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ch4Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Which of the following describes a newborn baby? A. brazeltonB. patellarC. babkinD. neonate

2. Your baby Wanda turns her head toward your finger when you stroke her cheek. Wanda is

demonstrating A. the rooting response.B. that she is hungry.C. an innate tendency to suck.D. the orienting response.

3. Whenever you put your finger in your newborn's palm, your baby grasps your finger. After studying

newborn reflexes, you are aware that A. babies soothe themselves by grasping.B. babies are very strong when they are born.C. grasping your finger is not a reflex.D. this reflex is temporary.

4. One of the newborn's permanent reflexes is the

A. moro reflex.B. sucking reflex.C. palmar grasp.D. eye-blink reflex.

5. When 3-year-old Mario ploughs his tricycle into the side of the crib of his one-month-old brother, what

response will the infant show? A. Moro reflexB. Babinski reflexC. Grasping reflexD. Rooting reflex

6. The Babinski reflex causes the baby to

A. curve the big toe up and fan and curl the other toes.B. grasp the finger or object.C. suck finger rhythmically.D. quickly extend or kick their leg.

7. Which of the following does not justify why infant reflexes can serve as a "window to the brain"?

A. The presence or absence of reflexes may indicate the soundness of central nervous system activity.B. Reflexes are central to any neurological exam in infancy.C.

The developmental course of reflexes varies by reflex, thereby giving information regarding specific neurological functioning.

D. Reflexes are inconclusive during infancy and only begin to have clinical value during later childhood. 8. The continuum of alertness or consciousness which ranges from vigorous activity to regular sleep is

referred to as A. activity level.B. state.C. sleep-wake patterns.D. rhythms.

9. Studying an infant's state is important because it gives insight into the infant and her behaviour. More specifically, infant state A. rejects the idea of rhythms of newborn behaviour.B. defines the relationship between environmental stimulation and parental style.C. gives insight to the predictability and organization of infant behaviour.D. identifies the relationship between fixed rhythms and infant's responsiveness.

10. Poor infant attention and responsiveness may not be the result of limited capacity but rather may be

reflecting A. the extent of his reflexes.B. state.C. motivational level.D. inadequate physiological functioning.

11. In which of the following infant states would one be likely to observe the least amount of activity?

A. irregular sleepB. drowsinessC. waking activityD. crying

12. The newborn spends a predominant amount of time in which of the following states?

A. regular sleepB. alert inactivityC. REM sleepD. crying

13. Your cousin and her husband have a 2-month-old baby. They have read the literature on SIDS and

wonder if there is anything they can do to help prevent SIDS in their baby. You inform them that A. because the cause is unknown, there is nothing they can do to reduce the risk of SIDS.B. SIDS is genetic and they should examine their family histories.C. frequently checking on their infant during sleep is their only course of action.D. in other cultures co-sleeping may be associated with lower rates of SIDS.

14. Researchers are attempting to understand the problem of SIDS. One may conclude that

A. the mystery of the cause of SIDS cannot be solved.B. until more clarifying research is conducted, parents can focus on prevention.C. there is nothing that parents can do to reduce the risk of SIDS.D. SIDS will no longer be a problem if researchers can discover the cause of SIDS.

15. Characteristics of infants who die of SIDS includes

A. low birth weight male and female infants with a history of heart problems.B. female babies with a history of apnea who have parents who smoke.C. low birth weight male babies with a history of respiratory problems.D. male babies born with complications due to prematurity.

16. Characteristics of parents who had infants who died of SIDS included

A. mothers who were anemic, smoked, and had little prenatal care.B. mothers who smoked, had poor nutrition, and had been exposed to radiation.C. fathers who used narcotics and smoked.D. parents who left their babies unattended for long periods of time at night.

17. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between infant age and sleep?

A. Infant age and the amount of REM sleep are positively correlated.B. Infant age and the amount of dream sleep are positively correlated.C. Infant age and the amount of REM sleep are negatively related.D. No relationship has been observed between infant age and sleep phases.

18. According to the autostimulation theory, higher brain centre's are stimulated in newborns via A. dreaming.B. reflexes.C. visual tracking.D. physical contact with the mother.

19. Based upon the primary premise of the autostimulation theory, one would expect which of the following

statements to be true, comparing infants raised in either socially and physically impoverished or socially and physically enriched homes? A.

Infants raised in socially and physically impoverished homes would spend more time in non-REM sleep as compared to REM sleep.

B.

Infants raised in socially and physically enriched homes would spend less time in non-REM sleep as compared to REM sleep.

C.

Infants raised in socially and physically enriched homes would spend less time in REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep.

D.

Infants raised in socially and physically impoverished homes would spend less time in REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep.

20. Newborns spend _______ percent of their sleep in REM sleep, while adults spend _______ percent of

their sleep time in REM sleep. A. 70; 20B. 50; 20C. 50; 50D. 20; 50

21. According to Holden's (1988) research regarding the reasons behind an infant's cry, one can conclude

that A. moms and dads are equally efficient and accurate in this task.B. non-parent women were more efficient and accurate than parent men.C. men, regardless of parental status, were less efficient and accurate than women.D. parents, regardless of sex, were more efficient and accurate than non-parents.

22. Studies of infant crying found that

A. crying decreases with age.B. crying increases with age.C. babies who cry more are "spoiled" with attention.D. the number of crying episodes remains stable during infancy.

23. The importance of the infant cry is found not only in its use as a communicative device but also

A.

in the recognition that atypical cries can serve as a diagnostic tool for atypical development or potential concerns.

B. as a means to assess the effectiveness of mother-infant bonding.C. to determine lung capacity, e.g., longer and stronger cries are equal to larger lung capacity.D. as a diagnostic tool for parental effectiveness; the less an infant cries, the better the parent.

24. Which of the following techniques is not effective in soothing a distressed infant?

A. providing a pacifierB. swaddlingC. rockingD. ignoring the baby

25. Sucking has been found to be an effective soothing technique

A. only after the infant has had an opportunity to nurse.B. immediately after birth without any prior feedings.C. for only the first few postnatal days.D. more frequently in females than males.

