ch02 mis-imp-concepts
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MIS 645Management Information SystemsDefinitions of Management Information
SystemsJerry Fjermestad
Copyright 1998-1999
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Management Information Systems
Management: What is management? Information: What is information? Systems: What are systems? Information Systems: What are
Information Systems? Management Information Systems:
What are They?
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Management Information Systems
MIS as an evolving concept Levels of management What do information systems do? MIS and Organizational Fit MIS as a Discipline
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Management Information Systems
A. Management: What is management?› Planning› Organizing› Leading› Controlling
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Management: What is management?
1. Planning Goal setting Environmental scanning Forecasting Data collection Communicating
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Management: What is management?
2. Organizing Staffing Coordinating Delegating Understanding Procedures/ Policies
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Management: What is management?
3. Leading Authority Motivating Directing: Delegation of responsibilities
activating Supervising Negotiation Persuading
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Management: What is management?
4. Controlling: Resources- Money (capital), manpower (people), materials, machines, movement (Distribution, flow), and Information Measuring Evaluating Reporting corrective action feed back
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Management: What is management?
5. Communicating: Goals/Objectives, standards of desirability Informing Persuading(Influence) Negotiation Corrective action Listening
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Management Information Systems
B. Information: What is information?› 1. Data (raw material)› Alpha-numeric › Symbolic
Stored facts inactive (they exist) technology based gathered from various places
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Information: What is information?› 2. Processed data
meaningful perceived value motivating action HAS SURPRISE VALUE HAS NEWS VALUE Presented facts active (it enables doing) business based (Domain based) transformed form data
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Information: What is information?› 3. Model
entity attribute relationship
› 4. Reduces Uncertainty› 5. Reduces Equivocality (ambiguity)
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Information: What is information?› 6. A definition: Information is data that
has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient (USER) and is of real or perceived value in current or prospective actions or decisions.
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SYSTEM INTERDEPENDENCE
BUSINESS
Strategy
Rules
Procedures
ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTERDEPENDENCE
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
DATABASE
TELE-COMMUNICATIONS
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Management Information SystemsInformation Systems
› What are Information Systems? 1. Information (another definition): an increment
in knowledge.Information relies on the context of the question general knowledge of the recipient.
2. Informal information: interpersonal networking Note: Informal information and other information may
not lend itself to computerization, yet! 3. Formal information: Organized information
with a specific purpose following rules and procedures (highly structured)
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Information Systems
Zwass, f1.2, p14
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Management Information Systems
Information Processing Systems:› 1. An information system in many respects
is a closed system, it is simply the code.› 2. An information processing function
frequently needs data collected and processed in a prior period.
› 3. The data/information storage is added.
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System: What is system
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Management Information Systems
Management Systems› 1. Primary function(s) mediate between
the organization and the immediate task environment. customers suppliers processes
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Management Systems
› 2. What do managers do? assume responsibility must balance competing goals be a conceptual thinker work with and through other people be a mediator must be a politician must be a diplomat makes difficult decisions
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Management Systems
› 3. Management is the work involved in combining and directing the use of resources to achieve particular purposes Leading
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Management Systems› 4. What distinguishes mgmt from other
work is that it focuses on maintaining the organization so that it can accomplish its taskPOSDCORB Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Coordinating Reporting Budgeting
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Definition of Management Information Systems
H. Management Information Systems› What are They?› 1. Definition: A Management Information
system is: an integrated user-machine system for providing information to support the operations, management With the help of analysis, and decision
making functions in an organization
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Management Information Systems
The system utilizes : Computer hardware & software Manual procedures Models of analysis, planning, control, and Database.
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Management Information Systems
› Explanation :› Computer based means that the designers of
a MIS must have knowledge of computers and of their use in information processing.
› The USER-MACHINE means that the systems designer should understand the capabilities of human as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.
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Management Information Systems
› Integration: A plan should eliminate: redundancy, incompatible hardware & software. Achieved through standards and guidelines and procedures.
› Data Base: A order system for storing, retrieving and selecting information.
› Models: A mathematical representation of an actual system, containing independent variables that influence the value of a dependent variable (text book). Models may be thought of as containing only the essential of the real system. Rapid Application Design, Joint Application Design
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Management Information Systems
I. MIS as an evolving concept› 1. MIS: Many companies are now using their
computers to provide information for decision making; that is, they are using a management information system.
