2

c = 19.016, p< .05).

The decision rule is to accept the alternative hypothesis if the

computed chi-square value is greater than tabulated chi-square value

otherwise accepts the null hypothesis. Since the Pearson Chi-square

computed 2

c = 19.016 is greater than chi-square table value 2

t = 9.49, the

null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is accepted. Thus, we

concluded that organic paper and plastic are the composition of solid waste in


Table 3: Challenges encountered in solid waste management in Ogbete

main market, Enugu

S/N Questionnaire items Agreement Disagreement Total

1 Inadequate funds to support

waste management and

inadequate equipment to

support waste storage are

challenges encountered in

solid waste management in

Ogbete main market.

46(45) 4(5) 50

2. Irregular collection services

are challenges encountered

in solid waste management

in Ogbete main market.

44(45) 6(5) 50

Total 90 10 100


Ho: Inadequate funds to support waste management, inadequate equipment

to support waste storage, and irregular collection services are not


market.

H1: Inadequate funds to support waste management, inadequate equipment

to support waste storage, and irregular collection services are


market.




Table 4: Descriptive statistic computed from the frequency cross tabulation

N Means Std.

Deviation

Minimum Maximum

Inadequate funds to

support waste

management,

inadequate

equipment to

support waste

storage, and

irregular collection

services are not

challenges

encountered in

solid waste

management in

Ogbete main

market

100

1.8248

1.23528

1.00

5.00

Table 5: One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

Inadequate funds to support waste

management, inadequate equipment

to support waste storage, and

irregular collection services are

challenges encountered in solid waste

management in Ogbete main market

N

Normal mean

Parameters(a,b) Std. Deviation

Most Extreme Absolute

Differences Positive

Negative

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

100

1.8248

1.23528

.336

.336

-.252

10.723

.000 a. Test distribution is Normal

b. Calculated from data.

Table 5 is the output of the compared Z-test values from the cross-



Z computed value (Zt = 10.723) is greater than the Z-tabulated value (Zt =

1.96) at 0.05 level of alpha (Zt = 10.723, p,< .05).




computed p-value is greater than tabulated Z-value otherwise accept the null

hypothesis. Since the Z-test computed Zc = 10.723 is greater than Z-table

value Zt = 1.96, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is

accepted. Thus, we conclude that inadequate funds to support waste

management, inadequate equipment to support waste storage, and irregular

collection services are challenges encountered in the solid waste management

of Ogbete main market.

Table 6: Solid waste management process in Ogbete main market, Enugu

1 Reduce and reuse are the solid

waste management process in

Ogbete main market, Enugu

45(46) 5(4) 50

2. Recycle waste is a solid waste

management process in Ogbete

main market, Enugu

47(46) 3(4) 50

Total 92 8 100


H0: Reduce, reuse, and recycle are not solid waste management process in


H1: Reduce, reuse, and recycle are solid waste management process in


Value df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-square

Likelihood Ratio

Linear-by-Liner Association

N of Valid Cases

28.772(a)

11.645

.550

100

4

4

1

.067

.020

.458

Table 7 is the output of the computed chi-square values from the cross-



Chi-square computed values (2

c = 28.772) is greater than the chi-square

tabulated value (2

t =9.49) with 4 degrees of freedom (df) at 0.05 level of

alpha (2

c = 28.772, p,< .05).


computed chi-square value is greater than tabulated chi-square value

otherwise accepts the null hypothesis. Since the Pearson chi-square computed

2

c = 28.772 is greater than (chi-square table value 2

t = 9.49, the null

hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Thus, we

conclude that reduce, reuse, recycle are solid waste management process in





Findings

i. Organic, paper and plastic are the composition of solid waste in Ogbete

main market, Enugu (2

c = 19.016 > 2

t = 9.49; p < 0.05)

ii. Inadequate funds to support waste management, inadequate equipment to

support waste storage, and irregular collection services are challenges

encountered in solid waste management in Ogbete main market (level of

alpha (Zc =10.723 > Zt = 1.96; P< .05).

iii. Reduce, reuse, recycle are the solid waste management process in Ogbete

main market, Enugu (2

c = 28.722 > 2

t = 9.49; p> 0.05.

Conclusion

This study concluded that management of solid waste reduces or

eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human health and supports

economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes

are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality. These include

monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal.

Recommendations

i. The government should build a recycling center where all solid waste, can

be converted to raw material for other further production.

ii. The market union government should ensure that there is a standby refuse

bucket in each shop in the Ogbete main market, so as to reduce, littering of

paper, plastic and other organic material in the market.

iii. The government should ensure that the ESWAMA Agency should

continuously do their job by providing buckets and removing solid waste

that might cause illness to the citizenry and same time pollutes our

environment.

iv. The government should use mass media to sanitize the mind of the citizens

on the important and payment of solid waste fees that will assist the

government in ensuring the health and clean environment.

v. The government should encourage privatization of waste management

services delivery that will bring about effective and efficient method of

managing wastes.

References

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the Accra metropolitan area. Environmental Journal, 23(3).

Denison, R.A. and Ruston, J. (19909). Recycling and Incineration,

Washington D.C: Island Press.

Ezigbo, C.A. (2012). Management of solid waste in Nigeria: Challenges and

proposed solutions. Sacha Journal of Environmental Studies, 2(1), 159 –

169.


Sahel Analyst: ISSN 1117- 4668 7

Ghana Innovation Marketplace (2009). Waste Management Conference and

Exhibition, 11th – 12th November 2009. Great Hall, KNUST.

Kreith, F. (19940. Handbook of Solid Waste Management, New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Love, T. (2002). Constructing a coherent cross-disciplinary body of theory

about designing and designs: Some philosophic issues. Design Studies,

23(3), 345-361.

Medina, M. (2000). Globalisation, development, and municipal solid waste

management in Third World Cities. Journal of Psychical Science, 4(6),

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MLGRD (2009). National Report for Ghana Waste Management. Accessed on

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Scott, D.J. (1998). Understanding the Contemporary Recycling Ethos:

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open dumping to controlled dumping and to sanitary landfilling.

http://www.uncp.or.jp/letc/publications/spc /spc_training-module.pdf.

White, PR., Franke, M. and Hindle, P. (1999). Solid Waste Management: A

Lifecycle Inventory, Skill Town: Aspen Publication.

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