26. Cross-cultural studies of soothability have found __________ infants to be more difficult to console when compared to other cultural groups. A. Chinese-AmericanB. European-AmericanC. NavahoD. Zinacanteco Indian

27. Because cross-cultural differences exist in infant soothability, one can conclude that

A. soothability is a function of genetic backgrounds and other biological factors.B. soothability is a function of environmental experiences and parenting.C. soothability is a function of both nature and nurture factors.D. the etiology of soothability in infants requires further investigation.

28. You work in a day care in a multicultural area. In the infant group, there are both European American

babies and Chinese American babies. Which babies do you expect will be better at being soothed? A. both are equally able to soothe themselvesB. the European American babiesC. the Chinese American babiesD. neither are able to soothe themselves unless you swaddle them

29. Which one of the following is not measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale?

A. infant states and the ability to regulate themB. the stability of the central nervous systemC. the infant's ability to orient to social and inanimate objectsD. the infant's range of state

30. As a developmental psychologist, you are interested in the predictive value of the Brazelton Neonatal

Assessment Scale. After conducting a literature review, you have found that A. no relationship exists between performance on this scale and later development.B. no relationship exists between neonatal performance on this scale and later motor development.C. this scale is predictive only for normal infants.D. a baby's behaviour is related to later parent-infant interaction.

31. You are a parent of a newborn baby who is being assessed using the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment

Scale. The type of information that you will receive from this assessment includes A. your newborn's heart rate, color, muscle tone, and intensity of crying.B. your newborn's orientation to stimuli in the environment.C. blood work and susceptibility to childhood disease.D. measuring the newborn's brainwave patterns in response to light and sound.

32. The term "sensation" refers to the

A. interpretation of stimulation by the nervous system.B. tendency of an infant to seek stimulation.C. detection of stimuli by the sensory receptors.D. detection of stimuli through the skin.

33. When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2 year-old Ben's ears, _______________

has occurred. When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow, ______________ has occurred. A. sensation; perceptionB. basic perception; intermodal perceptionC. perception; proprioceptionD. proprioception; sensation

34. Studying sensory functioning in infants posed significant problems until researchers realized that

A. they could directly measure sensory function.B. different states could be triggered by different levels of sensory stimulation.C. psychophysiological functions are effective in probing infants' sensory capacities.D. comparable standards exist between adult and infant perceptions.

35. As an infant researcher, you are conducting an experiment involving babies' preferences for symmetrical patterns. You are studying A. sensation.B. perception.C. neurological functioning.D. habituation.

36. Because you are conducting a study of infant's preferences for complex patterns over simple patterns, you

would most likely use which method? A. habituationB. visual preference methodC. conditioning methodD. pattern preference method

37. Elizabeth's mom noticed that every time the theme music from the nightly news program came on,

Elizabeth would stop whatever she was doing and begin to smile and coo. Being a perceptive mom, she recorded this music and played it many times for Elizabeth. However, by the end of the second day, Elizabeth wasn't paying any attention to this music and, in fact, seemed to show more interest in a totally different melody. Elizabeth's behaviour best illustrates A. sensory discrimination.B. extinction.C. a keen musical ear.D. habituation.

38. Habituation is

A. the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.B. the increased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.C. the recovery of a response after a change in stimulation.D. none of these.

39. The technique in which a researcher repeatedly presents a stimulus until the infant no longer responds is

known as A. the novelty preference.B. habituation.C. the orienting reflex.D. extinction.

40. Researchers who use the visual preference method of testing infants assume that

A.

when infants look at different stimuli for equal amounts of time, they cannot discriminate between the stimuli.

B. infants look longer at stimuli that they find interesting.C. infants spend less time looking at stimuli to which they have habituated.D. infants look longer at stimuli that they cannot discriminate.

41. Your neighbors have asked you to watch their 2-month-old baby while they go to the movies. As you

talk, their baby is most interested in your speech when you A. talk rapidly.B. talk loudly.C. talk in a high-pitched voice.D. talk in a low-pitched voice.

42. Infant hearing is

A. identical to adult hearing with regard to both loudness and frequency.B. identical to adult hearing with regard to loudness but shows a sensitivity to higher frequencies.C. identical to adult hearing with regard to frequency but needs a somewhat louder sound.D.

different from adult hearing in that it needs louder sounds and is less sensitive to low pitched frequencies.

43. You need to study but have to help take care of Amy, your baby sister. To keep Amy from crying, you decide to let Amy listen to A. white noise on the television.B. the commentators describing the televised basketball game.C. Beth (your friend) sing her a lullaby.D. rock music on the radio.

44. Neonates can

A. turn their head toward the sound of a rattle.B. detect which side a sound is coming from.C. determine the approximate location of a sound.D. do all of these.

45. DeCasper's studies on prenatal learning showed that

A. newborns do not differentiate between their mother's voice and the voice of a stranger.B. newborns cannot hear the speech passages in the story until they are born.C. newborns respond to the rhythm and intonation patterns that they heard in utero.D. newborns do not prefer their mother's voice until one month of age.

46. Research by Anne Fernald (1985) in the area of speech perception has found that infants

prefer "motherese" as opposed to a normal voice. In other words, infants prefer female voices that have A. high pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.B. normal pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.C. high pitch and normal pitch contours.D. lower pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.

47. Certain auditory preferences of the infant (i.e., human voices) are significant in terms of

A. cognitive development.B. intellectual development.C. social development.D. motor development.

48. Early auditory capabilities have functional significance for

A. musical inclination.B. social development.C. motor development.D. problem-solving skills.

49. The clarity with which fine details of visual images can be discerned is termed

A. acuity.B. contrast.C. accommodation.D. focusing range.

50. As a parent of a newborn, you are interested in providing your baby with interesting things to look at.

You decide to A. wait until your baby is old enough to see better.B. hold objects close to your baby's face.C. show your baby patterns with intricate detail.D. show your baby blurry patterns because that's all your baby can see.

