Final Community Health Assessment Report

Census Tract 1073

TCL 321 - Fall 2014

Morganne O’Brien, Karen Hatten, Chandler Nick, and Andre Varela

Arizona State University

Introduction

A.

Census tract 1073 in Phoenix is bordered by Bethany Home Road to the north,

Camelback Road to the south, 27th Avenue to the west, and 19th Avenue to the east. According to

Zillow, many of the homes within this census tract were built at some point in the 1950’s. The

entire area shows signs of age, and only a few new developments have been added throughout

the years, including a redevelopment at the Christown Spectrum Mall, formerly known as Chris-

Town Mall.

The Chris-Town Mall opened in 1961 as the first enclosed mall in Arizona, providing

shoppers near and far a great opportunity for shopping and socializing (Bueker). In 2007, the

mall changed to the “Spectrum” name as part of an effort to revitalize the space after a noticeable

downturn in customers (Bueker). Nevertheless, the mall still provides a convenient outlet for

residents of the area with major stores like Walmart and Costco.

The Phoenix area had managed many years without a light rail system, but in the year

2008 the inauguration of the Metro Light Rail ushered in a system that ranged from the western

side of Mesa through the Christown Spectrum Mall. The cheapest fare was originally $1.25 for a

1-way trip (Creno, 2008). Census tract 1073 has benefitted from the system over the years with

convenient stops at 19th Avenue/Montebello and 19th Ave/Camelback stations. The Metro Light

Rail offers an affordable means of transportation for citizens who would like an alternative to the

high price of automobile travel.

All of the statistics referred to in this section of the assessment were gathered from tables

published on the United States Census Bureau website. The table titled “Selected Economic

Characteristics” shows that, at the beginning of the millennium, 12.3% of families in Census

Tract 1073 reported a total income of less than $10,000, 21.4% of families had a total income of

$50,000-$74,999, and 1.6% of families had a total income of $150,000-$199,999. On average,

the total family income for this census tract was $48,795. A table titled “Families (Hispanic or

Latino Householder)” states that in the year 2000 roughly 530 families identified as Latino or

Hispanic, the largest identifying group in this community. Also, there were a total of 633 of

Hispanic or Latino householders in this same year according to the table entitled “Households

(Hispanic or Latino).” One of the most outstanding demographics in this tract are the children; in

the year 2000 100% of children aged 3 year and over were enrolled in school according the table

titled “School Enrollment: 2000” whereas only 59.8% of those between the ages of 16-19 years

were enrolled in high school. In 1999, there were 1,079 Hispanic or Latino children who were

related to their respective household holders. 315 were below the poverty level, while 764 were

at or above the poverty level, all according to the table entitled “Poverty Status in 1999 of

Related Children Under 18 Years by Family Type by Age (Hispanic or Latino).”

As stated earlier, though the number of lower income families within this census tract is

not necessarily alarming, a significant percentage of the community does not report an income

exceeding $10,000 annually (12.3%). The literature has shown that low levels of physical

activity are reported in low-income households because the providers in these households must

focus on family survival rather than on individual health promotion (Ainsworth et al., 2013).

Furthermore, studies have concluded that in some communities the neighborhood environment,

apart from economic concerns, has been responsible for a 5-6% change in HOMA scores, the

HOMA score being a measure of insulin resistance (Hsieh et al., 2014). Although this change in

insulin resistance has been attributed to the effects of fast-food establishments, rather than a lack

of physical activity, this test nevertheless illustrates that economic concerns are not the only

significant, influential variable to be considered when assessing the health of a community. For

this reason aspects of the built environment must be analyzed as well. With these considerations

in mind, an assessment has been performed on Census Tract 1073, and based on findings that

point to a general and serious lack of recreational facilities and walkable streets, it has become

crucial that a community health assessment be done in order to determine how these facilities

and aspects of the built environment may be secured and thereby reduce the number of

hindrances to physical activity in Census Tract 1073.

B.

The aims of this community health assessment are: 1) to distinguish the social, economic,

and built environment barriers that are limiting physical activity within census tract 1073; 2) to

identify which strengths on this census tract are contributing to the prevalence of physical

activity; 3) to determine what the residents of this community feel restricts their personal

physical activity and the overall communities physical activity; 4) to determine the residents

proposed solutions and recommendations for these issues; 5) to define proper recommendations

to improve physical activity within this census tract at the meso- and macro- level.

Method

The first approach to this community health assessment was a detailed analysis of this

census tract’s history, sociodemographic, geographic, and epidemiological profile and

characteristics. Extrapolating tables from the U.S. Census and American Community Survey

data, it became clear that this census tract has a high prevalence of children and foreign born

Latinos/as. Google searches helped to locate maps, businesses and services within the

community. Literary reviews gave further history and insight of the tract’s situation. Next was

performed two different windshield and walking surveys. Observations regarding strengths and

weaknesses, especially in the built environment were noted. Two impromptu interviews with

residents were conducted, as well as a meet-and-greet with workers at both the YMCA and the

Boys and Girls Club.

The Social Ecological (SEM) model was chosen because of its integrative nature. The

policy, community and organizational levels allow for primary prevention strategies that focus

on recommendations at higher scales. This model effectively examines the social determinants of

health, allowing for meaningful solutions to fundamental problems.

Thematic analysis was difficult to conduct due to the varying kinds of information

garnered by the interviews. Common themes among the residents were concerns related to

safety, while themes from the association and organization drifted more toward issues such as

the economic environment, health concerns and education. (See Appendix C. Thematic Analysis

of Interviews)

Results:

The impromptu interviews that were conducted on the walking/windshield surveys

targeted residents. Dave is a white, middle-aged home owner. He is part of the demographic

profile because he lives there. Chris and his three goddaughters, ages 7, 8 and 10 also reside in

the census tract. They were found wandering around the neighborhood. The girls were an

especially valuable source of information because they represent a large portion of the

demographic profile. In fact, children ages 5 to 10 make up over 20% of the tract’s population

according to the demographic profile. As seen in the population pyramid (see Appendix F), girls

outnumber boys by almost 5%. Both residents were interviewed on Veteran’s Day.

Another resident was specifically chosen as a key stakeholder in the community. He

serves in various neighborhood associations such as the Canyon corridor Community Coalition,

the Canyon Corridor Weed & Seed committees, and the Cordova Neighborhood Association. He

provided key subject matter on certain topics.

The Boys and Girls Club was designated for an interview due to the fact that there are a

good percentage of elementary school aged children in the census tract. The Boys and Girls Club

is an after-school youth development programs for youth ages, kindergarten through high school.

According to their website, they place an emphasis on physical fitness. The Harry & Rosenzweig

Branch is located at 2242 W Missouri Avenue, just across from Simpson elementary school. The

unit director, a Latina woman, was interviewed on December 1, 2014 at 3 pm. She provided

crucial insight to challenges that both children and their parents face.

Findings of the walking/windshield surveys corroborated common themes from the

interviews. The first survey was done early Saturday morning on October 21st. It included of a

long drive through the neighborhood streets and around the perimeter a few times, and a short

walk. The second walking/windshield survey on Veteran’s Day was taken via a long walk

around the tract, beginning and ending at the light rail. Many children were not observed to be

out playing on either day. This can be attributed to many weaknesses in the community.

The built environment is not conducive to physical activities in many ways. Although

there are sidewalks, they are sporadic throughout the neighborhood and in various stages of

disrepair. As learned in the interviews with the residents, traffic through the residential streets is

too fast and heavy to be safe for the kids to play outside. With the light rail, traffic is diverted

down these smaller streets. There are practically no speed bumps to slow it down. This problem

is exacerbated because there is a good deal of construction as the light rail is being extended

north three miles to Dunlap Road. Resident Chris did not feel comfortable letting his

goddaughters walk around alone. He also did not let his girls out at night because of the

inadequate lighting and the homeless in the area. The walking/windshield surveys supported his

claims. There was evidence of empty liquor bottles in Solano Park, across 19th avenue. These

safety concerns could be a reason why there are so many guard dogs in the back yards

throughout the tract.

Other negative environmental issues include above ground power lines, litter and graffiti

especially at the bus stops, yard clippings and other waste piled high at various locations. When

asked, resident Dave indicated that waste management removed the piles on a quarterly basis.

Also, there was a large fallen metal overhang by a Laundromat that looked to be unsafe.

Two of the interviewees pointed to the economic situation as a major downfall to the

community. Larry from the neighborhood associations commented on the “food desert”. He

claimed that due to poverty, families have to walk to nearby convenience stores and carnicerias

to buy their groceries. Because of this, they consume low-quality food. Indeed many

convenience/liquor stores and carnicerias were observed all around the perimeter of the tract.

