ch[1]. 30 plant diversity ii

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint TextEdit Art Slides for Biology, Seventh Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Chapter 30Chapter 30

Plant Diversity II The Evolution of Seed Plants


Figure 30.1 An ancient squash seed


Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte (mosses and other bryophytes).

(a) Large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte (ferns and other seedless vascular plants).

(b)

Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) inovulate cones(dependent)

Sporophyte (2n),the flowering plant(independent)

Microscopic malegametophytes (n)inside these partsof flowers(dependent)

Microscopic malegametophytes (n)in pollen cones(dependent) Sporophyte (2n)

(independent)

Microscopic femalegametophytes (n)inside these partsof flowers(dependent)

Reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte (seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms).

(c)

Gametophyte(n)

Gametophyte(n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Sporophyte(2n)

Figure 30.2 Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships


Figure 30.3 From ovule to seed

Unfertilized ovule. In this sectionalview through the ovule of a pine (a gymnosperm), a fleshy megasporangium is surrounded by a protective layer of tissue called an integument. (Angiosperms have two integuments.)

(a) Fertilized ovule. A megaspore develops into a multicellular female gametophyte. The micropyle, the only opening through the integument, allows entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a male gametophyte, which develops a pollen tube that discharges sperm.

(b) Gymnosperm seed. Fertilization initiates the transformation of the ovule into a seed, which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a food supply, and a protective seed coat derived from the integument.

(c)

Integument

Spore wall

Megasporangium(2n)

Megaspore (n)

Male gametophyte(within germinatingpollen grain) (n)

Femalegametophyte (n)

Egg nucleus (n)

Dischargedsperm nucleus (n)

Pollen grain (n)Micropyle

Seed coat(derived fromintegument)

Food supply(femalegametophytetissue) (n)

Embryo (2n)(new sporophyte)


Unnumbered figure page 593

Cha

roph

ycea

ns

Bry

ophy

tes

(non

vasc

ular

pla

nts)

See

dles

s va

scul

ar p

lant

s

Gym

nosp

erm

s

Ang

iosp

erm

s


Figure 30.4 Gymnosperm Diversity

Gnetum

Ephedra

Ovulate cones

Welwitschia

PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA

PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA

Cycas revoluta


Douglas fir

Pacific yew

Common juniper

Wollemia pine

Bristlecone pine Sequoia

PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA


Figure 30.5 A progymnosperm


Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine (layer 1)

Ovule

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Megasporocyte (2n)

Integument

Longitudinalsection ofovulate cone

Ovulatecone

Pollencone

Maturesporophyte(2n)

Longitudinalsection ofpollen cone

Microsporocytes(2n)

Pollengrains (n)(containing malegametophytes)

Micropyle

Germinatingpollen grain

Megasporangium

MEIOSIS

Sporophyll

Microsporangium



MEIOSIS

Survivingmegaspore (n)


ArchegoniumIntegumentEgg (n)

Femalegametophyte

Germinatingpollen grain (n)


Pollentube

Egg nucleus (n)

Ovule

Key


Megasporocyte (2n)

Integument


Ovulatecone

Pollencone



Microsporocytes(2n)


Micropyle


Megasporangium

MEIOSIS

Sporophyll

Microsporangium



FERTILIZATION

Seed coat(derived fromparentsporophyte) (2n)

Food reserves(gametophytetissue) (n)

Embryo(new sporophyte)(2n)

Seeds on surfaceof ovulate scale

Seedling

MEIOSIS

Survivingmegaspore (n)


ArchegoniumIntegumentEgg (n)

Femalegametophyte

Germinatingpollen grain (n)


Pollentube

Egg nucleus (n)

Ovule

Key


Megasporocyte (2n)

Integument


Ovulatecone

Pollencone



Microsporocytes(2n)


Micropyle


Megasporangium

MEIOSIS

Sporophyll

Microsporangium



Cha

roph

ycea

ns

Bry

ophy

tes

(non

vasc

ular

pla

nts)

See

dles

s va

scul

ar p

lant

s

Gym

nosp

erm

s

Ang

iosp

erm

s


Figure 30.7 The structure of an idealized flower

Anther

Filament

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Carpel

Petal

ReceptacleOvule

Sepal

Stamen


30.7 Sea Urchin Time Lapse


Figure 30.8 Some variations in fruit structureRuby grapefruit, a fleshy fruitwith a hard outer layer andsoft inner layer of pericarp

(b)Tomato, a fleshy fruit with soft outer and inner layers of pericarp

(a)

Nectarine, a fleshyfruit with a soft outerlayer and hard innerlayer (pit) of pericarp

(c)

Walnut, a dry fruit that remains closed at maturity

(e)(d) Milkweed, a dry fruit thatsplits open at maturity


Figure 30.9 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed dispersal

Wings enable maple fruits to be easily carried by the wind.