51. Changes occur in the infant's visual system during the first year of life. At what age does the visual acuity

of the infant approximate that of an adult? A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 4 monthsD. 6 months

52. The infant's ability to visually perceive patterns, forms, and unified wholes better supports the A. information processing view.B. empiricist position.C. nativist perspective.D. psychodynamic perspective.

53. Your friend is convinced that her newborn baby can discriminate chromatic from achromatic stimuli. You

respond by saying that A. newborns can do this task.B. newborns cannot do this task.C. by age three months, infants are able to do this task.D. by age six months, infants are able to do this task.

54. Your sister is interested in what her 1-month-old baby sees when the baby looks at the mobile of

geometric shapes hanging over the crib. From your child psychology course, you tell her that her baby A. cannot see the mobile.B. scans the outer contours of the shapes.C. scans all parts of the mobile.D. is not interested in mobiles at this age.

55. When looking at facial features, 2-month-old infants focus on

A. eyes.B. mouths.C. smiles.D. noses.

56. The ability of babies to perceive a face as an unified whole

A. definitely emerges between 2 and 4 months.B. does occur but the age at which it emerges is unclear from the research studies conducted to date.C. first occurs for the face of their mother.D. first occurs for the face of their father.

57. Infants' preferences for visual contact with eyes has important implications for the development of

A. overall behaviour.B. the social bond.C. spatial recognition.D. novelty preferences.

58. Bertenthal, Proffitt, and Cutting (1984) reported that infants

A. younger than 9 months cannot extract form from motion.B. as young as 5 months are not interested in motion-form activities.C. as young as 3 to 5 months can extract form from motion.D. as young as 3 months of age can perceive a particular form in motion.

59. Dad likes to show 3-month-old Tim photos in the big family album. Dad has noticed that Tim correctly

anticipates where the photos will be when he turns the page (left then right). Dad wonders if his son will be the next Einstein! You tell Dad that A. Tim's behaviour is normal for a 3-month-old.B. Tim is not usually anticipating; it is just a fluke.C. Tim appears to be showing visual expectations, which might indicate a problem with his visual acuity.D. Tim is quite precocious.

60. Preference for "attractive" human faces is demonstrated by infants

A. by 2 months of age.B. by 9 months of age.C. when viewing adult faces but not infant faces.D. when viewing infant faces but not adult faces.

61. One reason why infants prefer "attractive" human faces is because A. of cultural experiences, to some extent.B. of their more efficient information processing.C. of media influences on standards of attractiveness.D. "attractive" faces exhibit more emotional content.

62. Research by Granrud (1991) indicates that babies can perceive depth at

A. birth.B. 1 day of age.C. 4 or 5 months of age.D. 6 months of age.

63. Infants employ similar strategies as adults to perceive depth at

A. birth.B. 1 day of age.C. 4 or 5 months of age.D. 6 months of age.

64. Infants under three months of age use _______ to perceive depth while older infants use _______.

A. passive cues; active cuesB. contrast; acuityC. retinal image size; locomotionD. motion cues; stereoscopic vision

65. The apparatus developed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to study depth perception in infants is known as

the A. moving mountain.B. depth perception apparatus.C. experimental hill.D. visual cliff.

66. One possible confounding variable in Gibson and Walk's (1960) study on depth perception is that

A. the infants only traveled from "shallow to deep."B. the infants always traveled from "deep to shallow."C. shadows were caused by the lighting.D. in order to complete the task, infants were required to crawl.

67. In the Gibson and Walk (1960) visual cliff experiment, most of the 6- to 14-month-old babies who were

encouraged to crawl off the edge of the visual cliff A. crawled onto the glass if encouraged by their mother.B. did not crawl out onto the glass.C. crawled onto the cliff side only when a favorite toy was placed on the other side.D.

did not crawl onto the cliff side, but showed significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety about the situation.

68. Young children can see depth of perception at the adult level using stereoscopic vision by age

A. 1 to 2 months.B. 3 to 5 months.C. 6 to 8 months.D. 9 to 10 months.

69. Research in depth perception by Campos and colleagues (1970) has shown that

A. locomotion is not involved in the development of a fear of heights.B. locomotion is involved in the development of a fear of heights.C. Gibson and Walk (1960) accurately estimated the onset of depth perception.D. motor skill development corresponds with depth perception development.

70. Researchers such as Campos, Langer, and Krowitz (1970) have lowered the hypothesized age at which infants demonstrate depth perception by utilizing an infant's A. crying.B. crawling.C. heart rate.D. visual fixation.

71. You have noticed that only recently your infant becomes apprehensive when crawling toward the edges

of heights or a flight of stairs. What age is your infant? A. 4 monthsB. 6 monthsC. 12 monthsD. 18 months

72. The development of a fear of height appears to be most dependent upon

A. the development of crawling/locomotion.B. the development of depth perception.C. the development of binocular vision.D. emotional reactions of mothers to children's falls.

73. In order to prevent the loss of normal stereoscopic vision in infants born with convergent strabismus,

corrective surgery should occur before age _____ years. A. 2B. 4C. 6D. 8

74. The development of size constancy

A. is dependent on retinal capacity.B. requires both experience and neural development.C. requires visual stimulation.D.

requires that the infant first be able to recognize the differences between retinal images and real objects.

75. As a researcher interested in infant perception, you are setting up experimental conditions where an

object is displayed at varying distances from the infant. You are investigating A. shape constancy.B. size constancy.C. image constancy.D. stereoscopic vision.

76. Yonas et al. (1987) have found that infants give evidence of their recognition of an impending collision

by a moving object by A. crying.B. blinking.C. habituating.D. withdrawing.

77. Shape consistency is first present

A. at birth.B. at 1 day of age.C. at 1 month of age.D. at 2 months of age.

78. An experiment in shape constancy would be most concerned with the relationship between the image of the object cast on the retina and A. the distance of the object from the retina.B. whether the infant has had experience with different shapes.C. the size of the object.D. the object's orientation.

79. The ability to detect and discriminate odors such as bananas and rotten eggs (i.e., Steiner, 1979) appears

to A. be innate.B. be learned.C. be dependent upon how much contact the infant has had with its mother.D. reflect experience with breast feeding.

