CH. 30: REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISM

SEC. 1: REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA

HISTORY

• - ALTHOUGH THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION DIDN’T HAPPEN UNTIL 1917, IT HAD BEEN IN THE WORKS FOR NEARLY 100 YEARS. RUSSIANS WERE FED UP THE HARSH RULE AND EXTRAVAGANCE OF THE CZARS

• CZAR ALEXANDER III – BECAME CZAR IN 1881. HE WAS AN AUTOCRAT

HISTORY

• AUTOCRAT – ONE PERSON HAS TOTAL POWER• - QUESTIONING THE CZAR, WORSHIPPING OUTSIDE THE

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH, OR SPEAKING A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN RUSSIAN COULD BE CAUSE FOR ARREST.

• - HE HAD SECRET POLICE SPY ON NEARLY EVERY CITIZEN

HISTORY

• - HE MADE JEWS A TARGET FOR PERSECUTION. AS POGROMS BROKE OUT, POLICE STOOD BY AND WATCHED RUSSIAN CITIZENS LOOT AND DESTROY JEWISH HOMES AND BURN SYNAGOGUES

NICHOLAS

• NICHOLAS II (ROMANOV) – BECAME CZAR AND CONTINUED THE AUTOCRATIC POLICY.

• - SOME CHANGES IN RUSSIA WERE POSITIVE:

POSITIVE

• - INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGAN BUT WAS STILL FAR BEHIND WESTERN EUROPE AND THE US

• - BY 1900 RUSSIA WAS THE WORLD’S 4TH LARGEST STEEL PRODUCER

• - THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY WAS COMPLETED IN 1916 (IT TOOK 25 YEARS!). IT CONNECTED WESTERN RUSSIA (IN EUROPE) WITH EASTERN RUSSIA (ON THE PACIFIC RIM)

TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY

PROBLEMS

• - FACTORIES BROUGHT MANY OF THE SAME PROBLEMS GREAT BRITAIN AND THE US HAD EXPERIENCED EARLIER:

• - LOW WAGES• - LONG HOURS• - TERRIBLE WORKING CONDITIONS• - CHILD LABOR

MARX

• - THESE CONDITIONS LED TO THE RISE OF REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS, PARTICULARLY A GROUP THAT FOLLOWED THE VIEWS OF KARL MARX

• - MARXISTS BELIEVED THAT THE WORKERS WOULD OVERTHROW THE CZAR AND FORM A “DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT

WORKERS

• PROLETARIAT – WORKERS• BOLSHEVIKS – A MARXIST

PARTY THAT GAINED MANY FOLLOWERS

LENIN

• V.I. LENIN – BECAME THE LEADER OF THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY. HE WAS AN EXCELLENT ORGANIZER AND HE WAS ALSO RUTHLESS.

• - LENIN WAS PLANNING A REVOLUTION TO OVERTHROW THE CZAR WHO HE SAW AS WEAK.

CZAR’S WEAKNESSES

• 1. RUSSO JAPANESE WAR (1904) – AFTER A SERIES OF HUMILIATING DEFEATS, RUSSIA ASKED JAPAN FOR PEACE BUT DIDN’T OFFICIALLY SURRENDER

• 2. BLOODY SUNDAY: THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 – WORKERS DEMONSTRATING AT THE CZAR’S WINTER PALACE FOR BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS WERE FIRED ON BY THE CZAR’S TROOPS. SEVERAL HUNDRED WERE KILLED

WEAKNESSES

• 3. WWI – CZAR NICHOLAS COMMITTED RUSSIA TO WAR EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE OVERMATCHED BY THE GERMANS. 4 MILLION RUSSIANS WERE KILLED, WOUNDED, OR TAKEN PRISONER IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR

• - IN 1915 CZAR NICHOLAS WENT TO THE FRONT TO ENCOURAGE RUSSIAN TROOPS. HE LEFT HIS WIFE ALEXANDRA TO GOVERN

RASPUTIN

• RASPUTIN – A SELF-DESCRIBED “HOLY MAN” WHO HAD INFLUENCE OVER ALEXANDRA. HE MADE MANY OF THE POLITICAL DECISIONS.