There are also many fast food restaurants, including a walk-up McDonalds. The Boys and Girls

Club unit director is concerned about nutrition as well. She spoke of the well-balanced dinners

that they serve. This helps the parents who seem to be overwhelmed in general. She contends

that because of their economic position, parents do not have adequate resources to raise their

children. They do not have the proper education and awareness of the types of services that are

available. Although eager to participate in events and spend time with their children, they do not

have enough time and money for their families. She stated that some parents “have a couple jobs

just to survive”. She insists that parent education and encouragement is key to a better

community. The Boys and Girls Club helps by networking with other non-profit services in the

area, and referring parents when needed.

Arguably the characteristic that has the biggest negative impact on physical activity and

health is the lack of readily available green space within the boundaries of the census tract. As

previously stated, children were not observed playing outside on the walking/windshield surveys,

despite it being a weekend or holiday. Simpson and Montebello schools are fenced and were

locked up. The resident Chris and his goddaughters complained that there was “nowhere to go”

and “nothing to do”. The closest parks are across major streets such as Bethany Home Road and

19th Avenue. The girls were not allowed to go play unsupervised.

Local businesses and organizations are a mixed bag of both positive and negative impact

on the community. During the walking/windshield surveys, many churches of differing

denominations were spotted. Many of them contribute positively by providing services such as

donation centers. There is a fire department and power facility just north of Camelback. All

around the perimeter of the tract are many medical facilities such as urgent cares, children’s

clinics, and dentists. The Phoenix Baptist Hospital is on Bethany Home Road and 19th Avenue.

In addition to Montebello and Simpson elementary schools are Imagine Camelback

Middle School, Omega Academy and Panda Bear Learning Center. The YMCA is just east of the

census tract. They are a good resource for recreation activities for residents of many ages.

Centered in the tract is the Homeward Bound Transitional Center. They help people in the

community with housing, day care, money management and jobs. They are DES qualified,

meaning that their fees are discounted or waived. Just down the street is the Boys and Girls

Club/Virginia G. Piper Teen Center. This organization offers Healthy Habits, an age-based

curriculum that teaches children about physical activity and eating right. They also have a dental

clinic that visits the branches. They give visual examinations and income-based referrals to those

in need. Perhaps the best aspect of the Boys and Girls Club is the availability of facilities for

physical activity. There is a basketball court and a gym. The kids rotate by age groups through

the gym. There is a different activity every day such as “Crab soccer”, “Relay Scooter Race” and

Hula-hoop Dodgeball”. They also sponsor Flag Football with practice every Wednesday and

games on Thursdays.

Many pawn shops and check cashing places were observed, as well as dollar stores and

Laundromats. These businesses reflect the poor economic demographic profile of the census

tract. Food City is on the perimeter and is the only grocery store in the area. As stated previously,

there is an abundance of corner/convenience and liquor stores, fast food restaurants and

carnicerias.

The Grand Canyon University administration section is on the west side of the census

tract. There are many re-zoning signs posted in adjacent empty lots. According to the interview

with the neighborhood association’s member, the expansion has acquired 35 acres east of 27th

Avenue, displacing hundreds of households. While it seems as though different businesses help

the economy of the community, some also bring further issues to the area.

Most notably is Christown Mall on the east side of the census tract. According to various

interviews, people in the community spend much of their time in and around the mall. Mall

entrances open Monday through Saturday at 6:00 a.m. and Sunday at 7:00 a.m. for mall

walking.1 This is very supportive for physical activity especially during very hot or cold times of

the year. It gives walkers a respite from the unyielding heat of the summers. Additionally,

according to Adam, MA et al., proximity to shops in general is an enabler for physical activity.2

Other factors of the built environment that are supportive of physical activity include bike

paths and availability of transit in the census tract. There are many bike lanes throughout the

area. Many residents were observed at various bus stops throughout the tract. Residents also use

the light rail that begins/ends at Montebello and 19th Avenue.

There are many strengths in the social environment of this community. A general theme

among the interviews is the strong sense of family. Many people spend much of their time at

home or at events with family members. Housing is comprised mainly of smaller, older homes

and apartments, with some trailer parks. A sense of pride, however, can be seen. People were

observed working in their yards and hanging up Christmas lights on the walking/windshield

surveys. Homes are well-kept for the most part. Many residents had ongoing yard sales, most

likely serving as a supplement to their income. The interactions outside, among residents further

strengthen bonds within the community.