80. MacFarlane (1975) showed that infants as young as one week of age

A. recognize their mother's smell.B. recognize their father's smell.C. prefer visual over olfactory cues.D. are more dependent on vision than smell.

81. Researchers in the area of taste have evaluated which of the following infant responses?

A. facial expressionsB. head turningC. habituationD. reflexive withdrawal

82. Studies of infants indicate that taste preferences

A. depend on whether the infant was breast-fed or bottle-fed.B. can be modified.C. depend on the age of weaning to solid foods.D. are not influenced by gender.

83. In a study of intermodal perception, Elizabeth Spelke (1987) has shown that 4-month-olds are capable of

correctly combining information from which two sensory modalities? A. vision and touchB. vision and hearingC. touch and hearingD. vision and smell

84. What was the principal conclusion of the study by Meltzoff and Borton (1979) that attempted to

determine if there was a connection between the modalities of vision and touch? A. One-month-old infants could not recognize visually the pacifier they had previously sucked upon.B. One-month-old infants can only recognize a familiar pacifier by its tactile properties.C.

One-month-old infants looked longer at the new pacifier in comparison to the pacifier they had previously sucked upon.

D. One-month-old infants do recognize visually the pacifier they had previously sucked upon. 85. Meltzoff and Borton (1979) explored the interaction between the visual and tactile sensory modalities in

infants. These researchers determined that A. one-month-olds can link visual and tactile modalities.B. young infants do not link visual and tactile modalities.C. connections between vision and touch are difficult to demonstrate in infants less than 6 months of age.D. infants are born with the ability to connect tactile and visual information.

86. Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception?

A. An infant can track the eyes of its mother.B. An infant is capable of depth perception.C. An infant prefers to look at a human face over other objects.D. An infant sees and hears a dog that is running by and barking.

87. Rovee-Collier (1987) reports that newborns learn relations that involve A.

noxious or unpleasant events (e.g., loud noises or things that are painful) more easily than pleasant events.

B. noxious or unpleasant events as easily as pleasant events.C. noxious or unpleasant events less easily than pleasant events.D. escape responses more quickly than avoidance responses.

88. Neurological mechanisms that help infants learn unpleasant associations (e.g., loud noises or things that

are painful) A. develop earlier than those mediating pleasant associations.B. develop later than those mediating pleasant associations.C.

have not been studied to date because of ethical concerns regarding such investigations with young babies.

D.

have not been studied to date because of the technological challenges involved in assessing young babies.

89. Research in infant learning does not support one of the following conclusions.

A. Young infants are organized to perform behaviours that are functionally adaptive.B. Newborns can be operantly conditioned.C. Newborns cannot be classically conditioned.D. Newborns are capable of learning through both operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

90. Imitation of facial expressions, including lip movements, have been observed

A. on the first day of life.B. in infants beginning at 3 days of age.C. in infants beginning at 7 days of age.D. in infants beginning at 14 days of age.

91. Meltzoff (1988) has found that 14-month-old infants not only can imitate but also can delay (or defer)

imitation for up to A. 24 hours.B. 72 hours.C. 1 week.D. 2 weeks.

92. Your 9-month-old infant is watching you hammering a nail into the wall to hang a picture. Your infant

then picks up a building block and begins hitting the wall. Your baby is A. misbehaving.B. playing.C. imitating.D. scheming.

93. One explanation advanced by Meltzoff (1990) for the mechanism that underlies imitation is

A. innate responding.B. gestural mimicry.C. social referencing.D. intermodal matching.

94. Studies have shown that newborn infants can remember previously seen visual events for as long as

A. two hours.B. twelve hours.C. twenty-four hours.D. forty-eight hours.

95. Define the term "reflex." Describe several reflexes observed in newborns and the circumstances under which they occur. What are two important reasons for assessing reflexes?

96. Discuss the rationale for the autostimulation theory of REM sleep.

97. Describe the physical, social, and environmental characteristics that put an infant at risk of dying of

SIDS.

98. Describe three techniques for soothing infants.

99. Compare and contrast the Apgar Scale (reviewed in Chapter 4) with the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment

Scale (reviewed in Chapter 5).

100.Discuss the visual preference method pioneered by Robert Fantz (1963).

101.What evidence is there that some senses are operating while the fetus is still in utero?

102.Which senses are the most and least functional at birth; how do the senses continue to develop in the early

years of life?

103.Describe two capabilities of each of the infant's visual and auditory systems.

104.Discuss research findings concerning how infants perceive patterns.

105.What is intermodal perception? Discuss one research study that examined intermodal perception in

infancy.

106.Describe how intermodal perception changes the way a child views the world.

107.Describe a research example of early learning and its significance.

ch4 Key 1.(p. 118)

Which of the following describes a newborn baby? A. brazeltonB. patellarC. babkinD. neonate

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 04 #1

Type: Knowledge

2.(p. 118)

Your baby Wanda turns her head toward your finger when you stroke her cheek. Wanda is demonstrating A. the rooting response.B. that she is hungry.C. an innate tendency to suck.D. the orienting response.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 04 #2Type: Application

3.(p. 118-119)

Whenever you put your finger in your newborn's palm, your baby grasps your finger. After studying newborn reflexes, you are aware that A. babies soothe themselves by grasping.B. babies are very strong when they are born.C. grasping your finger is not a reflex.D. this reflex is temporary.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 04 #3Type: Application

4.(p. 119)

One of the newborn's permanent reflexes is the A. moro reflex.B. sucking reflex.C. palmar grasp.D. eye-blink reflex.


Type: Knowledge

5.(p. 119)

When 3-year-old Mario ploughs his tricycle into the side of the crib of his one-month-old brother, what response will the infant show? A. Moro reflexB. Babinski reflexC. Grasping reflexD. Rooting reflex


Type: Comprehension

6.(p. 119)

The Babinski reflex causes the baby to A. curve the big toe up and fan and curl the other toes.B. grasp the finger or object.C. suck finger rhythmically.D. quickly extend or kick their leg.


Type: Knowledge

7.(p. 118)

Which of the following does not justify why infant reflexes can serve as a "window to the brain"? A. The presence or absence of reflexes may indicate the soundness of central nervous system activity.B. Reflexes are central to any neurological exam in infancy.C.

