Ch 8 NotesCh 8 Notes

Confederation to Confederation to Constitution, 1776–Constitution, 1776–

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Confederation to ConstitutionConfederation to Constitution

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation prove inadequate to govern the prove inadequate to govern the new nation. U.S. delegates new nation. U.S. delegates create the Constitution and, after create the Constitution and, after much debate, it is ratified.much debate, it is ratified.

Section 1Section 1

The Confederation EraThe Confederation Era

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation are too weak to govern the are too weak to govern the nation after the war ends.nation after the war ends.

Moving WestMoving West

Settlers mainly travel on Settlers mainly travel on Wilderness Road into Kentucky Wilderness Road into Kentucky

Tensions between settlers and Tensions between settlers and Native Americans lead to Native Americans lead to conflictsconflicts

By 1790s, about 100,000 By 1790s, about 100,000 Americans live in Kentucky Americans live in Kentucky regionregion

New State GovernmentsNew State Governments

After independence, each After independence, each state creates its own state creates its own governmentgovernment

Some states set up Some states set up governmental branches to governmental branches to limit power of governmentlimit power of government

New State GovernmentsNew State Governments

Some states include a bill of Some states include a bill of rights to help control rights to help control governmentgovernment

All state governments are All state governments are republics—people choose republics—people choose representativesrepresentatives

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

Articles of Confederation—plan for Articles of Confederation—plan for national governmentnational government

Gives national government few Gives national government few powerspowers

Can make war, make peace, sign Can make war, make peace, sign treaties, issue moneytreaties, issue money

Each state has 1 vote in CongressEach state has 1 vote in Congress

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

States have important powers States have important powers like setting taxes, enforcing lawslike setting taxes, enforcing laws

Continental Congress passes Continental Congress passes Articles of Confederation in 1777Articles of Confederation in 1777

In 1778, 8 states ratify, small In 1778, 8 states ratify, small states refuse to signstates refuse to sign

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

Large states with Western Large states with Western lands have advantage in lands have advantage in paying debtspaying debts

All states give up Western All states give up Western lands, articles are ratified in lands, articles are ratified in 17811781

The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance

Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 divides Western lands into divides Western lands into townships townships

Lands known as the Lands known as the Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory

The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance (1787) Northwest Ordinance (1787) describes how territory is describes how territory is governed: governed: – rules for attaining self-government, rules for attaining self-government,

statehoodstatehood– conditions for settlementconditions for settlement– outlaws slaveryoutlaws slavery– freedom of religionfreedom of religion– trial by jurytrial by jury

Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles

Revolutionary War leaves U.S. Revolutionary War leaves U.S. government with huge debtsgovernment with huge debts

Articles of Confederation do not Articles of Confederation do not give Congress power to raise taxes give Congress power to raise taxes

States provide Congress with little States provide Congress with little tax moneytax money

Congress unable to pay soldiers, Congress unable to pay soldiers, soldiers riotsoldiers riot

Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

Mid-1780s Massachusetts people Mid-1780s Massachusetts people pay high taxes, many have little pay high taxes, many have little moneymoney

Many farmers cannot pay debts, Many farmers cannot pay debts, property is auctionedproperty is auctioned

If auctioned property does not If auctioned property does not pay debts, farmer is put in prisonpay debts, farmer is put in prison

Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

Group of men, led by Daniel Group of men, led by Daniel Shays, rebel—Shays’s Shays, rebel—Shays’s Rebellion  Rebellion  

Rebellion is subdued, Rebellion is subdued, emphasizes that government emphasizes that government needs reformneeds reform

Section 2Section 2

Organizing the ConventionOrganizing the Convention

Creating the ConstitutionCreating the Constitution

The states send delegates to The states send delegates to a convention to solve the a convention to solve the problems of the Articles of problems of the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

A Constitutional Convention Is A Constitutional Convention Is CalledCalled

Delegates from 5 states meet Delegates from 5 states meet to create national trade lawsto create national trade laws

Call for national meeting in Call for national meeting in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Afraid of rebellion, 12 states Afraid of rebellion, 12 states (except Rhode Island) send (except Rhode Island) send delegates (1787)delegates (1787)

The Convention’s DelegatesThe Convention’s Delegates

55 state delegates meet at 55 state delegates meet at Constitutional Convention in Constitutional Convention in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

Delegates include George Delegates include George Washington, Benjamin Washington, Benjamin FranklinFranklin

The Convention’s DelegatesThe Convention’s Delegates

One of the ablest delegates is One of the ablest delegates is

James Madison  James Madison  Delegates do not include Delegates do not include

Native Americans, African Native Americans, African Americans, womenAmericans, women

The Delegates AssembleThe Delegates Assemble

Delegates want to create Delegates want to create government strong enough to government strong enough to maintain ordermaintain order

But also want government But also want government that protects people’s rightsthat protects people’s rights