• - IN 1916 A GROUP OF NOBLES MURDERED RASPUTIN FEARING HIS INCREASING ROLE IN GOVERNMENT

CHANGE

• - ON THE WAR FRONT, SOLDIER MUTINIED OR IGNORED ORDERS

• - AT HOME, FOOD AND FUEL WERE IN SHORT SUPPLY AND PRICES WERE VERY HIGH

• - PEOPLE FROM ALL CLASSES WANTED CHANGE AND AN END TO THE WAR

THE END OF THE CZAR

• MARCH 1917 – A GENERAL UPRISING LED CZAR NICHOLAS TO ABDICATE THE THROWN. A YEAR LATER HE WAS EXECUTED WITH HIS FAMILY ENDING 300 YEARS OF ROMANOV RULE

• ABDICATE – TO GIVE UP POWER• - THE RUSSIANS TRIED TO SET UP A GOVERNMENT BUT THERE WAS

MUCH DISAGREEMENT AND CHAOS• NOVEMBER 1917 – THE BOLSHEVIKS, LED BY LENIN, TOOK

CONTROL BUT HE HAD A LOT OF OPPOSITION

LENIN

• - LENIN GAVE THE FARM LAND TO THE PEASANTS AND CONTROL OF THE FACTORIES TO THE WORKERS

• - HE ALSO GOT OUT OF THE GREAT WAR AND SIGNED A TREATY WITH GERMANY

• - HE WAS NOT WIDELY SUPPORTED AND FROM 1918-1920 CIVIL WAR RAGED

• - IN THE END, THE BOLSHEVIKS WERE ABLE TO KEEP POWER AND DEFEAT ITS ENEMIES

COMMUNIST PARTY

• - AFTER THE WAR THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY WAS SEVERELY DAMAGED. IT TOOK SEVERAL YEARS, BUT BY 1928 RUSSIA WAS BACK TO PRE-WAR OUT PUT

• COMMUNIST PARTY – THE NEW NAME FOR THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY. IT WAS TO BE A CLASSLESS SYSTEM

STALIN

• 1922 – LENIN SUFFERED A STROKE. THIS SET OFF A COMPETITION FOR HIS SUCCESSOR

• JOSEPH STALIN – BECAME THE NEW HEAD OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY

• - HE WAS A COLD, HARD, IMPERSONAL MAN

• STALIN – IN RUSSIAN MEANS “MAN OF STEEL.”

• - HE WOULD BE A RUTHLESS DICTATOR FOR 30 YEARS

SEC. 2: TOTALITARIANISM

STUFF

• - STALIN SOUGHT TO MAKE RUSSIA (IN 1922 IT WAS RENAMED THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS OR USSR) A WORLD POWER POLITICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY. HE ALSO WANTED TO ESTABLISH TOTAL CONTROL OF LIFE IN THE SOVIET UNION

• TOTALITARIANISM – A GOVERNMENT THAT TAKES TOTAL, CENTRALIZED, STATE CONTROL OVER EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE

• - A TOTALITARIAN LEADER TYPICALLY USES SECRET POLICE TO CRUSH OPPOSITION. NO ONE IS SAFE FROM SUSPICION. IT CREATES A SENSE OF FEAR AMONG PEOPLE

TOTALITARIANISM

• - TOTALITARIANISM CHALLENGES WESTERN VALUES SUCH AS REASON, FREEDOM, HUMAN DIGNITY, AND THE WORTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL

• - TO CONTROL PEOPLE IT RELIES ON TERROR, INDOCTRINATION, PROPAGANDA, CENSORSHIP, AND ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION

PROPAGANDA

STALIN

• CASE STUDY: STALIN BUILDS A COMMUNIST STATE – P. 876-877

STALIN

• - STALIN BEGAN TO MAKE PLANS TO OVERHAUL AND GAIN TOTAL CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY

• - HE FELT RUSSIA WAS 50 – 100 YEARS BEHIND ADVANCED COUNTRIES AND HE WANTED TO MAKE THAT DISTANCE UP IN 10 YEARS.

COMMAND

• COMMAND SYSTEM – A SYSTEM IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT MAKES ALL ECONOMIC DECISIONS

• DEMAND SYSTEM – THE CONSUMERS MAKE ECONOMIC DECISIONS BASED ON THEIR PURCHASES

PRODUCTION

• FIVE YEAR PLANS – STALIN SET UP SEVERAL OF THESE TO DEVELOP THE ECONOMY. HE SET IMPOSSIBLY HIGH QUOTAS ON PRODUCTION OF OIL, COAL, STEEL, AND ELECTRICITY

• - TO REACH HIS GOALS, GOVERNMENT LIMITED PRODUCTION OF CONSUMER GOODS WHICH CREATED SHORTAGES OF FOOD, CLOTHING, HOUSING, ETC