The developmental course of reflexes varies by reflex, thereby giving information regarding specific neurological functioning.

D. Reflexes are inconclusive during infancy and only begin to have clinical value during later childhood.


Type: Comprehension

8.(p. 120)

The continuum of alertness or consciousness which ranges from vigorous activity to regular sleep is referred to as A. activity level.B. state.C. sleep-wake patterns.D. rhythms.


Type: Knowledge

9.(p. 120)

Studying an infant's state is important because it gives insight into the infant and her behaviour. More specifically, infant state A. rejects the idea of rhythms of newborn behaviour.B. defines the relationship between environmental stimulation and parental style.C. gives insight to the predictability and organization of infant behaviour.D. identifies the relationship between fixed rhythms and infant's responsiveness.


Type: Comprehension

10.(p. 120)

Poor infant attention and responsiveness may not be the result of limited capacity but rather may be reflecting A. the extent of his reflexes.B. state.C. motivational level.D. inadequate physiological functioning.

Learning Objective: 2

Parke - Chapter 04 #10Type: Comprehension

11.(p. 121)

In which of the following infant states would one be likely to observe the least amount of activity? A. irregular sleepB. drowsinessC. waking activityD. crying


Parke - Chapter 04 #11Type: Knowledge

12.(p. 122)

The newborn spends a predominant amount of time in which of the following states? A. regular sleepB. alert inactivityC. REM sleepD. crying



13.(p. 122)

Your cousin and her husband have a 2-month-old baby. They have read the literature on SIDS and wonder if there is anything they can do to help prevent SIDS in their baby. You inform them that A. because the cause is unknown, there is nothing they can do to reduce the risk of SIDS.B. SIDS is genetic and they should examine their family histories.C. frequently checking on their infant during sleep is their only course of action.D. in other cultures co-sleeping may be associated with lower rates of SIDS.



14.(p. 122)

Researchers are attempting to understand the problem of SIDS. One may conclude that A. the mystery of the cause of SIDS cannot be solved.B. until more clarifying research is conducted, parents can focus on prevention.C. there is nothing that parents can do to reduce the risk of SIDS.D. SIDS will no longer be a problem if researchers can discover the cause of SIDS.


Parke - Chapter 04 #14Type: Application

15.(p. 122)

Characteristics of infants who die of SIDS includes A. low birth weight male and female infants with a history of heart problems.B. female babies with a history of apnea who have parents who smoke.C. low birth weight male babies with a history of respiratory problems.D. male babies born with complications due to prematurity.



16.(p. 122)

Characteristics of parents who had infants who died of SIDS included A. mothers who were anemic, smoked, and had little prenatal care.B. mothers who smoked, had poor nutrition, and had been exposed to radiation.C. fathers who used narcotics and smoked.D. parents who left their babies unattended for long periods of time at night.



17.(p. 122)

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between infant age and sleep? A. Infant age and the amount of REM sleep are positively correlated.B. Infant age and the amount of dream sleep are positively correlated.C. Infant age and the amount of REM sleep are negatively related.D. No relationship has been observed between infant age and sleep phases.



18.(p. 122)

According to the autostimulation theory, higher brain centre's are stimulated in newborns via A. dreaming.B. reflexes.C. visual tracking.D. physical contact with the mother.



19.(p. 122)

Based upon the primary premise of the autostimulation theory, one would expect which of the following statements to be true, comparing infants raised in either socially and physically impoverished or socially and physically enriched homes? A.

Infants raised in socially and physically impoverished homes would spend more time in non-REM sleep as compared to REM sleep.

B.

Infants raised in socially and physically enriched homes would spend less time in non-REM sleep as compared to REM sleep.

C.

Infants raised in socially and physically enriched homes would spend less time in REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep.

D.

Infants raised in socially and physically impoverished homes would spend less time in REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep.


Parke - Chapter 04 #19Type: Analysis

20.(p. 122)

Newborns spend _______ percent of their sleep in REM sleep, while adults spend _______ percent of their sleep time in REM sleep. A. 70; 20B. 50; 20C. 50; 50D. 20; 50



21.(p. 124)

According to Holden's (1988) research regarding the reasons behind an infant's cry, one can conclude that A. moms and dads are equally efficient and accurate in this task.B. non-parent women were more efficient and accurate than parent men.C. men, regardless of parental status, were less efficient and accurate than women.D. parents, regardless of sex, were more efficient and accurate than non-parents.



22.(p. 124)

Studies of infant crying found that A. crying decreases with age.B. crying increases with age.C. babies who cry more are "spoiled" with attention.D. the number of crying episodes remains stable during infancy.



23.(p. 124)

The importance of the infant cry is found not only in its use as a communicative device but also A.

in the recognition that atypical cries can serve as a diagnostic tool for atypical development or potential concerns.

B. as a means to assess the effectiveness of mother-infant bonding.C. to determine lung capacity, e.g., longer and stronger cries are equal to larger lung capacity.D. as a diagnostic tool for parental effectiveness; the less an infant cries, the better the parent.



24.(p. 125)

Which of the following techniques is not effective in soothing a distressed infant? A. providing a pacifierB. swaddlingC. rockingD. ignoring the baby



25.(p. 125)

Sucking has been found to be an effective soothing technique A. only after the infant has had an opportunity to nurse.B. immediately after birth without any prior feedings.C. for only the first few postnatal days.D. more frequently in females than males.



26.(p. 126)

Cross-cultural studies of soothability have found __________ infants to be more difficult to console when compared to other cultural groups. A. Chinese-AmericanB. European-AmericanC. NavahoD. Zinacanteco Indian



27.(p. 126)

Because cross-cultural differences exist in infant soothability, one can conclude that A. soothability is a function of genetic backgrounds and other biological factors.B. soothability is a function of environmental experiences and parenting.C. soothability is a function of both nature and nurture factors.D. the etiology of soothability in infants requires further investigation.