The Convention BeginsThe Convention Begins

George Washington elected George Washington elected president of the Constitutional president of the Constitutional Convention Convention

Delegates do not want decisions Delegates do not want decisions influenced by political pressuresinfluenced by political pressures

To ensure this, they decide that To ensure this, they decide that discussions will remain secretdiscussions will remain secret

The PlansThe Plans

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan divides The Virginia Plan divides government into 3 branches:government into 3 branches:– legislature makes the laws legislature makes the laws – executive enforces the lawsexecutive enforces the laws– judiciary interprets the lawsjudiciary interprets the laws

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

Legislature has two housesLegislature has two housesRepresentation is based on each Representation is based on each

state’s population or wealthstate’s population or wealthLarger states support plan, Larger states support plan,

smaller states opposesmaller states opposeSmaller states are afraid larger Smaller states are afraid larger

states will control themstates will control them

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

New Jersey Plan is an New Jersey Plan is an alternative plan for U.S. alternative plan for U.S. government:government:– legislature has one houselegislature has one house– each state has one voteeach state has one vote

Delegates vote for the Virginia Delegates vote for the Virginia Plan over the New Jersey Plan Plan over the New Jersey Plan

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

Delegates pass the Great Delegates pass the Great Compromise  Compromise  

Each state is given equal votes in Each state is given equal votes in senate:senate:– satisfies the smaller statessatisfies the smaller states

State’s population determines State’s population determines representation, House of representation, House of RepresentativesRepresentatives– satisfies the larger statessatisfies the larger states

Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution

Southern states want slaves Southern states want slaves counted for representation, counted for representation, not for taxesnot for taxes

Northern states want slaves Northern states want slaves counted for taxes, not for counted for taxes, not for representationrepresentation

Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution

To solve dispute, delegates To solve dispute, delegates agree to the Three-Fifths agree to the Three-Fifths Compromise:Compromise:– 3/5 of slave population counts 3/5 of slave population counts

for direct taxesfor direct taxes– 3/5 of slave population counts 3/5 of slave population counts

for representationfor representation

Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution

Debate, delegates agree Debate, delegates agree slave trade cannot be banned slave trade cannot be banned until 1808until 1808

Regulating TradeRegulating Trade

Delegates place few limits on Delegates place few limits on Congress’s power to regulate Congress’s power to regulate commercecommerce

Southerners succeed in banning Southerners succeed in banning Congress from taxing importsCongress from taxing imports

Native Americans are not foreign Native Americans are not foreign nations or part of separate statesnations or part of separate states

Regulating TradeRegulating Trade

On September 15, 1787, On September 15, 1787, delegates approve the delegates approve the Constitution Constitution

Constitution sent to the Constitution sent to the states for ratificationstates for ratification

Compromise Compromise

Section 3Section 3

Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution

Americans across the nation Americans across the nation debate whether the debate whether the Constitution would produce Constitution would produce the best government.the best government.

Federalists and AntifederalistsFederalists and Antifederalists

Supporters of the Constitution claim Supporters of the Constitution claim that it is based on federalism that it is based on federalism

Federalism—power is shared Federalism—power is shared between central government, statesbetween central government, states

People who support the Constitution People who support the Constitution are called Federalistsare called Federalists

Federalists and AntifederalistsFederalists and Antifederalists

People who oppose the People who oppose the Constitution are called Constitution are called AntifederalistsAntifederalists

Afraid Constitution takes too Afraid Constitution takes too much power from statesmuch power from states

Also feel that Constitution does Also feel that Constitution does not guarantee rights for the not guarantee rights for the peoplepeople

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

Federalists write essays, answer Federalists write essays, answer Antifederalists’ attacksAntifederalists’ attacks

Best-known essays are The Best-known essays are The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers

Authors are James Madison, Authors are James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

Appeal to people’s reason and Appeal to people’s reason and emotionemotion

Ratification of the ConstitutionRatification of the Constitution

The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification

June 1787, 9 states ratify June 1787, 9 states ratify Constitution, New York, Constitution, New York, Virginia yet to voteVirginia yet to vote

New York, Virginia influential New York, Virginia influential states, Federalists want their states, Federalists want their supportsupport

The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification

Virginian George Mason opposes Virginian George Mason opposes ratification until bill of rights ratification until bill of rights added added

James Madison also suggests bill James Madison also suggests bill of rights, Virginia, New York ratifyof rights, Virginia, New York ratify

Rhode Island is last state to ratify Rhode Island is last state to ratify (1790)(1790)

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights 

States ask that the States ask that the Constitution include a bill of Constitution include a bill of rights rights

James Madison makes list of James Madison makes list of changes, or amendments, to changes, or amendments, to ConstitutionConstitution

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

Congress edits amendments, Congress edits amendments, adds to adds to Constitution Constitution

In 1791, states ratify 10 In 1791, states ratify 10 amendments, known as Bill of amendments, known as Bill of RightsRights