Recommendations for Policy or Practice

The most cost-effective and immediate solutions to barriers of physical activity in this

community operate at the meso-level and primarily affect aspects of the community’s built and

social environments. Because primary prevention strategies yield the most effective and

sustainable results with regard to the health of any community, such a strategy will carry the

greatest weight in practice and therefore will constitute the preponderance of this section.

Specifically, the focus of these recommendations rests on creating high-quality sites of physical

activity without placing another significant financial burden on the members of the community.

With respect to creating these new sites of physical activity without importing more economic

stress, only a number of options present themselves, and they fundamentally require a

bureaucratic approach in order to be realized.

The most financially feasible, space-accommodating, and time-friendly sites of physical

activity that can be utilized by a community are those that already constitute the built

environment but have yet to be appropriated for the purpose of physical activity, at least among a

certain portion of the population, up to that point. Naturally, such locales are often private

residences or lots and therefore prove difficult to access. But, in the case of this census tract, a

number of public venues could be employed to the service of residents in the community by way

of policy amendments. Namely, three elementary schools in the school district with which this

census tract is associated (Alhambra Elementary School District) each maintains a playground,

all equipped with fields, courts, and climbing structures. Currently these playgrounds are not

open to the public after school hours, which we deem a missed opportunity and a waste of

valuable space and equipment that could be used to foster health among the children of the

community. Montebello School, for instance, underwent a renovation in 1998, refurbishing the

property to accommodate “state of the art” amenities, large shade structures, multiple sports

courts, and ball fields. Giving local children access to these playgrounds and fields after school

hours could increase the amount of time available to these children for play and other exercise by

nearly 4 hours per day during the summer months, when daylight lasts longer.

Policy measures designed to partner the interests of the school with those of its

neighboring community will be necessary in order to achieve this goal. Nevertheless, partnership

does not have to come by long, belabored discourse and formality. In this vein, we recommend

that the Alhambra Elementary School District consider and approve an open-use policy

pertaining to their playground and related sports facilities, as open-use policies are designed to

simplify the relationship between community and school. According to ChangeLab Solutions, a

law and policy innovation advocacy group, an open-use policy “refers to the practice of allowing

free community access to school district property for individual play and physical activity

without a formal partnership or agreement with another public entity or a third party” (2014, p.

3). Perhaps the most attractive asset of a policy such as this is its relative ease of application, and

such policy action boasts a successful precedent in other states, such as Wisconsin (ChangeLab

Solutions, 2014, p. 3). We believe that districts in Arizona, too, could enjoy similar positive

results and easily apply this policy. Fear of liability for injuries on school property is

unsubstantiated by any real threat because the legal system protects schools under these

conditions (ChangeLab Solutions, 2014, p. 4). Public entities, like elementary schools, are

protected by law when they share their property with others for recreational purposes

(ChangeLab Solutions, 2014, p. 4).

Our second recommendation does not involve policy change but considers how the

family can engage in physical activity together with the proper amenities. With this in mind, we

recommend the creation of a community recreational facility that is within walking distance to

all members and residents of this census tract. There are currently no community centers within

this tract, and the ones that are nearby are across major roads and are not easily accessible by the

children within this tract. This proposed community center would include some type of outdoor

park with weather and heat-proof playground equipment, a pool or splashpad, and a simple

music center. The music center would be indoors and would include non-removable instruments

for people to play with, an area for dancing, and a mock stage. The resources, events, services,

and other gatherings offered at this home may help in drawing people of all ages throughout the

tract to the community center to exercise. This recommendation, therefore, intends to address the

health issue in this tract from a holistic, cross-generational perspective.

Using funds already available to the community in order to construct and manage this

property is not a reasonable solution, and so an alternative source of funding will be necessary.

Fortunately, certain governmental programs are in place that may serve as helpful means by

which to realize the full expectations of the project. Specifically, the United State Department of

Agriculture has set up an initiative called Community Programs that seeks to “assist in the

development of essential community facilities” by providing grants to low-income communities

(2013). We recommend that an application for such a grant be submitted for review so that the

Dept. of Agriculture can determine whether Census Tract 1073 meets the requirements of the

initiative. If the community is offered a grant by the Department, grant money may cover up to

75% of production costs, greatly increasing the plausibility of a community center such as the

one described above being built (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2013).