28.(p. 126)

You work in a day care in a multicultural area. In the infant group, there are both European American babies and Chinese American babies. Which babies do you expect will be better at being soothed? A. both are equally able to soothe themselvesB. the European American babiesC. the Chinese American babiesD. neither are able to soothe themselves unless you swaddle them



29.(p. 125)

Which one of the following is not measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale? A. infant states and the ability to regulate themB. the stability of the central nervous systemC. the infant's ability to orient to social and inanimate objectsD. the infant's range of state



30.(p. 126-127)

As a developmental psychologist, you are interested in the predictive value of the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale. After conducting a literature review, you have found that A. no relationship exists between performance on this scale and later development.B. no relationship exists between neonatal performance on this scale and later motor development.C. this scale is predictive only for normal infants.D. a baby's behaviour is related to later parent-infant interaction.



31.(p. 125-127)

You are a parent of a newborn baby who is being assessed using the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale. The type of information that you will receive from this assessment includes A. your newborn's heart rate, color, muscle tone, and intensity of crying.B. your newborn's orientation to stimuli in the environment.C. blood work and susceptibility to childhood disease.D. measuring the newborn's brainwave patterns in response to light and sound.



32.(p. 129)

The term "sensation" refers to the A. interpretation of stimulation by the nervous system.B. tendency of an infant to seek stimulation.C. detection of stimuli by the sensory receptors.D. detection of stimuli through the skin.



33.(p. 129-131)

When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2 year-old Ben's ears, _______________ has occurred. When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow, ______________ has occurred. A. sensation; perceptionB. basic perception; intermodal perceptionC. perception; proprioceptionD. proprioception; sensation



34.(p. 130-131)

Studying sensory functioning in infants posed significant problems until researchers realized that A. they could directly measure sensory function.B. different states could be triggered by different levels of sensory stimulation.C. psychophysiological functions are effective in probing infants' sensory capacities.D. comparable standards exist between adult and infant perceptions.



35.(p. 129)

As an infant researcher, you are conducting an experiment involving babies' preferences for symmetrical patterns. You are studying A. sensation.B. perception.C. neurological functioning.D. habituation.



36.(p. 135)

Because you are conducting a study of infant's preferences for complex patterns over simple patterns, you would most likely use which method? A. habituationB. visual preference methodC. conditioning methodD. pattern preference method



37.(p. 132-134)

Elizabeth's mom noticed that every time the theme music from the nightly news program came on, Elizabeth would stop whatever she was doing and begin to smile and coo. Being a perceptive mom, she recorded this music and played it many times for Elizabeth. However, by the end of the second day, Elizabeth wasn't paying any attention to this music and, in fact, seemed to show more interest in a totally different melody. Elizabeth's behaviour best illustrates A. sensory discrimination.B. extinction.C. a keen musical ear.D. habituation.



38.(p. 132)

Habituation is A. the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.B. the increased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.C. the recovery of a response after a change in stimulation.D. none of these.



39.(p. 132)

The technique in which a researcher repeatedly presents a stimulus until the infant no longer responds is known as A. the novelty preference.B. habituation.C. the orienting reflex.D. extinction.



40.(p. 135)

Researchers who use the visual preference method of testing infants assume that A.

when infants look at different stimuli for equal amounts of time, they cannot discriminate between the stimuli.

B. infants look longer at stimuli that they find interesting.C. infants spend less time looking at stimuli to which they have habituated.D. infants look longer at stimuli that they cannot discriminate.



41.(p. 132-134)

Your neighbors have asked you to watch their 2-month-old baby while they go to the movies. As you talk, their baby is most interested in your speech when you A. talk rapidly.B. talk loudly.C. talk in a high-pitched voice.D. talk in a low-pitched voice.



42.(p. 132-134)

Infant hearing is A. identical to adult hearing with regard to both loudness and frequency.B. identical to adult hearing with regard to loudness but shows a sensitivity to higher frequencies.C. identical to adult hearing with regard to frequency but needs a somewhat louder sound.D.

different from adult hearing in that it needs louder sounds and is less sensitive to low pitched frequencies.



43.(p. 132-133)

You need to study but have to help take care of Amy, your baby sister. To keep Amy from crying, you decide to let Amy listen to A. white noise on the television.B. the commentators describing the televised basketball game.C. Beth (your friend) sing her a lullaby.D. rock music on the radio.



44.(p. 118-134)

Neonates can A. turn their head toward the sound of a rattle.B. detect which side a sound is coming from.C. determine the approximate location of a sound.D. do all of these.

Learning Objective: 1-4Parke - Chapter 04 #44

Type: Analysis

45.(p. 133)

DeCasper's studies on prenatal learning showed that A. newborns do not differentiate between their mother's voice and the voice of a stranger.B. newborns cannot hear the speech passages in the story until they are born.C. newborns respond to the rhythm and intonation patterns that they heard in utero.D. newborns do not prefer their mother's voice until one month of age.



46.(p. 132-134)

Research by Anne Fernald (1985) in the area of speech perception has found that infants prefer "motherese" as opposed to a normal voice. In other words, infants prefer female voices that have A. high pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.B. normal pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.C. high pitch and normal pitch contours.D. lower pitch and exaggerated pitch contours.



47.(p. 134)

Certain auditory preferences of the infant (i.e., human voices) are significant in terms of A. cognitive development.B. intellectual development.C. social development.D. motor development.



48.(p. 134)

Early auditory capabilities have functional significance for A. musical inclination.B. social development.C. motor development.D. problem-solving skills.



49.(p. 135)

The clarity with which fine details of visual images can be discerned is termed A. acuity.B. contrast.C. accommodation.D. focusing range.



50.(p. 135)

As a parent of a newborn, you are interested in providing your baby with interesting things to look at. You decide to A. wait until your baby is old enough to see better.B. hold objects close to your baby's face.C. show your baby patterns with intricate detail.D. show your baby blurry patterns because that's all your baby can see.



51.(p. 135-136)

Changes occur in the infant's visual system during the first year of life. At what age does the visual acuity of the infant approximate that of an adult? A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 4 monthsD. 6 months



52.(p. 136)

The infant's ability to visually perceive patterns, forms, and unified wholes better supports the A. information processing view.B. empiricist position.C. nativist perspective.D. psychodynamic perspective.