• - ALTHOUGH THE PLANS FELL SHORT OF THE GOALS, THE INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY WAS IMPRESSIVE

COLLECTIVE FARMS

• - STALIN SEIZED OVER 25 MILLION PRIVATELY OWNED FARMS

• COLLECTIVE FARMS – LARGE GOVERNMENT OWNED FARMS

• - HUNDREDS OF FAMILIES WORKED ON THE COLLECTIVES PRODUCING FOOD FOR THE STATE

COLLECTIVE FARM PROPAGANDA

FARMERS

• - WEALTHY LAND-OWNING PEASANTS RESISTED THE GOVERNMENT TAKING THEIR LAND. AS A RESULT, MANY WERE IMPRISONED OR KILLED. 5 – 10 MILLION PEASANTS DIED

• - AT FIRST, FARM PRODUCTION INCREASED, BUT COLLECTIVES FAILED IN THE LONG RUN

STATE FARMS

• - IN AREAS WHERE FARMING WAS MORE DIFFICULT, THE GOVERNMENT SET UP STATE FARMS

• STATE FARM - A LARGE FARM WHERE WORKERS ARE PAID A WAGE INSTEAD OF A SHARE IN THE PROFITS

WOMEN

• - THE ROLE OF WOMEN INCREASED UNDER STALIN

• - WOMEN WORKED ON FARMS AND IN FACTORIES AND DID MANY TRADITIONALLY MALE JOBS

• - WOMEN WERE ALSO ALLOWED TO GET AN EDUCATION WHICH LED TO BETTER PAYING JOBS, BUT THEY WERE STILL PAID LESS THAN MEN

USSR

• - BY THE MID-1930’S STALIN HAD CREATED A TOTALITARIAN REGIME

• - THE USSR WAS A POLITICAL AND INDUSTRIAL POWER

• - THE COST TO THE PEOPLE WAS NO FREE SPEECH, NO INDIVIDUALITY, AND COMPLETE SOCIAL CONTROL AND RULE BY TERROR

SEC. 3: IMPERIAL CHINA COLLAPSES

HISTORY

• - IN THE EARLY 1900’S CHINA WAS IN CHAOS. THE CHINESE HAD LITTLE CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN TRADE AND ECONOMY. MANY CHINESE WERE TORN BETWEEN MODERNIZATION AND MAINTAINING OLD TRADITIONS.

• NATIONALIST PARTY – WANTED TO REFORM CHINA AND MODERNIZE. IN 1912, THEY TOOK CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY.

SUN-YAT-SEN

• SUN-YAT-SEN (YIXIAN) – HE WOULD BE THE NATIONALIST LEADER OF CHINA. HE HOPED TO ESTABLISH A MODERN GOVERNMENT BASED ON 3 PRINCIPLES

3 PRINCIPLES

• 1. NATIONALISM – END FOREIGN CONTROL• 2. PEOPLE’S RIGHTS – DEMOCRACY• 3. PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD – ECONOMIC SECURITY FOR ALL

CHINESE• - SUN WAS UNABLE TO CONTROL ALL OF CHINA AS SEVERAL

REGIONS WERE CONTROLLED BY WARLORDS

WARLORD

• WARLORD – A LOCAL LEADER WITH A STRONG MILITARY

MAY 4

• MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT – THIS WAS A DEMONSTRATION AGAINST THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. SINCE CHINA FOUGHT WITH THE ALLIES, THEY FELT THEY WOULD GET THEIR TERRITORIES BACK THAT HAD BEEN COLONIZED BY GERMANY. THESE TERRITORIES WERE GIVEN TO JAPAN INSTEAD

MAO

• - THIS CAUSED SOME TO LOSE FAITH IN SUN AND SUPPORT LENIN STYLE COMMUNISM

• 1921 – THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IS FORMED

• MAO ZEDONG (MAO-TSE-TUNG) – LEADER OF CHINA’S COMMUNIST PARTY

STUFF

• HE FELT A REVOLUTION SHOULD BEGIN WITH THE PEASANTS• READ PRIMARY SOURCE P. 884• 1925 – SUN DIES

CHAING KAI SHEK

• CHAING KAI SHEK (JIANG JIESHI) – BECAME THE LEADER OF THE NATIONALIST PARTY

• - HE PROMISED DEMOCRACY BUT DIDN’T DELIVER. THIS CAUSED THE PEASANTS TO SUPPORT MAO AND THE COMMUNISTS

WAR

• CHAING DID NOT WANT CHINA TO BE A COMMUNIST COUNTRY SO HE WENT TO WAR WITH THE COMMUNISTS

• - CHAING ORGANIZED AND ARMY OF 700,000 MEN AND SURROUNDED THE COMMUNIST STRONGHOLD IN THE MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL CHINA

• - FEARING DEFEAT, 100,000 COMMUNISTS FLED. THE JOURNEY WAS HAZARDOUS AND COVERED 6,000 MILES.