Besides the policy action, we have also utilized the social/ecological model to suggest

recommendations at the community and organizational levels. These neighborhoods need more

luminous street lighting; some streets have no street lights at all. We would also recommend the

number of speed bumps increase. Heavy traffic travels directly through residential

neighborhoods in this area, a phenomenon that dissuades parents of young children from

allowing them to play outside and engage in the exercise they need in order to stay healthy.

Furthermore, this area could use a more frequent waste removal service. The current policy

requires that waste management pick up waste quarterly (four times per calendar year). As a

result of this great passage of time between visits from the waste management service, a heavy

build up of landscaping waste, old furniture, liquor bottles, and other unseemly trash has

accumulated on the sidewalks and streets.

Lessons Learned:

As a group, we have realized that some of our most useful and valuable information was

gathered through impromptu interviews that were held with community residents. We got some

of our most brutally honest opinions about this census tract from the minds of the children. We

also discovered that by walking up and down inner streets of the neighborhood and nearby shops,

we were able to gather some great information about physical barriers and resident interactions.

It’s nearly impossible to really get a good feel and accurate depiction for the area by simply

looking at a Google map or by reading about its history. Research provides a good background,

but one cannot develop a sense of cultural humility or cultural competence from afar. Cultural

humility and competence come both naturally and purposefully only through ongoing practical

work in the community.

Conducting community health assessments seem to be a vital activity for the growth and

development of communities. They can also help to improve the information provided to public

health departments, hospitals, school, and other community based organizations.

References

Adam, M.A. et al. (2013). Patterns of neighborhood environmental attributes related to physical

activity across 11 countries: A latent class analysis. The International Journal of

Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(34), 1-11.

Ainsworth, B.E., Keller, C., Herrmann, S., Belyea, M., Records, K., Nagle-Williams, A., …

Coonrod, D.V. (2013). Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in postpartum latinas:

Madres para la salud. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 45(7), 1298-1306.

Bueker, J. (n.d.). The glory days of Chris-town mall. Retrieved from http://www.chris-town.com/

ChangeLab Solutions. (2014). Model Open Use Policy for Wisconsin School. Districts.

Retrieved from changelabsolutions.org/publications/WI-open-use

Creno, G. (2008, Dec. 29). After Dec. 31, no more free rides on light rail. AZCentral.com.

Retrieved from

http://www.azcentral.com/news/traffic/lightrail/articles/2008/12/31/20081231metropay1

231.html

Ickes, MJ. & Sharma, M. (2012). A systematic review of physical activity interventions in

Hispanic adults. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012. doi:

10.1155/2012/156435

U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Families (Hispanic or Latino Householder), Census Tract

1073. Retrieved from

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?

pid=DEC_00_SF1_P015H&prodType=table

U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Households (Hispanic or Latino Householder), Census

Tract 1073. Retrieved from

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?

pid=DEC_00_SF1_P015H&prodType=table

U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Poverty Status in 1999 of Related Children Under 18 Years

by Family Type by Age (Hispanic or Latino), Census Tract 1073. Retrieved from

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?

pid=DEC_00_SF3_PCT076H&prodType=table

U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). School Enrollment: 2000, Census Tract 1073. Retrieved

from http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?

pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP19&prodType=table

U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). Selected Economic Characteristics, Census Tract 1073.

Retrieved from

http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?

pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03&prodType=table

U.S. Department of Agriculture (2013). Community Facility Grants. Retrieved from U.S.

Department of Agriculture website: http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/had-cf_grants.html

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Phoenix VA Health Care System. Retrieved from

http://www.phoenix.va.gov/phoenix/patients/patiented.asp

Real Estate. (2014). Phoenix, AZ. Zillow. Retrieved from

http://www.zillow.com/homes/for_sale/days_sort/33.523226,-112.112638,33.520548,-

112.117412_rect/17_zm/

Appendix A - Semi-structured interview guide:

Community Health Assessment - Interview Guide

● Introduction“I want to thank you for taking the time to meet with me today. My name is ______ and I would like to talk to you about your experiences in this community. We are assessing determinants of health in this community to help us devise policy or intervention recommendations. You should know that this information is for a community health class at Arizona State University and our findings will not be published. The interview should take less than an hour. All responses will be kept confidential. This means that your responses will only be shared with my team members and we will ensure that any information we include in our report does not identify you as the respondent. Remember, we do not have to talk about anything that you prefer not to and you may end the interview at any time. Are there any questions about what I have just explained? Are you willing to participate in this interview?”

a. Tell me about your role/involvement/experience in the community.