53.(p. 136)

Your friend is convinced that her newborn baby can discriminate chromatic from achromatic stimuli. You respond by saying that A. newborns can do this task.B. newborns cannot do this task.C. by age three months, infants are able to do this task.D. by age six months, infants are able to do this task.



54.(p. 135)

Your sister is interested in what her 1-month-old baby sees when the baby looks at the mobile of geometric shapes hanging over the crib. From your child psychology course, you tell her that her baby A. cannot see the mobile.B. scans the outer contours of the shapes.C. scans all parts of the mobile.D. is not interested in mobiles at this age.



55.(p. 138)

When looking at facial features, 2-month-old infants focus on A. eyes.B. mouths.C. smiles.D. noses.


Parke - Chapter 04 #55Type: 5

56.(p. 140)

The ability of babies to perceive a face as an unified whole A. definitely emerges between 2 and 4 months.B. does occur but the age at which it emerges is unclear from the research studies conducted to date.C. first occurs for the face of their mother.D. first occurs for the face of their father.



57.(p. 138)

Infants' preferences for visual contact with eyes has important implications for the development of A. overall behaviour.B. the social bond.C. spatial recognition.D. novelty preferences.



58.(p. 138)

Bertenthal, Proffitt, and Cutting (1984) reported that infants A. younger than 9 months cannot extract form from motion.B. as young as 5 months are not interested in motion-form activities.C. as young as 3 to 5 months can extract form from motion.D. as young as 3 months of age can perceive a particular form in motion.



59.(p. 138-139)

Dad likes to show 3-month-old Tim photos in the big family album. Dad has noticed that Tim correctly anticipates where the photos will be when he turns the page (left then right). Dad wonders if his son will be the next Einstein! You tell Dad that A. Tim's behaviour is normal for a 3-month-old.B. Tim is not usually anticipating; it is just a fluke.C. Tim appears to be showing visual expectations, which might indicate a problem with his visual

acuity.D. Tim is quite precocious.



60.(p. 140)

Preference for "attractive" human faces is demonstrated by infants A. by 2 months of age.B. by 9 months of age.C. when viewing adult faces but not infant faces.D. when viewing infant faces but not adult faces.



61.(p. 139)

One reason why infants prefer "attractive" human faces is because A. of cultural experiences, to some extent.B. of their more efficient information processing.C. of media influences on standards of attractiveness.D. "attractive" faces exhibit more emotional content.



62.(p. 141)

Research by Granrud (1991) indicates that babies can perceive depth at A. birth.B. 1 day of age.C. 4 or 5 months of age.D. 6 months of age.



63.(p. 141)

Infants employ similar strategies as adults to perceive depth at A. birth.B. 1 day of age.C. 4 or 5 months of age.D. 6 months of age.



64.(p. 141)

Infants under three months of age use _______ to perceive depth while older infants use _______. A. passive cues; active cuesB. contrast; acuityC. retinal image size; locomotionD. motion cues; stereoscopic vision



65.(p. 141)

The apparatus developed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to study depth perception in infants is known as the A. moving mountain.B. depth perception apparatus.C. experimental hill.D. visual cliff.



66.(p. 141)

One possible confounding variable in Gibson and Walk's (1960) study on depth perception is that A. the infants only traveled from "shallow to deep."B. the infants always traveled from "deep to shallow."C. shadows were caused by the lighting.D. in order to complete the task, infants were required to crawl.



67.(p. 141)

In the Gibson and Walk (1960) visual cliff experiment, most of the 6- to 14-month-old babies who were encouraged to crawl off the edge of the visual cliff A. crawled onto the glass if encouraged by their mother.B. did not crawl out onto the glass.C. crawled onto the cliff side only when a favorite toy was placed on the other side.D.

did not crawl onto the cliff side, but showed significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety about the situation.



68.(p. 141)

Young children can see depth of perception at the adult level using stereoscopic vision by age A. 1 to 2 months.B. 3 to 5 months.C. 6 to 8 months.D. 9 to 10 months.



69.(p. 141)

Research in depth perception by Campos and colleagues (1970) has shown that A. locomotion is not involved in the development of a fear of heights.B. locomotion is involved in the development of a fear of heights.C. Gibson and Walk (1960) accurately estimated the onset of depth perception.D. motor skill development corresponds with depth perception development.



70.(p. 141)

Researchers such as Campos, Langer, and Krowitz (1970) have lowered the hypothesized age at which infants demonstrate depth perception by utilizing an infant's A. crying.B. crawling.C. heart rate.D. visual fixation.



71.(p. 141)

You have noticed that only recently your infant becomes apprehensive when crawling toward the edges of heights or a flight of stairs. What age is your infant? A. 4 monthsB. 6 monthsC. 12 monthsD. 18 months



72.(p. 141)

The development of a fear of height appears to be most dependent upon A. the development of crawling/locomotion.B. the development of depth perception.C. the development of binocular vision.D. emotional reactions of mothers to children's falls.



73.(p. 141)

In order to prevent the loss of normal stereoscopic vision in infants born with convergent strabismus, corrective surgery should occur before age _____ years. A. 2B. 4C. 6D. 8



74.(p. 142)

The development of size constancy A. is dependent on retinal capacity.B. requires both experience and neural development.C. requires visual stimulation.D. requires that the infant first be able to recognize the differences between retinal images and real

objects.


Type: Knowledge

75.(p. 142)

As a researcher interested in infant perception, you are setting up experimental conditions where an object is displayed at varying distances from the infant. You are investigating A. shape constancy.B. size constancy.C. image constancy.D. stereoscopic vision.



76.(p. 142)

Yonas et al. (1987) have found that infants give evidence of their recognition of an impending collision by a moving object by A. crying.B. blinking.C. habituating.D. withdrawing.



77.(p. 142)

Shape consistency is first present A. at birth.B. at 1 day of age.C. at 1 month of age.D. at 2 months of age.



78.(p. 142)

An experiment in shape constancy would be most concerned with the relationship between the image of the object cast on the retina and A. the distance of the object from the retina.B. whether the infant has had experience with different shapes.C. the size of the object.D. the object's orientation.



