Jewel Gamsby, 2CHAPTER 8- VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM

National RoadThe National Road was the first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the federal government

Santa Fe TrailThe Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Franklin, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico

The rendezvous (see picture)

Great American DesertThe term Great American Desert was used in the 19th century to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America to about the 100th meridian.

Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge Amendment was a proposed amendment to a bill requesting the Territory of Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a free state. This amendment was submitted on February 13, 1819, by James Tallmadge, Jr., a Democratic-Republican from New York.

Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision. The first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in Johnson v. M'Intosh).

Dartmouth College v. WoodwardTrustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819), was a landmark decision from the United States Supreme Court Dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations.

Cohens v. VirginiaCohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264 (1821), was a United States Supreme Court decision most noted for the Court's assertion of its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when the defendant claims that their Constitutional rights have been violated.

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden, (1824) was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

1.What did the state banks do and how did that practice harm the economy? The state banks issued vast quantities of bank notes but did not always bother to retain enough reserves of gold or silver to redeem the notes on demand.2.What did Congress do in 1816 to deal with the currency problem?In 1816 Congress created a second Bank of the United States. It was the same as the first bank, but had more capital.3.Why did the American textile industry expand so much from 1807 to 1815?The Boston merchant Francis Cabot Lowell, after power loom that was better than its English counterpart. The Boston Manufacturing Company founded the first mill in America to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof.4.Why did the British flood American markets with cheap goods?They wanted to recapture their lost markets in America. An English leader said well worth while to incur a loss upon the first exploration, in order, by the glut to stifle in the cradle those rising manufactures in the United States.5.How did the U.S. government help manufacturers in 1816?Congress passed a tariff law that effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of items, among the most important of which was cotton cloth.6.What was the nations most pressing economic need?The nation need a better transportation system.7.Which old debate was resumed?Should the federal government help to finance roads and other internal improvements?8.What items were carried on the National Road?Stagecoaches, Conestoga wagons, private carriages, and other vehicles, as well as droves of cattle. 9.Explain the importance of the new steamboats.They carried far more cargo than earlier forms of river transport. They stimulated the agricultural economy of the West and South, by providing much readier access to markets as greatly reduced cost. Eastern manufacturers were able to send their finished goods west.10.What did John Calhoun propose concerning nationally funded transportation? Why did President Madison veto the proposal?Calhoun promptly introduced a bill that would have used the funds owed the government by the Bank of the United States to finance internal improvements. Madison vetoed the proposal because he supported the purpose of the bill, but he still believed that Congress lacked authority to fund and improvements without a constitutional amendment.11.What fraction of the American population lived west of the Appalachians in 1820?Almost one of every four white Americans lived west of the Appalachians in 1820.12.How much did the population of the U.S. increase from 1800 to 1820?From 1800-1820, the population nearly doubled from 5.3 million to 9.6 million.13.Which factors led Americans to move westward?Natural increase and through immigration, white Americans were driven West. Agricultural land in the East was occupied and exhausted. In the South, the spread of the plantation system, and of a slave labor force limited opportunities for new settlers.14.Which deterrent to westward expansion had been removed?The War of 1812 had decreased Native opposition.15.How did the factor system breakdown Native American resistance?Government factors supplied the tribes with goods at cost. This not only worked to drive Canadian traders out of the region; it also helped create a situation of dependency that made Natives themselves easier to control.16.Why did cotton production move westward? Where was the black belt?In the Southwest, the new agricultural economy emerged along different lines. The Black Belt of central Alabama and Mississippi was a vast prairie with a dark, productive soil of rotted limestone. 17.Which four states entered the union thanks to the growth of the Northwest and the Southwest?Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818 and Alabama in 1819.18.How did Mexico alter trade practices after winning independence in 1821?It opened its northern territories to trade with the United States, hoping to revive an economy that had grown stagnant during its war with Spain. 19.How did the practice of fur traders change? To which area did it move?When the war came Astor sold his suddenly imperiled interest to the Northwestern Fur Company. After the war, Astor centered his own operations in the Great Lakes area and extended them westward to the Rockies. Others carried on up the Missouri and its tributaries and into the Rocky Mountains.20.Who made the most money out of the fur trade?Merchants and companies specializing in fur trade.21.What fraction of white fur trappers married Indian and Mexican women?Two-thirds of white fur trappers married Indian and Mexican women.22.What was Stephen Longs opinion of the land between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains?He wrote an influential report, including an assessment of the regions potential for future settlement and development that echoed the dismissive conclusions of Zebulon Pike, fifteen years before.23.What was the Era of Good Feelings? The expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and trade in the West, the creation of new states- all reflected the rising spirit of nationalism that was permeating the United States in the years following the War of 1812.24.What did the elections of James Monroe in 1816 and 1820 seem to indicate about political parties?Many in the North were expressing impatience with the so-called Virginia Dynasty, but the Republicans had no difficulty electing their candidate in the listless campaign of 1816.25.Why did Monroe appoint John Quincy Adams to be Secretary of State? What did this indicate about Adams future?It indicated that Adams would become president.26. What was Adams prevailing viewpoint as Secretary of State?Adams considered the promotion of American expansion his most important task.27.Why did Andrew Jackson take military action in Spanish Florida in 1818? What was made evident by his invasion?Jackson was told to adopt the necessary measures to stop continuing raids on American territory by Seminole Indians south of the border. 28.What was the Adams-Onis Treaty?Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave up as well its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. 29.What was the panic of 1819? Why did many in the West blame the Bank of the United States?A serious economic crisis following a period of high foreign demand for American farm goods and thus of exceptionally high prices for American farmers. Westerners blamed the Bank of the United States because of the failures of the State Banks because of Jackson calling in all loans.30.Why did Missouris entrance into the union cause a national controversy?There was controversy as to whether Missouri would be entered into the union as a slave state or a free state.31.What was decided in the Missouri Compromise?Missouri would be entered as a slave state, in exchange for Maine being free. Also, no state above the 36, 30 parallel line would be a slave state, with the exception of Missouri.32.Which branch and level of government did John Marshall strengthen?John Marshall strengthened the judicial branch of the government. 33.Which principles did Marshall help uphold and establish?34.What did Marshall rule concerning Native American tribal lands?He ruled that the American citizens could not buy or take lad from the tribes; only the federal government- the supreme authority- could do that.35.What did the Supreme Court decide about Indian tribes in Worcester v. Georgia?The court invalidated Georgia laws that attempted to regulate access by US citizens to Cherokee country.36.According to Marshall, what was the legal status of the tribes and what was the only entity that had the power to govern them?The tribes had basic property rights. They were sovereign entities not subject to the authority of state governments. The federal government had ultimate authority over tribal affairs. 37.What was the Monroe Doctrine?THe Monroe Doctrine asserted nationalism in foreign policy. 38.How important was the Monroe Doctrine in its time and what was its significance?It had few immediate effects, but it was important as an expression of the growing spirit of nationalism in the United States in the 1820s. And it established the idea of the United States as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.39.Describe the results of the presidential election of 1824. The Republican caucus nominated William H Crawford of Georgia, the secretary ofthe treasury and the favorite of the extreme states rights faction of the party. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the Speaker of the House Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson were nominated. Adams won election in the House. 40.What was the corrupt bargain?Jackson had a larger popular and electoral vote, Adams won election in the House. Enraged Jacksonians referred to it as the corrupt bargain.41.Why was it so difficult for President Adams to achieve anything significant?Jacksonians dominated Congress and didnt approve many of Adams proposals.42.Why did Southerners oppose attendance at Simon Bolivars international American conference?Congress opposed the idea of white Americans mingling with black delegates.43.Which two parties emerged from the once harmonious Republican Party? The National Republicans and Democratic Republicans.