● Community

a. How is this area unique/different from other areas in Phoenix (or Arizona)?

b. What are the strengths within this community?

c. Where do you feel the people in this community spend most of their free time?

d. Where do residents primarily shop for food and how do they get there?

e. Where would you obtain community health information?

● Children

a. What are some problems specifically affecting the health of children in the

community?

b. As director of Extended Care at this school, what policies/structures are in place

in order to ensure that students receive the daily exercise they need to stay fit?

c. How do you ensure that female students engage in the same amount of physical

activity relative to males who may be more interested in sports/ athletic activities?

d. Tell me about the parents’ involvement in (program name).

e. Do you see any special issues regarding children from single parent households?

i. How are these certain needs being met?

f. What special issues does (organization name) face in regards to disabled children?

i. How are these needs being met?

● Concerns/Suggestions

a. Do you feel that there are any health concerns within your community?

b. What suggestions do you have to make this community a healthier place?

i. What would you recommend as a possible area of research?

ii. What are some possible roadblocks that might be encountered?

c. What do you feel are some problems/issues/weaknesses within this community?

i. What are some possible solutions to these issues?

ii. How would you like to see these issues overcome?

● Conclusion

a. Is there anything else that you feel I should know about this community or that

you would like to add to this interview?

b. Thank you so much for your time and input!

Appendix B - Pictures from the walking/windshield surveys:

Appendix C - Thematic Analysis of Interviews:

Profile Data Item Initial Codes

Boys & Girls Club

Community strengths:Non-profit services such as Homeward Bound Transitional-help w/housing, daycare, money management, jobs-DES qualified: fees discounted or paid-B&G Club can refer parentsParent participation in events-spending time as familyBusy park North of Bethany Home RdShopping CenterWeakness:Nutrition-B&G Club offers well-balanced dinnerBehavioral Health-parents do not have resources to deal (time, education, services)Dental Health-B&G Club have clinic that visits: visual exams, referrals to services (income-based)Economic situation-parents have "couple jobs just to survive"-unable to provide needs to children such as doctor visitsPhysical Activity:Gym (rotations)*, basketball court @ B&G ClubEducation:Healthy Habits-curriculum @B&G Club-program teaches about physical activity and eating rightEmpower-AZ literacy & learning center-Identifies learning disabilities, services to help children and parentsPhoenix Children's Hospital-teaches parents about healthcare systemGeneral need by parents-awareness, referral to services, and encouragement

non-profit servicesreferrals/ networkingparent participationparent's needsnutritionbehavioral issuesdental healtheconomic situationphysical activityeducation

Profile Data Item Initial Codes

David Light rail has caused too many problems-traffic redirected down his street, unsafe for kids-wants speed bumpsLikes his neighborhoodWaste management-quarterly

light railtrafficsafety

Chris and girls Recreation:"nothing fun to do"closest park across Bethany Home Rd.Suggestions:-want pool-community center (somewhere to all go play together)-music centerSafety:homeless and crime, especially at nightnot enough streetlights

parkpoolcommunity centermusic centersafetyhomelessstreetlights

Neighborhood Association

Community:"ordinary low to middle income"mostly single-family housingChange: (past five years or so)expansion of institutions such as Grand Canyon University-acquired 35 acres east of 27th ave-displacing hundreds of householdsStrengths:Families-people spend time at homeFood:food desert-due to poverty families have one or no cars and do their grocery shopping at nearby convenient stores and carnicerias-low food qualityHealth concerns:Diabetes, high blood pressure,"obesity due to inadequate health education, poor nutrition and inadequate exercise"

expansion of institutionsfamiliesfood desertlow quality foodpovertydiabeteshigh blood pressureobesityhealth educationnutritionexercise

Appendix D. Field Notes of Interview at Boys and Girls Club

Informant: Unit Director, Harry & Rosenzweig Branch

Interview name: Karen Hatten

Date: December 1, 2014

Location of Interview: Boys and Girls Club

Time of interview: 3 pm (Monday)

Observational notes:

Her office, no other people

She was calm, seemed at ease with answering most questions

Methodological notes:

Left out a couple questions

About 40 minutes

Mostly uninterrupted (phone rang but she did not answer)

Personal notes:

Forgot my reading glasses and pens!! (I was a little embarrassed, had to borrow a pen)

Appendix E - Map of Census Tract 1073:

(Bethany Home Road/Camelback Road/27th Avenue/19th Avenue)

Appendix F - Population Pyramid (US Census Tract 1073 population profile Age by Sex):