ch15-2 language policy of the han sphere from a chinese-character-based cultural circle...
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Ch15-2 Language Policy of the Han Sphere
From
A Chinese-character-based Cultural Circle 漢字文化圈
授課老師:蘇以文I-wen Su
【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC「姓名標示- 非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣 3.0版授權釋出】The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.
The Han sphere
All adopting Kanji and classical Han writing as the official written language before the 20th century• Vietnam
• Korea
• Japan
• Taiwan
• China Chiung, Wi-vun T. (2007) “Language, Literacy, and Nationalism: Taiwan's Orthographic transition from the perspective of Han Sphere.”
changes
Vietnam:
• Chu Nom (derivative of Han characters) was adopted in the 20th as official, replacing the romanized Chu Quoc Ngu (established1945)
Korea:
• Han characters replaced by phonemic system Hangul after World War II
Japan:
• Han characters decreased from thousands to 1945 frequently used ones by 1981
Chiung, Wi-vun T. (2007) “Language, Literacy, and Nationalism: Taiwan's Orthographic transition from the perspective of Han Sphere.”
Orthographic reform
Internal factors: • general public’s demand for literacy
• anti-feudal hierarchy
External factors:• Political relationships between these
countries
• The origin of Han characters
Native language (including writing system) & national identity
Pros- Vietnam & Korea Cons- Ireland and US
National identity: A Western View
‘nation-state’ – a concept formed by Publication Religious reform Mother tongue
(Anderson 1991) E.g. Renaissance: national literature
Anderson, Benedict.(1991) Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.
Imagined communities
Benedict Anderson (1991) An imagined Hanji cultural community
prompts the construction of nation-state in Chinese character-based circle
Anderson, Benedict.(1991) Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.
Sense of Community via the Chinese/Han characters 漢字共同體 An imagined Hanji cultural community 中華民族 the Chinese people 中國國族 the China people Excluding minorities like Zhuang, Miao,
Yao
Non-imagined Hanji cultural community
Unique language Unique writing system Vietnam, Korea, Japan
Linguistic vs. political
Writing system ╪ national identity Language vs. dialect Mutually intelligible (Crystal 1997),
• Swedish/Norwegian/DanishCrystal, D.(1997) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. 2nd edition.
Diglossia & digraphia
Diglossia> (spoken) language digraphia> writing system (written lang)
diglossia
Charles Ferguson (1959): • Two varieties of the same language, carrying
with each different social functions
• High language vs. low language
• Formal & literary vs. informal & colloquial
Joshua Fishman (1967)• Not necessarily of the same language
• Not necessarily limited to 2 languages
Ferguson, Charles A.(1959) 'Diglossia',
Fishman, Joshua.(1967) Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism.
digraphia
Dale (1980) Extending Ferguson’s idea of diglossia to
the writing system De Francis (1984): same as Dale Chiung Wi-vun (2003)
• More than one writing systems in one society, each with different communicative functions
Dale, I.R.H. (1980) “Digraphia”.
DeFrancis, John. (1984) Digraphia.
Chiung, Wi-vun T.(2003) Learning Efficiencies for Different Orthographies: A Comparative Study of Han Characters and Vietnamese Romanization.
How about the Han circle?
Spoken• Literary (wenyan) vs. colloquial (baihua)
• High language (emperor; puppet heroes)
• Low language (commoner; clown)
Written• High lang (writing in Han characters)
• Low lang (Chu-Nam of Vietnam; Kana of Japan)
High vs. Low
Status may change • Political
• Linguistic structures of the writing systems
Kana (Japan) > high Romanization (Vietnam) > high Zhuang/miao/yao > still low
1st vs. 2nd languages
1st lg = fluent lg? Personal mother tongue vs. ethnic
language/national language Usually, one’s mother tongue = one’s
ethnic/national lang, with the exception • Immigration
• Studying abroad
• colonialism
Divergence and shift of the mother tongue
Divergence 異化 Language shift 語言轉換 More and more divergence will lead to
language shift• Ireland: Irish as national language & English
as the official language, though English is used
• Taiwan 平埔 ? > vernacular shift
Language and national identity
Determined by its social context (Fishman 1999)
There exists no causal relationship between the two
Linguistic functions can be • Strengthened: taking advantage of it
• Weakened: not taking advantage of it
Fishman, Joshua. (ed.) (1999) Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity.
indigenization
Change from immigrant society into native society
Aboriginal tribes in Taiwan Han people has become indigenized
1683-1895 Indigenization is the foundation of
Taiwan languages, Taiwan lit and Taiwan (national) people
Copyright Declaration
Work Licensing Author/Source
p.2, 3
Chiung, Wi-vun T. (2007) “Language, Literacy, and Nationalism: Taiwan's Orthographic transition from the perspective of Han Sphere.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 28(2), 102-116.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.6, 7
Anderson, Benedict.(1991) Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.10
Crystal, D.(1997) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
Copyright Declaration
Work Licensing Author/Source
p.12Ferguson, Charles A.(1959) 'Diglossia', Word 15:325-340.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.12
Fishman, Joshua.(1967) Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 32(2), 29-38.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.13
Dale, I.R.H. (1980) “Digraphia”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 26, 5–13 and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
Copyright Declaration
Work Licensing Author/Source
p.13DeFrancis, John. (1984) Digraphia. Word 35 (1), 59-66.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.13
Chiung, Wi-vun T.(2003) Learning Efficiencies for Different Orthographies: A Comparative Study of Han Characters and Vietnamese Romanization. PhD dissertation: Univ. of Texas at Arlington.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
p.18
Fishman, Joshua. (ed.) (1999) Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW