ch 9 microorganisms tc

1. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms Characteristics Size a. Viruses smallest size 20nm-400nm b. Bacteria unicellular, four basic shapes(rod like, comma-

shaped, spiral-shaped, spherical), binary fission, nutrition (photosynthetic, saprophytic, parasitic)

0.1- 10µm

c. Fungi unicellular or multicellular, asexually and sexual, nutrition (saprophytic,parasitic)

10- 100µm

d. Protozoa unicellular, 2-1000µm e. Algae unicellular or multicellular, contain chlorophyll

and cellulose cell walls, carry out photosynthesis, sexual and asexual

10- 10000µm

2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISM

a. Nutrients b. Light c. Water d. Temperatures e. pH

3. USEFUL MICROORGANISMS

a. Food digestion b. Decaying process c. Medicine d. Agriculture e. Industry

4. HARMFUL MICROORGANISM

a. Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens. b. Examples of diseases caused by pathogens:

Tooth decay SARS and etc.

c. Pathogens reproduce rapidly, can slow down the normal growth and metabolic activities of body cells and tissues.

d. Pathogens produce toxins that can kill cells.

Microorganisms and diseases

Pathogens Disease Symptoms Transmission Common cold Sore throat,runny nose,

watery eyes Air

Dengue fever Fever,headache, runny nose

Vector(Aedes)

hepatitis Fever,headache,nausea muscle ache

Contaminated food,water

Viruses

Aids Diarrhoea,loss of appetite, weight loss

Physical contact

Tinea White spots, change the skin colour

Physical contact Fungal Ringworm Scaly,round,itchy patches Physical contact

Malaria

Fever,headache,nausea Vector(anopheles Protozoa

Dysentery Diarrhoea Contaminated food and water

CHAPTER 9 MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON LIVING THINGS

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 163

Cholera Diarrhoea,thirsty,dry lips Contaminated food

and water Gonorrhoea Severe cramps,fever,

vomiting Physical contact

Syphilis Sore on the mouth,rash, fever

Physical contact

Bacteria

Tuberculosis

Racking cough,sputum contains blood,fever,weight loss

Air

Methods of transmission of human diseases

• Physical contact- Examples:Gonorrhoea, syphilis, ringworm, athlete’s foot, hepatitis B, AIDS.

• Air- Common cold, tuberculosis • Contaminated water- cholera, hepatitis A • Contaminated food- cholera, hepatitis A • Vector- animals that carry pathogens from person to person.Examples of vectors

are mosquitoes and houseflies. (Cholera, malaria, dengue fever)

5. WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS: a. Control of vectors

i. Mosquito- related to its life cycle and habits. - draining swamps, covering the surfaces of ponds with oil, use Abate, rear larvae-

eating fish. ii. Housefly - keeping our surroundings clean - disposing garbage in plastic bags - close rubbish bins - hygienic disposal of faeces - keeping food covered - spraying insecticide

b. Various methods of sterilization i. Autoclave- high temperature(121˚C) and pressure. ii. Boiling- 100˚C(cannot kill a spores) iii. Heat- expose to strong heat iv. Disinfectant- chemical that kill microorganisms. Used to clean surgical

apparatus, sickroom, drains, kitchen utensils.Examples: bleaching powder, formaline

v. Antiseptic- Chemical used to kill microorganisms on skin or wound.Examples: alcohol, acriflavin, iodine

vi. Chemical- chemical can kill microorganisms. vii. Radiation- exposure to ionizing radiations such as gamma rays and ultraviolet

light viii. Ultraviolet light- used to kill microorganisms in the air in hospitals and operating

theatre. ix. Gamma ray- Used to sterilize injection needles, syringes and dressing.

c. Immunity - The immune system is the body’s main defence against pathogens. - It recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” each type of pathogen that enters

the body. - There are two types of immunity: Active immunity (body produces antibodies) and

Passive immunity(body received antibodies) i. Natural Active Immunity - Develops naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen. - Very effective and may last for life. - Examples: recovery from diseases such as chicken pox and mumps. ii. Artificial active immunity - acquired through immunization.


- Involves the use of vaccine that contains weakened pathogen. - Examples: injection of vaccine. iii. Natural passive immunity. - acquired by the transfer of maternal antibodies to her offspring via the placenta or

breast milk. - Examples: Breast-feeding. An infant receives from the mother because antibodies

are present in the mother’s milk. iv. Artificial passive immunity - Induced by injection of serum taken from an individual already immuned to a

particular antigen. - Examples: Antiserum is injected to give immediate protection or to give rapid help in

treating a disease.

Importance of Immunity • Helps to prevent the spread of diseases. • Vaccination is used to fight infection and prevent epidemic outbreaks of disease or deaths.

6. HOW DISEASES CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMS ARE TREATED a. Modern cures

- Use of synthetic medicines, antiserum, antibiotics and surgery. - Antibiotics:

• chemical compound obtained from microorganisms or synthesized. • Use to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. • Can be taken orally in pill or liquid or injected. • Common antibiotics include penicillin, aureomysin, streptomysin and

tetracyclines. - Viral diseases cannot be cured by using antibiotics. - Malaria can be cured by using drugs such as quinine, paludrine and chloroquinine.

b. Traditional cures - Made from leaves, stems, roots, barks and flowers of plants or body parts of animals. - Examples: Tongkat Ali root.

Danger of using drugs without medical advise and through unauthorized prescription. • Can produce side effects. • Can cause allergies • Can lead to the development of resistant strains of microorganisms.


PAPER 1

1. The diagram shows a type of bacteria

What is the name of the bacteria? A Spirillum C Coccus B Bacillus D Vibrio

2. Which of the following statement is true about virus? A Virus are saprophyte B Virus can be crystallized C Virus contains cytoplasm D Virus can reproduce outside a living cell

3. The Diagram shows a type of microorganism.

Which of the following is a characteristic of this microorganism?

A B C D

It is a parasite It has cellulose cell wall It does not have chlorophyll It reproduces by binary fission

4. The Diagram shows an information about the type of microorganisms .

Nutrient

P : Yeast Q : Euglena R : Salmonella S : Amoeba

Which of the above microorganisms are classified as protozoa?

A Q and R B P and S C Q and S D P and R


5. Which of the following shows the microorganisms in descending order of size from the largest to the smallest?

A B C D

Bacteria, fungi, viruses Fungi, bacteria, viruses Viruses, fungi, bacteria Viruses, bacteria, fungi

6. Which of the following microorganisms can build their own food?

A B C D

Mucor Spirogyra Paramecium Plasmodium

7. Which of the following is a bacillus bacteria?

A B C D

8. Which of the following is a pathogen ?

A Yeast B Spirogyra C Plasmodium D Bacteriophage

9. Which of the following pairs is correct about the microorganisms and disease related?

Pathogen Diseases A Virus Common cold B Fungi Syphilis C Bacteria Hepatitis D Protozoa Tuberculosis

10. The diagram shows a type of microorganisms.

Which of the following is related to the microorganisms?

A All are parasites B Contain chlorophyll C Reproduce inside living host cells D Obtain food from dead organics materials


11. The diagram shows a type of microorganisms. Name the microorganisms.

A Plasmodium B Bacteriophage C Vibrio cholerae D Tubercle bacillus

12. Which of the following is the symptom of Hepatitis A and B?

A Fever B Runny nose C Watery eyes D Weight loss

13. Which of the following is sex transmitted disease?

A Malaria B Dysentery C Gonorrhea D Tuberculosis

14. Why do we always wash our hands after handling microorganisms?

A B C D

The microorganisms are dead We want to kill the microorganisms The microorganisms can turn harmful We want to get rid of the microorganisms from our hand

15. What is the use of microorganisms in food digestion? A As vaccination B Produce antibiotics C Break down cellulose into simple sugar D Release enzymes to break down dead organisms

16. Which of the following can affect the growth of microorganisms?

A Oxygen B Nutrient C Size of container D Method of sterilisation


17. The diagram shows a life cycle of a mosquito.

Which of the following is the most suitable method to control mosquitoes in stage P?

S

Q

P

R

A B C D

Use abate Sleep in a net Use insecticide Covering ponds with oil

18. Which of the following disease spread by mosquitoes?

A B C D

Cholera Malaria Ringworm Hepatitis A

19. Which of the following microorganisms can be spread through water? A C B D 20. Which

A B C D

SES 1511 Kelan

of the following disease can be transmitted by air?

AIDS Tinea Cholera Tuberculosis

tan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 169

21. The following information shows the symptom of a disease. Attack reproductive organ

Scar tissue formation Burning sensation while urinating

What is the disease?

A B C D

AIDS Hepatitis B Gonorrhea Tuberculosis

22. Which of the following is a harmful microorganisms?

A B C D

Decomposer Plasmodium Transgenic bacteria Nitrogen fixing bacteria

23. Which of the following immunity is acquired by vaccination?

A B C D

Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

24. Which of the following is the optimum pH for bacterial growth?

A B C D

pH 2 pH 5 pH 7 pH 12

25. The diagram shows four nutrient agar which are kept under different temperatures and intensity.

P 7°C Dark

Q 20°C

Sunlight

R 35°C Dark

S 37°C

Sunlight

Which nutrient agar will have most bacteria colonies after three days?

A B C D

P Q R S


26. Which of the following diseases can be cured by using antibiotics?

A B C D

Cholerae Hepatitis A Dengue fever Common cold

27. Which of the following pair is correct about disease and the method of transmission?

Disease Method of transmission A Hepatitis Vector B Tuberculosis Water C Gonorrhea Air D Ringworm Contact

28. What is usually used to sterile human skin before an injection?

A B C D

Chemicals Antiseptics Disinfectant Distilled water

29. Which of the following can be used to sterile operating instruments in hospitals?

A B C D

Heat Chemical Disinfectant Ultraviolet light

30. What is the most suitable method to kill microorganisms and their spores?

A B C D

Boiling Heat in water Use antiseptic Heat in autoclave

31. A mosquito is a vector. Which of the following is correct about the vector?

A B C D

Cause diseases Microorganisms serves as host Can be infected by microorganisms Transmits pathogen from one person to another


32. The table below shows the temperature and pH of some bacteria culture in a petri dish. Which petri dish has the most bacteria colonies after two days?

Petri dish Temperature (0C) pH A P 20 14 B Q 25 12 C R 37 7 D S 40 3

33. The diagram shows a way to transfer pathogen.

Vector

Food Faeces

Which of the following pathogen can be transfer this way?

A B C D

Plasmodium Vibrio cholerae Tubercle bacillus Human Immunodeficiency virus

34. The table below shows four test tubes U, V, W and X which are filled with glucose solution and yeast, and placed under different conditions.

Test tube Temperature (°C) pH value

J 30 4 K 30 7 L 40 4 M 40 7

Which of the following test tubes will produce the most gas bubbles? A J C L B K D M

35. Which of the following reacts with yeast to produce carbon dioxide in a dough?

A Water C Flour B Sugar D Oil 36. Four paper discs are soaked in different antibiotic solutions and placed on a nutrient

agar which contains bacteria culture. After two days, the results are shown in the diagram below. Antibiotic in which paper disc is the least effective in killing?

DC

A B


37. Which of the following is a traditional treatment? A Herbal B Surgical C Antiserum D Antibiotics 38. Which of the following method is the most suitable to provide immediate protection against a disease? A Vaccination B Taking drugs C Inject antiserum D Exposed to ultra violet rays 39. The information shows the ways to prevent infection of certain disease.

Wa Dr Alw

Which of the

A Tubercu B Malaria C Hepatitis

D Cholera 40. Which of the A

Antibod

B

Antibod

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007

sh hand before eatingink boiled water ays cover food

following diseases can be prevented through the above ways?

losis and dengue and gonorrhea and syphilis and dysentery

following graph is correct to show an artificial active immunity?

C

y concentration in blood

Antibody concentration in blood

Time (days) Time (days)

D

y concentration in blood Antibody concentration

in blood

Time (days) Time (days)

*The bolded and italic letter is the answer 173

PAPER 2

SECTION A 1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of the amount of yeast on the dough.

7 7

DIAGRAM 1

The results of the experiment are recorded in table 1.

10 ml yeast 20 ml yeast

2.6

……………..

TABLE 1 a) Based on the above experiment, complete table 1.

[1 mark] b) Write down one inference based on the results of this experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark]

2

3

1

4

5

6

20 ml yeast 10 ml yeast

2

3

1

4

5

Ruler

6

Dough

5.4

The dough rises because yeast produces carbon dioxide


c) State the variables in this experiment

i. manipulated variable: ……………

responding variable: …

. constant variable: …………………………………………..

…… ………………………………………. rk]

. Diagram 2 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of humidity on

DIAGRAM 2

a) State the hypothesis of the experiment?

…………….

…

]

i) manipulated variable: …

ii) responding variable: ………………………………………….

iii) constant variable: ………

…………………………….Quantity of yeast / mass of yeast

ii. ………………………………………. iii [3 mark]

d) State the conclusion from the experiment. ……………………………………………… [1 ma 2 microorganisms growth

……..……………………………………………………………………

……..………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark] b) What is the observation from the experiment?

……..………………………………………………………………………………….

……..………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 mark] b) State the inference from the experiment?

…..………………………………………………………………………………….

……..………………………………………………………………………………….

[1 markc) State the variables in this experiment

……………………………………….

………………………………….. [3 mark]

Moist bread

Dry bread

After 2 days

After 2 days

Growth of mucor

No change

r in moist condition.

gh rise or not

grow // Microorganisms

ist condition/ Moist bread and dry bread

growth on dry bread.

ead

The height of the dough // The dou

Type of dough // Type of yeast

Yeast helps dough to rise and swell

Microorganisms/ Mucor grow faste

More mucor grows on moist bread but no

Microorganisms /Mucor needs water to

become inactive and die without water.

Mo

Microorganisms growth

The size of the bread // Type of br


3. Table 1 shows the result of an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the

Number of bacteria colonies

number of microbes in river water. The pH value of the river water was kept constant at 7 and the number of bacteria colonies were measured after 30 minutes at different temperatures.

.Temperature Beginning minutes (°C) of experiment After 30

10 10 12 20 10 14

30 10 20 40 10 15 50 10 10

60 10 5 TABLE 1

a) Plot a graph of the number of bact s against the temperature.

b) State the hypothesis of the experiment?

…

k]

Number of a s

Temperature

eria colonie

b

cteria colonie

…..………………………………………………………………………………

……..………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mar

(°C)

10

15

20

5

40 10 20 30 0 50 60

XX

X

X

X

X

25

Bacteria cannot grow in high temperatures // bacteria growth is active at

the temperature 30°C // Bacteria growth is slow at low temperature


b) What is the relationship between the number of bacteria colonies and

…

…………………………………

………………………….

. Diagram 3 shows the experiment to study the factors that affect growth of

temperature? The number

…..…………………………………………………………………………………

…..…………………………………………………………………………………..

[1 mark] d) State the inference from the experiment?

……..……………………………………………

……..………………………………………………………………………………

[1 mark] e) State the variables in this experiment

i) manipulated variable: ………………

ii) responding variable: ………………………………………….

iii) constant variable: …………………………………………..

[3 mark] 4

microorganisms

DIAGRAM 3

Test tubes P,Q and R are kept at room temperatures. After 48 hours, the content of

Test tube Observation

each test tube was observed and recorded as shown in the table below.

P Clear Q Clear R Cloudy

5 cm3 nutrient 3 5 cm

broth + 0.5 cmculture bacteria 3 cm

+ 3 1.0M

Sodium hydroxide solution

3 nutrient 3

5 cmbroth + 0.5 cmculture bacteria +3 cm3 distilled water

3 nutrient 3 broth + 0.5 cm

culture bacteria 3 cm

+ 3 1.0 M

Hydrochloric acid

Sterile cotton

of colonies increases when the temperature increases

ture and will die at high

e value

P Q R

// The number of colonies decreaces when the temperature

increase // The number of colonies is maximum at 30°C

Bacteria are not active at low tempera

temperature.

Temperatur

Number of bacteria colonies

pH value


(a) State one inference based on the observation in test tube R.

….

ark ] (b) State the hypothesis of the experiment.

…………………………….

ark ]

te of microorganisms?

.

]

(d) State one way to keep the constant variable.

…………………….

ark ]

SECTION B

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….

[1 m

Bacteria grow and reproduce rapidly in neutral medium.

………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….

[1 m

Bacteria do not grow in alkaline or acid

(c) Which test tube has the highest growth ra

……………… …………………………………………………………

[1 mark

…

………………………………………………………

[1 m

. Diagram 4 shows five different microorganisms.

a) Identify the class of microorganisms

…….

[1 mark ]

b) Which of these microorganisms can make their own food?

[1 mark ]

c) Name a disease which is caused by microorganism K

…………….

[1 mark ]

1

DIAGRAM 4

J :…………………………. M :……………………

K:…………………………. N:…………………………..

L:………………………….