(a)

Seeds within berries and other edible fruits are often dispersed in animal feces.

(b)

The barbs of cockleburs facilitate seed dispersal by allowing the fruits to “hitchhike” on animals.

(c)


Figure 30.10 The life cycle of an angiosperm (layer 1)

Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Anther

Ovule withmegasporangium (2n)

Male gametophyte(in pollen grain)

Microspore (n)

MEIOSIS

Microsporangium

Microsporocytes (2n)

MEIOSIS

Generative cell

Tube cell

Survivingmegaspore(n)

Ovary

Megasporangium(n)

Female gametophyte(embryo sac)

Antipodal cellsPolar nucleiSynergidsEgg (n)

Pollentube

Sperm(n)



Pollentube

Sperm

Stigma

Pollengrains

Pollentube

Style

Dischargedsperm nuclei (n)

Eggnucleus (n)


Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Anther



Microspore (n)

MEIOSIS

Microsporangium


MEIOSIS

Generative cell

Tube cell


Ovary

Megasporangium(n)



Pollentube

Sperm(n)



Nucleus ofdevelopingendosperm

(3n)

Zygote (2n)

FERTILIZATION

Embryo (2n)

Endosperm(foodsupply) (3n)

Seed coat (2n)

Seed

Germinatingseed

Pollentube

Sperm

Stigma

Pollengrains

Pollentube

Style

Dischargedsperm nuclei (n)

Eggnucleus (n)


Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Anther



Microspore (n)

MEIOSIS

Microsporangium


MEIOSIS

Generative cell

Tube cell


Ovary

Megasporangium(n)



Pollentube

Sperm(n)


Figure 30.11 A primitive flowering plant?

Carpel

Stamen

Archaefructus sinensis, a 125-million-year-old fossil.

(a)

Artist’s reconstruction of Archaefructus sinensis

(b)

5 cm


Figure 30.12 Angiosperm Diversity

Amborella trichopoda Water lily (Nymphaea “Rene Gerard”)

Star anise (Illicium floridanum)

BASAL ANGIOSPERMS

HYPOTHETICAL TREE OF FLOWERING PLANTS

MAGNOLIIDS

Am

bo

rella

Wat

er li

lies

Sta

r an

ise

and

rel

ativ

es

Mag

no

liid

s

Mo

no

cots

Eu

dic

ots

Southern magnolia (Magnoliagrandiflora)


Orchid(Lemboglossumrossii)

MonocotCharacteristics

Embryos

Leafvenation

Stems

Root

Pollen

Flowers

Pollen grain withone opening

Root systemUsually fibrous(no main root)

Vascular tissuescattered

Veins usuallyparallel

One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Veins usuallynetlike

Vascular tissueusually arranged

in ring

Taproot (main root)usually present

Pollen grain withthree openings

Zucchini (CucurbitaPepo), female(left) and male flowers

Pea (Lathyrus nervosus,Lord Anson’s blue pea),a legume

Dog rose (Rosa canina), a wild rose

Pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii)

Lily (Lilium“Enchant-ment”)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a grass

AntherStigma

Californiapoppy(Eschscholziacalifornica)

Pyrenean oak(Quercuspyrenaica)

Floral organsusually in

multiples of three

Floral organs usuallyin multiples of

four or fiveFilament Ovary

EudicotCharacteristics

MONOCOTS EUDICOTS


Figure 30.13 Flower-pollinator relationships

A flower pollinated by honeybees.This honeybee is harvesting pollen and Nectar (a sugary solution secreted by flower glands) from a Scottish broom flower. The flower has a tripping Mechanism that arches the stamens over the bee and dusts it with pollen, some of which will rub off onto the stigma of the next flower the bee visits.

(a) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored, highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can locate.

(c)A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. The long, thin beak and tongue of this rufous hummingbird enable the animalto probe flowers that secrete nectar deep within floral tubes. Before the hummer leaves, anthers will dust its beak and head feathers with pollen. Many flowers that are pollinated by birds are red or pink, colors to which bird eyes are especially sensitive.

(b)


30.13 Bat Pollinating


Table 30.1 A Sampling of Medicines Derived from Seed Plants



Green algae Mosses Fems Gymnosperms Angiosperms

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ch[1]. 30 plant diversity ii

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meiosis longitudinal

discharged

microscopic

germinating

microscopic

anther mature

surviving

pollen tube