› 2. MIS can provide managers with information in a usable from. A MIS is a formal Info network using computers to
provide management information for decision making
The goal of MIS is to provide the correct information to the appropriate manager at the right, in a useful form.
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MIS as an evolving concept
› 3. Successful MIS must provide info that can be applied: MIS should know who the users are MIS should provide the information the user needs MIS should provide the information in the format
the user can understand.
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NEW OPTIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN
• FLATTENING ORGANIZATIONS• SEPARATING WORK FROM LOCATION• INCREASING FLEXIBILITY• REFINING ORGANIZATIONAL BOUNDARIES• ELECTRONIC COMMERCE• REORGANIZING WORK FLOWS
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Management Information Systems
Levels of management: In order to understand who the users of an MIS are and what information they need, one must first understand the levels of management and the types of decisions are made at each level.
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KINDS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONALLEVEL MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &DATA WORKERS
RESOURCESMARKETING & ENGINEERING
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Levels of management
› 1. Lower level management makes decisions that affect day to day operations. Programmed decisions that are
predetermined by rules and procedures. They lead to a desired result.
The information needs of lower-level mgrs. can be met by administrative data processing activities.
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Levels of management
› 2. Middle-level mgrs. plan working capital, schedule production, formulate budgets, and make short-term forecasts. Mid-level managers make tactical decisions
that usually involve time periods of up to two years.
Many Mid-level mgmt decisions are non-programmed decisions. No specific predetermined steps cab be followed to each solution.
The information needs of Mid-level mgrs. must be specific.
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Levels of management
› 3. Top-level mgrs. provide direction for the company by planning for the next five years +. Top-level mgrs. make strategic decisions that
involve a great deal of uncertainty. Top-level mgt. decisions are non-
programmed decisions.
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MIS Classifications
› TPS, MRS,DSS,EIS,OIS(OAS),BES› 1. Transaction Processing System: Operational data
processing Examples: Manufacturing systems, order processing,
accounts receivable, payroll› 2. Management Reporting Systems: Produce reports
for specific time periods; designed for managers responsible for specific functions in a firm. Examples: Departmental expense reports,
performance reports• Intra Department• Inter Department
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MIS Classifications
› 3. Decision Support Systems (DSS): Designed to support individual and collective decision making. Tailored to specific managerial task, useful for Mgmt control level, Strategic planning level managers.
Elements :DB, Model,S/WEconometric Models, Simulation Models
DB
User I/F
Model
User
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MIS Classifications
› 4. Executive Information Systems (EIS/ESS): A special kind of DSS. Support the work of senior executives (via themselves or an analysts) with access to company data and general information on the industry and economy. Not only requirements but also personality, style of functioning
› 5. Office Information Systems (OIS/OAS): Support and coordinate knowledge work in an office environment by handling documents and messages in a variety of forms- text, image, voice, multimedia, video, fax, etc
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MIS Classifications
6. Business Expert system :Artificial Intelligence (Machine as Human)Ex: Medical, Engineering,Business
Adv: 1. Many Experts 2. Emotionally Independent 3. Multiple Hypothesis
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INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK
INFORMATION SYSTEM
MIS and Organizational Fit
FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
MIS and Organizational Fit
FUNCTIONS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION
ENVIRONMENT
Customers Suppliers
Regulatory Stockholders CompetitorsAgencies
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Structure of a Virtual Organizations - Network Organization
Structure of a Virtual Organizations - Network Organization
Virtual Organization
Customers
Core FirmManagementMktg & SalesRes. & Dev.
Info.Systems
Manu-facturing
Manu-facturing
Manu-facturing
After-SaleService
Logistics
Firms Acting asCorporate Partners
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MIS as a Discipline
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LEVELS OF BEHAVIORAL STUDY IN MIS
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VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION
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CORE
COMPANYLOGISTICS
COMPANY
DESIGN
COMPANY
MANUFACTURING
COMPANY
FINANCE COMPANY
SALES & MARKETING
COMPANY
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CHALLENGE OF INFO SYSTEMS
• STRATEGIC: COMPETITIVE & EFFECTIVE• GLOBALIZATION: MULTINATIONAL INFO• INFO ARCHITECTURE: SUPPORT GOALS• INVESTMENT: VALUE OF INFORMATION• RESPONSIBILITY & CONTROL: ETHICS
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