… ………………………………………………………………. …………

.………………………………………………………………

J K L M N

ic condition.

tozoa

Test tube R

Keep at room temperature

Algae Pro

Bacteria FungiVirus

Algae / J

Dengue/ /Hepatitis A or B// Common cold


d) Which microorganism is inactive outside its living host cells?

…… …………………………………………………………….

[1 mark ] (e) i) State one industrial use of microorganism N.

………….

[1 mark ] ii) How do the organisms N reproduce?

………… …………………………………………………….

[1 mark ]

. The graph shows the level of immunity of a man.

) What type of immunity does the graph show?

……………………………………….

[1 mark ] b) Why is this immunity required?

[1 mark ] c) What is the substance use in the injection?

………………………….

[1 mark ] d) Why is the second injection needed?

……………………………….……………

]

…………Virus / L

…………………………………………………………………For making bread / production of alcoholi

……………

2

a

……………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………

……………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark

Antibody concentration

Time (days)

st jection co injection

in blood

Fir in Se nd

Level of immunity

0 45 15 30 60

c drink

By budding

Artificial passive immunity

ion against certain disease

tection

To give immediate protect

Antiserum

To give enough antibodies for pro


e) Match the immunity and action correctly.

. Natural Active Immunity 2. Natural Passive Immunity

No. Action Immunity

1 3. Artificial l Active Immunity 4. Artificial Passive Immunity

1 Give vaccination 3 2 From mother to the baby through placenta 2 3 Acquired after recovering from infection 1 4 Injection of prepared antibodies 4 5 Injection of weakened and mild pathogen 3 6 Gained by newborn infant 2

[7 mark ]

SECTION C

. Study the following statement .

ou are given nutrient broth, plain broth and cultured bacteria.

. Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.

. Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following

• Aim of the experiment (1 mark)

ANSWER

1

Y a (1 mark) b

criteria:

• Identification of variables (1 mark) • List of apparatus and materials (2 marks)• Procedure (4 marks) • Tabulation of data (1 mark)

Nutrient can affect the growth of bacteria

Hypothesis : Bacteria need nutrients for growth.

im : To study the affect of nutrient on the growth of bacteria

ariables anipulated variable : The presence of nutrient

er of bacteria

List of apparatus and materials: ane tape, glass spreader, 2 steriled petri dishes

A V

• M• Responded variable : The growth of bacteria • Constant variable : Type of bacteria // numb colonies

• Sterile syringe, cellophcontaining nutrient agar, Bacillus subtilis culture


Procedure :

bel the base of each of the 2 steriled petri dishes containing nutrient agar

• syringe, transfer 1 cm of Bacillus subtilis culture into

• immediately on the petri dishes.

down in a dark cupboard.

Tabulation of data:

. a) G

b) D

Stud

•

• Laand plain agar. By using steriled 3

each petri dish. Put the lids back

• Tape the lids with cellophane tape. • Incubate the two petri dishes upside• Examine the petri dishes for bacterial growth after two days. • Record the result in table.

•

2

You

•••••

SES 1511 Kelan

The Presence of nutrient Number of bacteria colonies

Nutrient agar Plain agar

ive four usage of microorganisms and one example for each usage. (4 marks)

i

y the microorganisms above and develop a concept of a pathogen.

Identify two common characteristics of a radio wave.

ve a reason for your choice ce

s)

agram shows four microorganisms that caused disease.

r answer should be based on the following aspects:

Develop an initial concept of pathogen Give one example of a pathogen and gi Give one example of non-pathogen and give a reason for your choi Develop the actual concept. (6mark

Protozoa for Malaria

Virus for Hepatitis B

Bacteria for Cholerae

Microorganisms

Fungi for Ringworm

tan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 181

ANSWER

a)

) ) Common characteristics body / destroy the human tissues

anisms that attack the human body and cause diseases

iii) ther example :

ause Gonorrhea - destroy human tissue Non

Do not cause disease to human

v) Actual concept are microorganisms that attack the human body and

ib• Attack the human • Cause diseases

ii) Initial concept • Microorg

are pathogen

O• Bacteria c-example • Algae -

• Pathogens

cause diseases

1. Food digestion For herbivore, bacteria and protozoa in their gut digest cellulose

2. Decaying process gi break down the waste Bacteria and funmaterials

3. Medicine h as penicillin produces antibiotics Fungi suc4. Agriculture to Nitrogen fixing bacteria are able to fix nitrogen

nitrates 5. Industry are used in the production of yogurt. Bacteria


ch 9 microorganisms tc

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