• - THOUSANDS OF COMMUNISTS DIED ALONG THE WAY AS A RESULT OF STARVATION, DISEASE, NATIONALIST ATTACKS, AND EXPOSURE

LONG MARCH

• LONG MARCH – WHAT HISTORY CALLS THIS JOURNEY

• - MAO AND 8,000 OF HIS FOLLOWERS SURVIVED THE LONG MARCH AND SETTLED IN NORTHWEST CHINA WHERE THEY BUILT A NEW FOLLOWING

OPPORTUNISTIC JAPANESE

• - THE CIVIL WAR IN CHINA PROVED TO BE GOOD FOR JAPAN. THE JAPANESE TOOK ADVANTAGE OF A WEAKENED CHINA TO ATTACK AND TAKE OVER MUCH OF CHINA (1938)

• - SOON THE NATIONALISTS AND THE COMMUNISTS STOPPED FIGHTING WITH EACH OTHER SO THEY COULD CONCENTRATE ON FIGHTING THE JAPANESE

SEC. 4: NATIONALISM IN INDIA AND SOUTHWEST

ASIA

HISTORY

• - SOUTHWEST ASIA IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE MIDDLE EAST

• - WHEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE COLLAPSED FOLLOWING WWI, FEELINGS OF NATIONALISM STARTED TO GROW IN OTHER COLONIZED NATIONS. INDIA INCREASED ITS DEMANDS ON GREAT BRITAIN FOR INDEPENDENCE

• - TWO GROUPS FORMED IN INDIA TO PUSH FOR INDEPENDENCE:

INDIA

• 1. THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS – PRIMARILY HINDU – FORMED IN 1885

• 2. THE MUSLIM LEAGUE – FORMED IN 1906

INDIA

• - THE HINDUS AND MUSLIMS IN INDIA DID NOT GET ALONG AT ALL, BUT THEY HAD A COMMON GOAL IN THEIR DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE

• - OVER A MILLION INDIANS FOUGHT WITH GREAT BRITAIN IN WWI IN EXCHANGE FOR GREATER FREEDOMS, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO INDEPENDENCE

• - THIS DID NOT HAPPEN. IN FACT, THE BRITISH BEGAN TO JAIL PROTESTERS

AMRITSAR MASSACRE

• AMRITSAR MASSACRE – BRITISH TROOPS OPEN FIRE ON THOUSANDS OF PROTESTERS KILLING 400 AND WOUNDING 1200

• - THIS OUTRAGED MANY AND INCREASED DEMANDS FOR INDEPENDENCE

GANDHI

• MOHANDAS GANDHI – EMERGED AS THE LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN INDIA

• - HIS APPROACH ATTRACTED MILLIONS OF FOLLOWERS

• MAHATMA – A NICKNAME OF GANDHI. IT MEANS GREAT SOUL

NON-VIOLENCE

• CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE – THE DELIBERATE AND PUBLIC REFUSAL TO OBEY AND UNJUST LAW

• - GANDHI BELIEVED IN NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE

• NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE – TO OPPOSE AN ENEMY USING ANY MEANS OTHER THAN VIOLENCE

BOYCOTT

• BOYCOTT – REFUSE TO PURCHASE OR USE

• - GANDHI URGED INDIANS TO MAKE THEIR OWN CLOTHES AND REFUSE TO PURCHASE BRITISH CLOTH

• - HE ALSO URGED INDIANS TO REFUSE TO ATTEND GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS, PAY BRITISH TAXES, OR VOTE IN ELECTIONS

SALT MARCH

• - A TAX THAT INDIANS WERE FORCED TO PAY WAS A TAX ON SALT. INDIANS COULD ONLY BUY SALT FROM THE GOVERNMENT

• SALT MARCH – GANDHI AND HIS FOLLOWERS WALKED 240 MILES TO THE SEACOAST TO MAKE THEIR OWN SALT BY COLLECTING SEAWATER AND LETTING IT EVAPORATE

SALT MARCH

• - THEY ALSO MARCHED ON A BRITISH SALT PROCESSING PLANT INTENDING TO SHUT IT DOWN. THEY WERE BRUTALLY ATTACKED BY SOLDIERS WITH CLUBS BUT REFUSED TO DEFEND THEMSELVES

SELF-RULE

• - WHEN THIS STORY HIT THE WORLD PRESS, IT CREATED WORLD-WIDE SUPPORT FOR INDIAN INDEPENDENCE.