79.(p. 144)

The ability to detect and discriminate odors such as bananas and rotten eggs (i.e., Steiner, 1979) appears to A. be innate.B. be learned.C. be dependent upon how much contact the infant has had with its mother.D. reflect experience with breast feeding.



80.(p. 144)

MacFarlane (1975) showed that infants as young as one week of age A. recognize their mother's smell.B. recognize their father's smell.C. prefer visual over olfactory cues.D. are more dependent on vision than smell.



81.(p. 144)

Researchers in the area of taste have evaluated which of the following infant responses? A. facial expressionsB. head turningC. habituationD. reflexive withdrawal



82.(p. 144)

Studies of infants indicate that taste preferences A. depend on whether the infant was breast-fed or bottle-fed.B. can be modified.C. depend on the age of weaning to solid foods.D. are not influenced by gender.



83.(p. 146)

In a study of intermodal perception, Elizabeth Spelke (1987) has shown that 4-month-olds are capable of correctly combining information from which two sensory modalities? A. vision and touchB. vision and hearingC. touch and hearingD. vision and smell



84.(p. 145)

What was the principal conclusion of the study by Meltzoff and Borton (1979) that attempted to determine if there was a connection between the modalities of vision and touch? A. One-month-old infants could not recognize visually the pacifier they had previously sucked upon.B. One-month-old infants can only recognize a familiar pacifier by its tactile properties.C.

One-month-old infants looked longer at the new pacifier in comparison to the pacifier they had previously sucked upon.

D. One-month-old infants do recognize visually the pacifier they had previously sucked upon.


Type: Comprehension

85.(p. 146)

Meltzoff and Borton (1979) explored the interaction between the visual and tactile sensory modalities in infants. These researchers determined that A. one-month-olds can link visual and tactile modalities.B. young infants do not link visual and tactile modalities.C. connections between vision and touch are difficult to demonstrate in infants less than 6 months of

age.D. infants are born with the ability to connect tactile and visual information.



86.(p. 146)

Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception? A. An infant can track the eyes of its mother.B. An infant is capable of depth perception.C. An infant prefers to look at a human face over other objects.D. An infant sees and hears a dog that is running by and barking.



87.(p. 146)

Rovee-Collier (1987) reports that newborns learn relations that involve A.

noxious or unpleasant events (e.g., loud noises or things that are painful) more easily than pleasant events.

B. noxious or unpleasant events as easily as pleasant events.C. noxious or unpleasant events less easily than pleasant events.D. escape responses more quickly than avoidance responses.



88.(p. 146)

Neurological mechanisms that help infants learn unpleasant associations (e.g., loud noises or things that are painful) A. develop earlier than those mediating pleasant associations.B. develop later than those mediating pleasant associations.C. have not been studied to date because of ethical concerns regarding such investigations with young

babies.D.

have not been studied to date because of the technological challenges involved in assessing young babies.



89.(p. 147)

Research in infant learning does not support one of the following conclusions. A. Young infants are organized to perform behaviours that are functionally adaptive.B. Newborns can be operantly conditioned.C. Newborns cannot be classically conditioned.D. Newborns are capable of learning through both operant conditioning and classical conditioning.



90.(p. 148)

Imitation of facial expressions, including lip movements, have been observed A. on the first day of life.B. in infants beginning at 3 days of age.C. in infants beginning at 7 days of age.D. in infants beginning at 14 days of age.



91.(p. 148)

Meltzoff (1988) has found that 14-month-old infants not only can imitate but also can delay (or defer) imitation for up to A. 24 hours.B. 72 hours.C. 1 week.D. 2 weeks.



92.(p. 149)

Your 9-month-old infant is watching you hammering a nail into the wall to hang a picture. Your infant then picks up a building block and begins hitting the wall. Your baby is A. misbehaving.B. playing.C. imitating.D. scheming.



93.(p. 148)

One explanation advanced by Meltzoff (1990) for the mechanism that underlies imitation is A. innate responding.B. gestural mimicry.C. social referencing.D. intermodal matching.



94.(p. 149)

Studies have shown that newborn infants can remember previously seen visual events for as long as A. two hours.B. twelve hours.C. twenty-four hours.D. forty-eight hours.



95.(p. 118)

Define the term "reflex." Describe several reflexes observed in newborns and the circumstances under which they occur. What are two important reasons for assessing reflexes?

Answers will vary.



96.(p. 122)

Discuss the rationale for the autostimulation theory of REM sleep.

Answers will vary.



97.(p. 122)

Describe the physical, social, and environmental characteristics that put an infant at risk of dying of SIDS.

Answers will vary.



98.(p. 125)

Describe three techniques for soothing infants.

Answers will vary.



99.(p. 125)

Compare and contrast the Apgar Scale (reviewed in Chapter 4) with the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (reviewed in Chapter 5).

Answers will vary.



100.(p. 132)

Discuss the visual preference method pioneered by Robert Fantz (1963).

Answers will vary.



101.(p. 133)

What evidence is there that some senses are operating while the fetus is still in utero?

Answers will vary.



102.(p. 129-134)

Which senses are the most and least functional at birth; how do the senses continue to develop in the early years of life?

Answers will vary.



103.(p. 129-137)

Describe two capabilities of each of the infant's visual and auditory systems.

Answers will vary.



104.(p. 135)

Discuss research findings concerning how infants perceive patterns.

Answers will vary.



105.(p. 145)

What is intermodal perception? Discuss one research study that examined intermodal perception in infancy.

Answers will vary.



106.(p. 145-146)

Describe how intermodal perception changes the way a child views the world.

Answers will vary.



107.(p. 147-148)

Describe a research example of early learning and its significance.

Answers will vary.



ch4 Summary Category # of Questions

Learning Objective: 1 8

Learning Objective: 1-4 1








Parke - Chapter 04 107

Type: 5 1

Type: Analysis 6

Type: Application 17

Type: Comprehension 14

Type: Knowledge 69

ch4 - amazon s3s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/9ea3vbak4p.pdf · d.€a baby's...

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