• - MORE DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT TOOK PLACE AND MANY INDIANS WERE ARRESTED, INCLUDING GANDHI (SEVERAL TIMES)

• 1935 – INDIA WON LIMITED SELF-RULE, BUT NOT TOTAL INDEPENDENCE• - THIS WAS GOOD, BUT IT CREATED MORE TENSION BETWEEN HINDUS

AND MUSLIMS WHO HAD CONFLICTING VISIONS OF INDIA’S FUTURE

NATIONALISM IN SOUTHWEST ASIA

• - AT THE END OF WWI, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS FORCED TO GIVE UP ALL OF ITS LAND EXCEPT PRESENT DAY TURKEY

• 1919 – GREECE INVADED TURKEY AND THREATENED TO CONQUER IT

• 1922 – THE TURKS WERE ABLE TO FIGHT OFF THE GREEKS AND WIN PEACE

KEMAL

• MUSTAFA KEMAL – THE TURKISH COMMANDER CREDITED FOR LEADING TURKEY TO VICTORY

• 1923 – KEMAL OVERTHREW THE SULTAN AND BECAME THE PRESIDENT OF THE NEW REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

CHANGES

• 1. SEPARATED THE LAWS OF ISLAM FROM THE LAWS OF THE STATE

• 2. ABOLISHED RELIGIOUS COURTS AND SET UP NEW COURTS BASED ON EUROPEAN LAW

• 3. GRANTED WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND HOLD OFFICE• 4. LAUNCHED GOVERNMENT FUNDED PROGRAMS TO

INDUSTRIALIZE AND SPUR ECONOMIC GROWTH

GREAT MOUSTACHE!

• 1938 – KEMAL DIED, BUT HIS LEADERSHIP GAVE TURKEY A NEW SENSE OF IDENTITY

• ATATURK – A NICKNAME FOR KEMAL. IT MEANS FATHER OF THE TURKS

PERSIA

• - BEFORE WWI, RUSSIA AND GREAT BRITAIN CREATED SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN PERSIA

• - THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION TOOK THE RUSSIANS OUT OF IRAN SO GREAT BRITAIN TRIED TO TAKE IT OVER

SHAH

• - THIS TRIGGERED A NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN PERSIA AND CAUSED THE BRITISH TO BACK OFF

• REZA SHAH PAHLAVI – BECAME THE LEADER AND SET OUT TO MODERNIZE PERSIA

• SHAH – TITLE OF THE LEADER. IT IS PERSIAN FOR KING

GOOD AND BAD

• POSITIVE:• THE SHAH CREATED PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BUILT RAILROADS AND

HIGHWAYS, PROMOTED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, AND EXTENDED WOMEN’S RIGHTS

• NEGATIVE:• THE SHAH WAS A RUTHLESS DICTATOR WHO KEPT ALL THE

POWER TO HIMSELF AND CRUSHED ANYONE WHO OPPOSED HIM

SAVAK

• 1935 – PERSIA BECOMES IRAN

SAUDI ARABIA

• - IN SAUDI ARABIA MANY OF THE SAME MODERN CHANGES WERE MADE, BUT ONLY AS MUCH AS THE ISLAMIC RELIGION WOULD ALLOW

• - SAUDI ARABIA IS A MONARCHY WITH NO EFFORTS TO CREATE A DEMOCRACY

OIL

• 1920’S AND 1930’S – OIL IS DISCOVERED IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THIS AREA CONTAINS ABOUT 2/3’S OF THE WORLD’S KNOWN OIL RESERVES.

• - HUGE RESERVES WERE DISCOVERED IN IRAN, IRAQ, SAUDI ARABIA, AND KUWAIT

MODERNIZE?

• - THIS DISCOVERY HAD WESTERN NATIONS RUSHING TO COLONIZE

WOMEN’S ATHLETICS IN SAUDI ARABIA

THE BEACH??

THE END